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Martins C, Pacheco C, Moreira-Barbosa C, Marques-Magalhães Â, Dias S, Araújo M, Oliveira MJ, Sarmento B. Glioblastoma immuno-endothelial multicellular microtissue as a 3D in vitro evaluation tool of anti-cancer nano-therapeutics. J Control Release 2023; 353:77-95. [PMID: 36410614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite being the most prevalent and lethal type of adult brain cancer, glioblastoma (GBM) remains intractable. Promising anti-GBM nanoparticle (NP) systems have been developed to improve the anti-cancer performance of difficult-to-deliver therapeutics, with particular emphasis on tumor targeting strategies. However, current disease modeling toolboxes lack close-to-native in vitro models that emulate GBM microenvironment and bioarchitecture, thus partially hindering translation due to poorly predicted clinical responses. Herein, human GBM heterotypic multicellular tumor microtissues (MCTMs) are generated through high-throughput 3D modeling of U-251 MG tumor cells, tissue differentiated macrophages isolated from peripheral monocytes, and brain microvascular primary endothelial cells. GBM MCTMs mimicked tumor spatial organization, extracellular matrix production and necrosis areas. The bioactivity of a model drug, docetaxel (DTX), and of tumor-targeted DTX-loaded polymeric NPs with a surface L-Histidine moiety (H-NPs), were assessed in the MCTMs. MCTMs cell uptake and anti-proliferative effect was 8- and 3-times higher for H-NPs, respectively, compared to the non-targeted NPs and to free DTX. H-NPs provided a decrease of MCTMs anti-inflammatory M2-macrophages, while increasing their pro-inflammatory M1 counterparts. Moreover, H-NPs showed a particular biomolecular signature through reduced secretion of an array of medium cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β). Overall, MCTMs provide an in vitro biomimetic model to recapitulate key cellular and structural features of GBM and improve in vivo drug response predictability, fostering future clinical translation of anti-GBM nano-therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pacheco
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreira-Barbosa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Marques-Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Dias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Araújo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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Utsugi S, Ogihara K, Naya Y, Sunden Y, Nakamoto Y, Okamoto Y. Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 in canine and feline intracranial tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1111-1117. [PMID: 35753782 PMCID: PMC9412071 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is upregulated in various malignant tumors in humans. LAT1 expression correlates with the grade of cancer and prognosis. LAT1 is responsible for the supply of many essential amino acids to cancer cells. Inhibition of LAT1 reduces the amino acids that enter the cell and inhibits cancer cell growth. Therefore, novel anticancer drugs targeting LAT1 have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, to explore the applicability of using LAT1 expression in intracranial tumors as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target, we investigated the expression of LAT1 in surgically resected primary and secondary intracranial tumor tissues from dogs and cats. Immunohistochemical analysis of LAT1 was performed on intracranial tumor tissue from 14 dogs and 3 cats. Primary intracranial tumors were seen in 10 dogs and included meningiomas, histiocytic sarcomas, pituitary tumors, and gliomas, and 9 out of 10 cases were positive for LAT1. Primary intracranial tumors were seen in 2 cats and included meningioma and lymphoma; both cases were positive for LAT1. Secondary intracranial tumors were positive for LAT1 in 3 out of 4 cases in dogs and 1 out of 1 in cats. Since the majority of intracranial tumors in dogs and cats were positive for LAT1, immunostaining for LAT1 is expected to be a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Utsugi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University.,Department of Neurology, Saitama Animal Medical Center
| | | | - Yuko Naya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Yuya Nakamoto
- Neuro Vets Animal Neurology Clinic.,Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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Lopes C, Pereira C, Medeiros R. ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020203. [PMID: 33429909 PMCID: PMC7828050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-084-000; Fax: +351-225-084-001
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer—North (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada da Circunvalação, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
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Böhme I, Schönherr R, Eberle J, Bosserhoff AK. Membrane Transporters and Channels in Melanoma. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:269-374. [PMID: 32737752 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has revealed that ion channels and transporters can be important players in tumor development, progression, and therapy resistance in melanoma. For example, members of the ABC family were shown to support cancer stemness-like features in melanoma cells, while several members of the TRP channel family were reported to act as tumor suppressors.Also, many transporter proteins support tumor cell viability and thus suppress apoptosis induction by anticancer therapy. Due to the high number of ion channels and transporters and the resulting high complexity of the field, progress in understanding is often focused on single molecules and is in total rather slow. In this review, we aim at giving an overview about a broad subset of ion transporters, also illustrating some aspects of the field, which have not been addressed in detail in melanoma. In context with the other chapters in this special issue on "Transportome Malfunctions in the Cancer Spectrum," a comparison between melanoma and these tumors will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Böhme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Schönherr
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Medical Center Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
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Role of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) for the Selective Cytotoxicity of Sesamol in Human Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213869. [PMID: 31717859 PMCID: PMC6865181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesamol is effective against melanoma cells with less damage to normal cells. The underlying selective cytotoxicity of sesamol in melanoma vs. non-cancerous cells is undefined. Melanoma cells differ from normal cells by over-expression of the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). We sought to clarify the transport mechanism on selective cytotoxicity of sesamol in melanoma cells. A human melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-2) and African monkey epithelial cell line (Vero) were used to study the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of sesamol. The intracellular concentration of sesamol was quantified by UV-HPLC. The cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red uptake assay. Sesamol showed a higher distribution volume and uptake clearance in SK-MEL-2 than Vero cells. Sesamol was distributed by both carrier-mediated and passive transport by having greater carrier-mediated transport into SK-MEL-2 cells than Vero cells. Higher mRNA expression and function of LAT1 over LAT2 were evident in SK-MEL-2 cells compared to Vero cells. Sesamol uptake and sesamol cytotoxicity were inhibited by the LAT1 inhibitor, suggesting LAT1 had a role in sesamol transport and its bioactivity in melanoma. The LAT1-mediated transport of sesamol is indicative of how it engages cytotoxicity in melanoma cells with promising therapeutic benefits.
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The L-Type Amino Acid Transporter LAT1-An Emerging Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102428. [PMID: 31100853 PMCID: PMC6566973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic proliferation is a major hallmark of tumor cells. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are highly dependent on nutrients in order to duplicate their cell mass during each cell division. In particular, essential amino acids are indispensable for proliferating cancer cells. Their uptake across the cell membrane is tightly controlled by membrane transporters. Among those, the L-type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been repeatedly found overexpressed in a vast variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer and highlight preclinical studies and drug developments underlying the potential of LAT1 as therapeutic target.
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Huttunen J, Gynther M, Huttunen KM. Targeted efflux transporter inhibitors - A solution to improve poor cellular accumulation of anti-cancer agents. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:278-289. [PMID: 30149128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Efflux transporters function as vacuum cleaners of xenobiotics and therefore they hinder drugs to reach their targets at effective enough concentrations. Efflux pump inhibitors can be used to improve the cell accumulation of drugs, however all the current inhibitors lack selectivity towards cancer cells. l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), which is expressed in many types of cancer cells can be utilized to target inhibitors of efflux transporters to these cells by converting the inhibitors into LAT1-utilizing prodrugs. In this study, we prepared 5 LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of an efflux pump inhibitor, probenecid (PRB). All novel compounds were transported into human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) mainly via LAT1. The compounds also interacted with either multiresistant proteins (MRPs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) and increased significantly (3-4-fold) the cellular accumulation of anti-cancer agent vinblastine (VBL). Consequently, this improved the anti-proliferative efficacy of VBL by decreasing the cell growth after 72 h from 100% (VBL treatment alone) to 48-75% (combination treatment). However, the same phenomenon was not seen with other chemotherapeutic, methotrexate (MTX). Therefore, the chemotherapeutics need to be selected carefully based on their uptake mechanism to the combinations with LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of efflux pump inhibitors to defeat effectively the multidrug resistance (MDR) of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Ma Y, Song J, Chen B, Xu X, Lin G. SLC7A5 act as a potential leukemic transformation target gene in myelodysplastic syndrome. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6566-75. [PMID: 26657287 PMCID: PMC4872733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogenous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by increased risk of leukemic transformation. This study identifies microRNAs(miRNA) and miRNA targets that might represent leukemic transformation markers for MDS. Methods Based on our previously established nested case-control study cohort of MDS patients, we chose paired patients to undergo Angilent 8 × 15K human miRNA microarrays. Target prediction analysis was administrated using targetscan 5.1 software. We further investigated the function of target gene in MDS cell line using siRNA method, including cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle and electron microscope. Results Finally we screened a subset of 7 miRNAs to be significantly differentially expressed between the case (at the end of follow up with leukemic transformation) and control group (at the end of follow up without leukemic transformation). Target prediction analysis revealed SLC7A5 was the common target gene of these 7 miRNAs. Further study on the function of SLC7A5 gene in SKM-1 cell line showed that downregulation of SLC7A5 inhibited SKM-1 cells proliferation, increased apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 stage. Conclusion Our data indicate that SLC7A5 gene may act as a potential leukemic transformation target gene in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guowei Lin
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Barar J, Rafi MA, Pourseif MM, Omidi Y. Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:225-248. [PMID: 28265539 PMCID: PMC5326671 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Desired clinical outcome of pharmacotherapy of brain diseases largely depends upon the safe drug delivery into the brain parenchyma. However, due to the robust blockade function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), drug transport into the brain is selectively controlled by the BBB formed by brain capillary endothelial cells and supported by astrocytes and pericytes.
Methods: In the current study, we have reviewed the most recent literature on the subject to provide an insight upon the role and impacts of BBB on brain drug delivery and targeting.
Results: All drugs, either small molecules or macromolecules, designated to treat brain diseases must adequately cross the BBB to provide their therapeutic properties on biological targets within the central nervous system (CNS). However, most of these pharmaceuticals do not sufficiently penetrate into CNS, failing to meet the intended therapeutic outcomes. Most lipophilic drugs capable of penetrating BBB are prone to the efflux functionality of BBB. In contrast, all hydrophilic drugs are facing severe infiltration blockage imposed by the tight cellular junctions of the BBB. Hence, a number of strategies have been devised to improve the efficiency of brain drug delivery and targeted therapy of CNS disorders using multimodal nanosystems (NSs).
Conclusions: In order to improve the therapeutic outcomes of CNS drug transfer and targeted delivery, the discriminatory permeability of BBB needs to be taken under control. The carrier-mediated transport machineries of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) can be exploited for the discovery, development and delivery of small molecules into the brain. Further, the receptor-mediated transport systems can be recruited for the delivery of macromolecular biologics and multimodal NSs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Positive Regulation of Decidualization by l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (lat1) in Pregnant Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110704. [PMID: 27827961 PMCID: PMC5133091 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids have an important role in the pre and post implantation of placenta and embryo development. l-type amino-acid transporter 1 (lat1) is responsible for the transportation of large neutral amino acids and is mainly expressed in human fetal liver, placenta, brain, etc. This study is the first to investigate the expression of lat1 in the early pregnancy of mouse uteri and its role in the process of decidualization. Endometrial stromal cells of a mouse model were used to evaluate decidualization from Day 4–8 of pregnancy in vitro followed by lat1 knock down by small interfering RNA and by a competitive inhibitor of Leucine transport 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH). The effects of lat1 on decidualization in vivo were assessed by injecting BCH into the uterine horns. The mRNA and protein expressions of lat1 in the implantation sites were higher than that in the inter-implantation sites and were localized in the luminal and gland epithelium, stromal and decidual cells. Its increased expression (p < 0.05) was associated with artificial decidualization as well as activation of prl expression. Down-regulation of lat1 expression in these cells by siRNA and BCH inhibited the decidual progression in vitro. Inhibition of lat1 transportation by BCH controlled decidual progression in vivo also accompanied the down-regulation of prl, lat1 expression in the decidual area and embryo size on Day 8 of pregnancy. In conclusion, these results revealed that lat1 might play an important role in the decidual progression both in vitro and in vivo.
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Ohshima Y, Kaira K, Yamaguchi A, Oriuchi N, Tominaga H, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Yokobori T, Miyazaki T, Asao T, Tsushima Y, Kuwano H, Ishioka NS. Efficacy of system l amino acid transporter 1 inhibition as a therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1499-1505. [PMID: 27465934 PMCID: PMC5084656 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
System l amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is highly expressed in various types of human cancer, and contributes to cancer growth and survival. Recently, we have shown that LAT1 expression is closely related to the growth and aggressiveness of esophageal cancer, and is an independent marker of poor prognosis. However, it remains unclear whether LAT1 inhibition could suppress esophageal cancer growth. In this study, we investigated the tumor‐suppressive effects of the inhibition of LAT1. Both LAT1 and CD98, which covalently associates to LAT1 on the membrane, were expressed in human esophageal cancer cell lines KYSE30 and KYSE150. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of LAT1 was much higher than other subtypes of LAT. A selective inhibitor of LAT, 2‐aminobicyclo‐(2,2,1)‐heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid (BCH), suppressed cellular uptake of l‐14C‐leucine and cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. It also suppressed phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, 4E‐BP1, and p70S6K protein, and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. These results suggest that suppression of both mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and cell cycle progression is involved in BCH‐induced growth inhibition. In tumor‐bearing mice, daily treatment with BCH significantly delayed tumor growth and decreased glucose metabolism, indicating that LAT1 inhibition potentially suppresses esophageal cancer growth in vivo. Thus, our results suggest that LAT1 inhibition could be a promising molecular target for the esophageal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ohshima
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioimaging Information Analysis, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noboru Oriuchi
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tominaga
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriko S Ishioka
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Japan
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Fukumoto S, Saida K, Sakai H, Ueno H, Iwano H, Uchide T. Therapeutic potential of endothelin inhibitors in canine hemangiosarcoma. Life Sci 2016; 159:55-60. [PMID: 26835989 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) that originates from vascular endothelial cells is the most common splenic malignant neoplasm in dogs, as it accounts for approximately 20% of all canine soft tissue sarcomas. In this study, inhibitory effects of endothelin receptor antagonists on the growth of HSA cells were examined using cell lines established from canine HSA. MAIN METHODS The preproendothelin-1 (PPET-1), endothelin type A receptor (ETA) and endothelin type B receptor (ETB) mRNA expression levels in HSA cell lines (n=5) were analyzed quantitatively by real-time RT-PCR. These levels were compared with those in HSA tissues (n=11) and those in normal splenic tissues (n=6). ETA and ETB protein expression was examined by western blot. The production and secretion of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and big ET-1 by cell lines were analyzed by measuring the levels in the culture medium by ELISA. The inhibitory effects of endothelin receptor antagonists (ambrisentan, BQ788 and bosentan) on cell growth were evaluated by WST-8 assay. KEY FINDINGS The PPET1 and ETA mRNA expression levels were elevated in HSA tissues and HSA cell lines compared with normal tissues. In cell lines, the production of ET-1 and big ET-1 peptide as well as the expression of ETA protein were detected, but the levels of ETB were not measured. Ambrisentan and bosentan inhibited growth activity in cell lines. Ambrisentan was more effective than bosentan. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate the importance of the ETA axis in canine HSA as well as the potential of ETA inhibitors in the treatment of canine HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fukumoto
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kaname Saida
- Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Veterinary Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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13
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Prognostic significance of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression in cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016; 25:399-405. [PMID: 26237765 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play a crucial role in the development and invasiveness of cancer cells. However, it remains unclear whether or not the expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has prognostic significance in patients with cutaneous melanoma. A total of 128 patients with cutaneous melanoma were evaluated. Tumor sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for LAT1, CD98, Ki-67, and microvessel density determined by CD34 and p53. We also analyzed 30 specimens of patients with melanocytic nevi as negative controls. LAT1 and CD98 were highly expressed in 58% (75/128) and 75% (97/128), respectively. The rates of positivity for LAT1 in the melanocytic nevi were 0% (0/30). The expression of LAT1 was associated significantly with tumor thickness, T factor, CD98 expression, cell proliferation (Ki-67), and microvessel density (CD34). By Spearman's rank test, LAT1 expression was correlated with CD98, Ki-67, and CD34. By univariate analysis, tumor thickness, ulceration, disease staging, LAT1, and CD34 showed a significant relationship with overall survival and disease-free survival. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis confirmed that LAT1 was an independent prognostic factor for predicting a poor prognosis. This study had a small sample size. LAT1 can serve as a significant prognostic factor to predict a poor outcome and it may therefore play an important role in the aggressiveness of cutaneous melanoma.
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14
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Honjo H, Kaira K, Miyazaki T, Yokobori T, Kanai Y, Nagamori S, Oyama T, Asao T, Kuwano H. Clinicopathological significance of LAT1 and ASCT2 in patients with surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2016; 113:381-9. [PMID: 26936531 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acid transporters are highly expressed in various human cancers. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and system alanine-serine-cysteine amino acid transporter-2 (ASCT2) play a crucial role in tumor progression and survival. However, the clinicopathological significance of these transporters in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. METHODS One hundred and fifty-seven patients with surgically resected ESCC were evaluated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for LAT1, ASCT2, CD98, Ki-67, and micro-vessel density (MVD), as determined by CD34 expression. RESULTS LAT1 and ASCT2 were positively expressed in 59% (93/157) and 48% (76/157) of tumors respectively. LAT1 and ASCT2 expression significantly correlated with T factor, N factor, lymphatic permeation, vascular invasion, and CD98 expression. The 5-year survival rates of LAT1-high and -low and ASCT2-high and -low expressing patients were 62.0% and 69.6% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% and 70.1% (P = 0.068), respectively. The combined positive expression of LAT1 and ASCT2 was a significant prognostic factor in univariate analysis. CONCLUSION High expression of LAT1 and ASCT2 correlates with metastasis and invasion. Accordingly, these proteins could serve as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for treating patients with surgically resectable ESCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:381-389. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Honjo
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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15
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Zhao Y, Wang L, Pan J. The role of L-type amino acid transporter 1 in human tumors. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2015; 4:165-9. [PMID: 26668776 PMCID: PMC4660857 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2015.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is an L-type amino acid transporter and transports large neutral amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine, and histidine. LAT1 was found to be highly expressed especially in human cancer tissues, and up-regulated LAT1 can lead to dysfunction in human tumor cells. These findings suggest that LAT1 plays an important role in human tumors. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of LAT1 expression and its clinical significance and function in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- University of Ji'nan Shandong Academy of Medical Science School of Medicine and Life Science, Ji'nan, China
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- University of Ji'nan Shandong Academy of Medical Science School of Medicine and Life Science, Ji'nan, China
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jihong Pan
- University of Ji'nan Shandong Academy of Medical Science School of Medicine and Life Science, Ji'nan, China
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Ji'nan, China
- Key Laboratory for Rare Diseases of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, China
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16
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Kardos GR, Robertson GP. Therapeutic interventions to disrupt the protein synthetic machinery in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:501-19. [PMID: 26139519 PMCID: PMC4716672 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Control of the protein synthetic machinery is deregulated in many cancers, including melanoma, to increase the protein production. Tumor suppressors and oncogenes play key roles in protein synthesis from the transcription of rRNA and ribosome biogenesis to mRNA translation initiation and protein synthesis. Major signaling pathways are altered in melanoma to modulate the protein synthetic machinery, thereby promoting tumor development. However, despite the importance of this process in melanoma development, involvement of the protein synthetic machinery in this cancer type is an underdeveloped area of study. Here, we review the coupling of melanoma development to deregulation of the protein synthetic machinery. We examine existing knowledge regarding RNA polymerase I inhibition and mRNA translation focusing on their inhibition for therapeutic applications in melanoma. Furthermore, the contribution of amino acid biosynthesis and involvement of ribosomal proteins are also reviewed as future therapeutic strategies to target deregulated protein production in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Kardos
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
| | - Gavin P. Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
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17
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Fukumoto S, Miyasho T, Hanazono K, Saida K, Kadosawa T, Iwano H, Uchide T. Big endothelin-1 as a tumour marker for canine haemangiosarcoma. Vet J 2015; 204:269-74. [PMID: 25920760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an important malignant neoplasm of dogs that originates from vascular endothelial cells. This study explored the suitability of using serum big endothelin-1 (ET-1) as a tumour marker for canine spontaneous HSA. Serum big ET-1 was measured in dogs with splenic HSA (n = 14), splenic malignant tumours other than HSA (n = 10), benign splenic lesions (n = 11) and normal healthy dogs (n = 17) by ELISA. Serum big ET-1 levels in dogs with HSA were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in other dogs. High sensitivity (100%, 95% confidence interval 86-100%) and specificity (95%, 95% confidence interval 86-95%) for HSA diagnosis were obtained using a cut-off of 17 pg/mL according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (area under ROC curve 0.93). PPET1, ETA, VEGF and Hif1-α mRNA expression, measured by real-time PCR, were elevated in HSA compared with normal tissues. These findings suggest that elevated serum big ET-1 could be used as a diagnostic marker for canine HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fukumoto
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Miyasho
- Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Hanazono
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kaname Saida
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadosawa
- Veterinary Oncology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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18
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Ogihara K, Naya Y, Sato R, Onda K, Ochiai H. Analysis of L-type amino acid transporter in canine hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:527-34. [PMID: 25649314 PMCID: PMC4478731 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of L-type amino acid transport expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
(HCCs) of the dog was performed. The leucine transport activity of canine HCCs was 0.628 ±
0.018 nmol/mg protein/min. The inhibitor of LAT 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic
acid (BCH) reduced 90% of the activity at 1 mM. The deduced amino acid sequences of canine
LAT2, LAT3 and LAT4 were well conserved in mammalians, exhibiting 89, 88 and 77% homology,
respectively. RT-PCR revealed distinct LAT1 expression compared with normal hepatocytes.
Western blotting analysis confirmed the potent LAT1 expression in canine HCCs but not
hepatocytes, and real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that canine HCCs possessed 28 times
higher LAT1 expression than hepatocytes. These results indicated that the leucine
transport activity of canine HCCs was due to LAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikumi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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19
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Carneiro BA, Altman JK, Kaplan JB, Ossenkoppele G, Swords R, Platanias LC, Giles FJ. Targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:399-413. [PMID: 25623136 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1004316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the genetic underpinnings of acute myeloid leukemia are rapidly being translated into novel treatment strategies. Genomic profiling has highlighted the importance of the epigenetic machinery for leukemogenesis by identifying recurrent somatic mutations involving chromatin-modifier proteins. These genetic alterations function as dynamic regulators of gene expression and involve DNA-methyltransferase 3A, methyltransferase DOT1L, enhancer of zeste homologue 2, isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 and bromodomain-containing proteins. New therapeutic targets are also emerging from further delineation of cell signaling networks in acute myeloid leukemia blasts mediated by PIM kinases, polo-like kinase 1, cell surface protein CD98 and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling receptors, among others. Early results of targeted therapies directed at these molecular mechanisms are discussed in this review and their potential to improve the outcomes of patients by allowing the use of more effective and less toxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito A Carneiro
- Northwestern Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N Michigan Ave. Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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