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Smith N, Warren BB, Smith J, Jacobson L, Armstrong J, Kim J, Di Paola J, Manco-Johnson M. Antithrombin deficiency: A pediatric disorder. Thromb Res 2021; 202:45-51. [PMID: 33725558 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary antithrombin (AT) deficiency is an autosomal dominant thrombophilic disorder. Guidelines do not support routine testing of children based on personal or familial thrombosis. AIM To investigate clinical, genetic and laboratory profiles of AT deficient children and their affected family members. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were analyzed from a prospective cohort of pediatric patients with AT deficiency. The SERPINC1 gene was sequenced for all individuals with available DNA. AT, thromboelastography (TEG), calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT), D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and factor VIII activity were performed on patient samples. RESULTS Thirty-six individuals from 11 families had AT deficiency (activities 45-70 U/dL) with incident thrombosis in 13 children and 10 adults (64% overall). Three neonates presented with middle cerebral artery and/or aortic occlusions with inferior vena cava and cerebral or renal vein thromboses in 2 of the 3. Two pre-pubertal children were symptomatic, one with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis who suffered recurrent arterial and venous thrombi. Both Type I and Type II AT deficiencies conferred a high severity of thromboses. Heterozygous SERPINC1 mutations were identified in seven families; three were novel, resulting in missense, splice site and frameshift alterations. Thrombin generation (CAT) was increased in all asymptomatic affected patients including 9 children and 1 adult. CONCLUSIONS Genetic AT deficiency often presents in infants and children, warranting laboratory evaluation based on personal and family history. Increased thrombin generation was detected in all asymptomatic children and adults, suggesting a possible role in detecting and monitoring individuals at risk for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth Boulden Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Linda Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marilyn Manco-Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Parveen A, Kumar R, Tandon R, Khurana S, Goswami C, Kumar A. Mutational hotspots of HSP47 and its potential role in cancer and bone-disorders. Genomics 2019; 112:552-566. [PMID: 30986427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 kDa (HSP47) serves as a client-specific chaperone, essential for collagen biosynthesis and its folding and structural assembly. To date, there is no comprehensive study on mutational hotspots. Using five different human mutational databases, we deduced a comprehensive list of human HSP47 mutations with 24, 67, 50, 43 and 2 deleterious mutations from the 1000 genomes data, gnomAD, COSMICv86, cBioPortal, and CanVar, respectively. We identified thirteen top-ranked missense mutations of HSP47 with the stringent cut-off of CADD score (>25) and Grantham score (≥151) as Ser76Trp, Arg103Cys, Arg116Cys, Ser159Phe, Arg167Cys, Arg280Cys, Trp293Cys, Gly323Trp, Arg339Cys, Arg373Cys, Arg377Cys, Ser399Phe, and Arg405Cys with the arginine-cysteine changes as the predominant mutations. These findings will assist in the evaluation of roles of HSP47 in collagen misfolding and human diseases such as cancer and bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Parveen
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukant Khurana
- Pharmacology Department, Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandan Goswami
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Germany.
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Rebl A, Goldammer T. Under control: The innate immunity of fish from the inhibitors' perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:328-349. [PMID: 29631025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products, preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells. However, the multifaceted activation of these defensive measures can derail or overshoot and, if left unchecked, overwhelm the host. A plenty of regulatory devices therefore mediate the fragile equilibrium between pathogen defence and pathophysiological manifestations. Over the past decade in particular, an almost complete set of teleostean sequences orthologous to mammalian immunoregulatory factors has been identified in various fish species, which prove the remarkable conservation of innate immune-control concepts among vertebrates. This review will present the current knowledge on more than 50 teleostean regulatory factors (plus additional fish-specific paralogs) that are of paramount importance for controlling the clotting cascade, the complement system, pattern-recognition pathways and cytokine-signalling networks. A special focus lies on those immunoregulatory features that have emerged as potential biomarker genes in transcriptome-wide research studies. Moreover, we report on the latest progress in elucidating control elements that act directly with immune-gene-encoding nucleic acids, such as transcription factors, hormone receptors and micro- and long noncoding RNAs. Investigations into the function of teleostean inhibitory factors are still mainly based on gene-expression profiling or overexpression studies. However, in support of structural and in-vitro analyses, evidence from in-vivo trials is also available and revealed many biochemical details on piscine immune regulation. The presence of multiple gene copies in fish adds a degree of complexity, as it is so far hardly understood if they might play distinct roles during inflammation. The present review addresses this and other open questions that should be tackled by fish immunologists in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Goswami C. Ancestry & molecular evolutionary analyses of heat shock protein 47 kDa (HSP47/SERPINH1). Sci Rep 2017; 7:10394. [PMID: 28871169 PMCID: PMC5583329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP47/SERPINH1 is key-regulator for collagen biosynthesis and its structural assembly. To date, there is no comprehensive study on the phylogenetic history of HSP47. Herein we illustrate the evolutionary history of HSP47/SERPINH1 along with sequence, structural and syntenic traits for HSP47/SERPINH1. We have identified ancestral HSP47/SERPINH1 locus in Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum). This gene remains on the same or similar locus for ~500 million years (MY), but chromosomal duplication was observed in ray-finned fishes, leading into three sets of three sets (I-III) of HSP47/SERPINH1. Two novel introns were inserted at the positions 36b and 102b in the first exon of only HSP47_1 gene from the selected ray-finned fishes. On the evolutionary time scale, the events of HSP47 duplications took placed between 416–360 MY ago (MYA) while intron insertion dates back to 231–190 MYA after early divergence of ray-finned fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany. .,Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anita Bhandari
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Chandan Goswami
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Mulder R, Croles FN, Mulder AB, Huntington JA, Meijer K, Lukens MV. SERPINC1 gene mutations in antithrombin deficiency. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:279-285. [PMID: 28317092 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that in most cases antithrombin deficiency can be explained by mutations in its gene, SERPINC1. We investigated the molecular background of antithrombin deficiency in a single centre family cohort study. We included a total of 21 families comprising 15 original probands and sixty-six relatives, 6 of who were surrogate probands for the genetic analysis. Antithrombin activity and antigen levels were measured. The heparin-antithrombin binding ratio assay was used to distinguish between the different subtypes of type II antithrombin deficiency. SERPINC1 mutations were detected by direct sequencing of all 7 exons and regulatory regions, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Eighty-six per cent of the families had a detrimental SERPINC1 gene mutation that segregated in the family. We detected 13 different SERPINC1 gene mutations of which 5 were novel. Among all these mutations, 44% was associated with type I deficiency, whereas the remainder was associated with type II heparin binding site (11%), type II pleiotropic effect (33%), type II reactive site (6%) or had the antithrombin Cambridge II mutation (6%). The current study reports several novel SERPINC1 mutations, thereby adding to our knowledge of the molecular background of antithrombin deficiency. Finally, our results point out the importance of future research outside the conventional SERPINC1 gene approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Mulder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Nanne Croles
- Division of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Haematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André B Mulder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - James A Huntington
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karina Meijer
- Division of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël V Lukens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Radulović ŽM, Mulenga A. Heparan sulfate/heparin glycosaminoglycan binding alters inhibitory profile and enhances anticoagulant function of conserved Amblyomma americanum tick saliva serpin 19. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 80:1-10. [PMID: 27845251 PMCID: PMC5214524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Some serine protease inhibitor (serpin) regulators of essential life pathways bind glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to enhance inhibitory functions and achieve physiologically relevant rates. This study demonstrates that highly conserved Amblyomma americanum tick saliva serpin 19 (AAS19), a broad-spectrum inhibitor of hemostasis and inflammation system proteases and anticoagulant, can bind heparan sulfate/heparin (HS)GAGs and that this interaction alters its function. Substrate hydrolysis and unpaired t-test analyses revealed that HSGAG binding caused rAAS19 inhibitory activity to: (i) significantly increase against blood clotting factors (f) IIa (thrombin) and fIXa, (ii) significantly reduce against fXa and fXIIa and (iii) moderate to no effect against trypsin, kallikrein, papain, and plasmin. Stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) analyses show that HSGAG binding improved the rAAS19 inhibitory efficiency against thrombin 2.7-4.3 fold as revealed by SI change from 13.19 in absence of HSGAGs to 4.83-3.04 in their presence. Our data show that HSGAG binding dramatically enhanced rAAS19 anticoagulant function. In the recalcification time assay, rAAS19 pre-incubated with HSGAGs prior to the assay, delayed plasma clotting by an additional 176-457 s above HSGAGs or rAAS19 alone. Our data suggest that formation of the HSGAGs and rAAS19 complex is important for the observed enhanced anticoagulant effect. Delay of plasma clotting was higher when HSGAGs and rAAS19 were co-incubated to allow complex formation prior to blood clotting assay as opposed to no co-incubation. We have discussed our finding with reference to tick feeding physiology and utility of the rAAS19 in blood clotting disorder therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko M Radulović
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 422 Raymond Stotzer, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 422 Raymond Stotzer, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Muppavarapu S, Tandon R. Data on the evolutionary history of the V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 - RAG1 coupled with sequence and variant analyses. Data Brief 2016; 8:87-92. [PMID: 27284568 PMCID: PMC4887553 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RAG1 protein is one of the key component of RAG complex regulating the V(D)J recombination. There are only few studies for RAG1 concerning evolutionary history, detailed sequence and mutational hotspots. Herein, we present out datasets used for the recent comprehensive study of RAG1 based on sequence, phylogenetic and genetic variant analyses (Kumar et al., 2015) [1]. Protein sequence alignment helped in characterizing the conserved domains and regions of RAG1. It also aided in unraveling ancestral RAG1 in the sea urchin. Human genetic variant analyses revealed 751 mutational hotspots, located both in the coding and the non-coding regions. For further analysis and discussion, see (Kumar et al., 2015) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Bhandari
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandeep J. Sarde
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Agrigenomics, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ravi Tandon
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Although proteins generally fold to their thermodynamically most stable state, some metastable proteins populate higher free energy states. Conformational changes from metastable higher free energy states to lower free energy states with greater stability can then generate the work required to perform physiologically important functions. However, how metastable proteins fold to these higher free energy states in the cell and avoid more stable but inactive conformations is poorly understood. The serpin family of metastable protease inhibitors uses large conformational changes that are downhill in free energy to inhibit target proteases by pulling apart the protease active site. The serpin antithrombin III (ATIII) targets thrombin and other proteases involved in blood coagulation, and ATIII misfolding can thus lead to thrombosis and other diseases. ATIII has three disulfide bonds, two near the N terminus and one near the C terminus. Our studies of ATIII in-cell folding reveal a surprising, biased order of disulfide bond formation, with early formation of the C-terminal disulfide, before formation of the N-terminal disulfides, critical for folding to the active, metastable state. Early folding of the predominantly β-sheet ATIII domain in this two-domain protein constrains the reactive center loop (RCL), which contains the protease-binding site, ensuring that the RCL remains accessible. N-linked glycans and carbohydrate-binding molecular chaperones contribute to the efficient folding and secretion of functional ATIII. The inability of a number of disease-associated ATIII variants to navigate the folding reaction helps to explain their disease phenotypes.
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Muppavarapu S, Tandon R. Understanding V(D)J recombination initiator RAG1 gene using molecular phylogenetic and genetic variant analyses and upgrading missense and non-coding variants of clinical importance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:301-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kumar A. Bayesian phylogeny analysis of vertebrate serpins illustrates evolutionary conservation of the intron and indels based six groups classification system from lampreys for ∼500 MY. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1026. [PMID: 26157611 PMCID: PMC4476131 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The serpin superfamily is characterized by proteins that fold into a conserved tertiary structure and exploits a sophisticated and irreversible suicide-mechanism of inhibition. Vertebrate serpins are classified into six groups (V1-V6), based on three independent biological features-genomic organization, diagnostic amino acid sites and rare indels. However, this classification system was based on the limited number of mammalian genomes available. In this study, several non-mammalian genomes are used to validate this classification system using the powerful Bayesian phylogenetic method. This method supports the intron and indel based vertebrate classification and proves that serpins have been maintained from lampreys to humans for about 500 MY. Lampreys have fewer than 10 serpins, which expand into 36 serpins in humans. The two expanding groups V1 and V2 have SERPINB1/SERPINB6 and SERPINA8/SERPIND1 as the ancestral serpins, respectively. Large clusters of serpins are formed by local duplications of these serpins in tetrapod genomes. Interestingly, the ancestral HCII/SERPIND1 locus (nested within PIK4CA) possesses group V4 serpin (A2APL1, homolog of α 2-AP/SERPINF2) of lampreys; hence, pointing to the fact that group V4 might have originated from group V2. Additionally in this study, details of the phylogenetic history and genomic characteristics of vertebrate serpins are revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Hemostasis, the process of blood clot formation and resolution in response to vascular injury, and thrombosis, the dysregulation of hemostasis leading to pathological clot formation, are widely studied. However, the genetic variability in hemostatic and thrombotic disorders is incompletely understood, suggesting that novel mediators have yet to be uncovered. The zebrafish is developing into a powerful in vivo model to study hemostasis, and its features as a model organism are well suited to (a) develop high-throughput screens to identify novel mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis, (b) validate candidate genes identified in human populations, and (c) characterize the structure/function relationship of gene products. In this review, we discuss conservation of the zebrafish hemostatic system, highlight areas for future study, and outline the utility of this model to study blood coagulation and its dysregulation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the zebrafish has been established as a research tool over the past two to three decades, in hematology it has primarily been used to investigate areas distinct from coagulation. The advantages of this vertebrate model include high fecundity, rapid and external development, and conservation of virtually all clotting factors in the zebrafish genomic sequence. Here, we summarize the growing application of this technology to the study of hemostasis and thrombosis. RECENT FINDINGS Loss of function studies have demonstrated conservation of function for a number of zebrafish coagulation factors. These include positive and negative regulators of coagulation, as well as key components of the thrombus itself, such as von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, and thrombocytes. Such analyses have also been leveraged to aid in the understanding of human variation and disease, as well as to perform in-vivo structure/function experiments. SUMMARY The zebrafish is an organism that lends itself to a number of unique and powerful approaches not possible in mammals. This review demonstrates that there is a high degree of genetic and functional conservation of coagulation, portending future insights into hemostasis and thrombosis through the use of this model.
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Luxembourg B, D`Souza M, Körber S, Seifried E. Prediction of the pathogenicity of antithrombin sequence variations by in silico methods. Thromb Res 2015; 135:404-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Goswami C. Surveying genetic variants and molecular phylogeny of cerebral cavernous malformation gene, CCM3/PDCD10. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zheng H, Ma HP, Xu WF, Zhang YQ, Wu JJ, Wang J. Identification of a new SERPINC1 mutation in a Kazak family that alters the heparin binding capacity of antithrombin. Thromb Res 2014; 134:1344-9. [PMID: 25312341 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given its central role in mediating heparin-induced anti-coagulation, antithrombin (AT) gene mutations may result in heparin resistance. This study investigates the relationship between familial AT gene mutations and tolerance to heparin. METHODS The medical history of a male patient with heparin resistance who received heart surgery and six of his family members was reviewed. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (Fib), D-dimer (D=D), and platelet count were determined to assess coagulation function. AT activity and the AT gene were also analyzed. For the newly identified gene mutations, polymorphisms were excluded in 120 healthy Kazak controls. RESULTS Two mutations were identified in exon 7 of the AT gene, SERPINC1: g.1267G>A (p.A391T) found in five participants, including the index patient, and g.1334G>A, a silent mutation, in two family members. The g.1267G>A mutation may alter focal AT protein conformation. Neither of these mutations was observed in the healthy Kazak controls. Although all coagulation parameters and AT activity were within the normal ranges for the index patient and his family members, the platelet levels were significantly lower than that observed for the healthy Kazak controls (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in AT antigen levels between the groups; however, participants with the g.1267G>A mutation had a 44.25% reduction in heparin binding compared to the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION We identified a novel hereditary mutation, g.1267G>A (p.A391T), in the AT gene, which reduces its heparin binding capacity and might be associated with resistance to heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Hai-Ping Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wei-fang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jian-jiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China.
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Kumar A, Bhandari A. Urochordate serpins are Classified into Six Groups Encoded by Exon-Intron Structures, Microsynteny and Bayesian Phylogenetic Analyses. J Genomics 2014; 2:131-40. [PMID: 25184006 PMCID: PMC4150122 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.9437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of serpin superfamily are involved in wide array of cellular processes to control proteolytic activities of eukaryotic organisms. Vertebrate serpins are extensively studied and reported to be classified into six groups (V1-V6) based on gene structures. However, there is no study conducted for serpins in urochordates (the closest living invertebrates related to vertebrates) to date. To unravel further the phylogenetic history of serpin genes, we characterized serpin genes from two urochordates (Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi). There are 11 and 5 serpins in the C. intestinalis and C. savignyi, respectively. The exon/intron structures and genomic locus comparisons together with sequence phylogenetic analysis, suggested that urochordate serpins are classified into six groups (U1-U6), different from six groups (V1-V6) of vertebrate serpins. Human α1-antitrypsin shared lower sequence identities and similarities with urochordates serpins ranged from 14-29% and 30-49%, respectively. Based on protein sequences, genes and genomic architectures, we conclude that these two urochordates do not contain a single copy of genuine ortholog of the vertebrate serpins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- 1. Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anita Bhandari
- 2. Molecular Physiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Goswami C. Molecular phylogeny of C1 inhibitor depicts two immunoglobulin-like domains fusion in fishes and ray-finned fishes specific intron insertion after separation from zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Goswami C. Genetic variants and evolutionary analyses of heparin cofactor II. Immunobiology 2014; 219:713-28. [PMID: 24950623 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) belongs to serpin superfamily and it acts as a thrombin inhibitor in the coagulation cascade, in a glycosaminoglycan-dependent pathway using the release of a sequestered hirudin-like N-terminal tail for interaction with thrombin. This serpin belongs to multiple member group V2 of vertebrate serpin classification. However, there is no comprehensive study illustrating the exact phylogenetic history of HCII, to date. Herein, we explored phylogenetic traits of HCII genes. Structures of HCII gene from selected ray-finned fishes and lamprey varied in exon I and II with insertions of novel introns of which one in core domain for ray-finned fishes in exon II at the position 241c. We found HCII remain nested in the largest intron of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase (PIK4CA) gene (genetic variants of this gene cause schizophrenia) at the origin of vertebrates, dated about 500MY old. We found that sequence features such as two acidic repeats (AR1-II), GAG-binding helix-D, three serpin motifs and inhibitory reactive center loop (RCL) of HCII protein are highly conserved in 55 vertebrates analyzed. We identified 985 HCII variants by analysis of 1092 human genomes with top three variation classes belongs to SNPs (84.3%), insertion (7.1%) and deletion (5.0%). We identified 37 deleterious mutations in the human HCII protein and we have described these mutations in relation to HCII sequence-structure-function relationships. These understandings may have clinical and medical importance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anita Bhandari
- Molecular Physiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Master Program Agrigenomics, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chandan Goswami
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Targeted mutagenesis of zebrafish antithrombin III triggers disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombosis, revealing insight into function. Blood 2014; 124:142-50. [PMID: 24782510 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-561027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic blood clotting is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, underlying deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Genetic predisposition to thrombosis is still poorly understood, and we hypothesize that there are many additional risk alleles and modifying factors remaining to be discovered. Mammalian models have contributed to our understanding of thrombosis, but are low throughput and costly. We have turned to the zebrafish, a tool for high-throughput genetic analysis. Using zinc finger nucleases, we show that disruption of the zebrafish antithrombin III (at3) locus results in spontaneous venous thrombosis in larvae. Although homozygous mutants survive into early adulthood, they eventually succumb to massive intracardiac thrombosis. Characterization of null fish revealed disseminated intravascular coagulation in larvae secondary to unopposed thrombin activity and fibrinogen consumption, which could be rescued by both human and zebrafish at3 complementary DNAs. Mutation of the human AT3-reactive center loop abolished the ability to rescue, but the heparin-binding site was dispensable. These results demonstrate overall conservation of AT3 function in zebrafish, but reveal developmental variances in the ability to tolerate excessive clot formation. The accessibility of early zebrafish development will provide unique methods for dissection of the underlying mechanisms of thrombosis.
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Kumar A, Sarde SJ, Bhandari A. Revising angiotensinogen from phylogenetic and genetic variants perspectives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:504-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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