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Lei F, Weckerle CS, Heinrich M. Liriopogons (Genera Ophiopogon and Liriope, Asparagaceae): A Critical Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769929. [PMID: 34925027 PMCID: PMC8678496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The closely related genera Liriope and Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae), collectively known in English as liriopogons, have similar therapeutic uses in treating cough, rheumatoid arthritis, and cleaning heat. The main aim of this review is to understand the current phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge including an assessment of the quality of the scientific evidence. A literature search was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines, by retrieving available information up to 2020 from five online resources. The bioactive metabolites of liriopogons include steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, organic acids, phenols. Cardiovascular protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-viral, anti-acute myeloid leukemia and hepatoprotective effects have been at the center of attention. From a toxicological perspective Ophiopogon japonicus seems to be safe. Some problems with the quality of the pharmacological evidence stand out including the application of excessive dose level and methodological problems in the design. Additionally, a reasonable link between local/traditional uses and pharmacological assessment is often vague or not reflected in the text. Future researches on liriopogons are required to use rigorous scientific approaches in research on evidence-based natural products for the future benefits of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Lei
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhu S, Liu Y, Peng X, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Qiu Y, Jin M, Wang R, Zhong Y, Kong D. DT-13 Inhibits Proliferation and Metastasis of Human Prostate Cancer Cells Through Blocking PI3K/Akt Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1450. [PMID: 30581390 PMCID: PMC6292965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DT-13, a saponin monomer 13 from the dwarf lilyturf tuber, was reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective as well as antitumor activities in a number of tumor cells. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in males, discovery of novel antitumor drug for therapy of prostate cancer is expected. Aiming to evaluate whether DT-13 could become a candidate to treat prostate cancer, we recently investigated the antitumor effect of DT-13 on human prostate cancer cells and the underlying mechanism. DT-13 was found to effectively inhibit proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment by DT-13 resulted in a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, which was accompanied by the chromatin condensation and nuclear shrinkage in the prostate cancer cells. Moreover, DT-13 caused remarkable upregulation of Bax, Bad, Cytochrome C, cleaved -caspase 3, -caspase 9 and -PARP, in contrast to the downregulation of Bcl-2. Nevertheless, no obvious change in intracellular ROS level was observed after DT-13 treatment. We further demonstrated that DT-13 could inhibit PC3 cell metastasis in which suppression of Integrinβ1 and MMP2/9 might be involved. Western blot analysis indicated DT-13 significantly decreased the phosphorylation of PDK1, Akt, mTOR as well as p70S6K, suggesting the pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects of DT-13 on prostate cancer cells might be attributed to the blockade of PI3K/Akt pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest DT-13 is worthy of further investigation as a drug candidate for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaolu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuling Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meihua Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Khan GJ, Rizwan M, Abbas M, Naveed M, Boyang Y, Naeem MA, Khan S, Yuan S, Baig MMFA, Sun L. Pharmacological effects and potential therapeutic targets of DT-13. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:255-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Shi TT, Yang FY, Liu C, Cao X, Lu J, Zhang XL, Yuan MX, Chen C, Yang JK. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 regulates mitochondrial function in pancreatic β-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:860-866. [PMID: 29128354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism plays an essential role in the regulation of insulin release and glucose homeostasis. Evidence demonstrated that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) participates in the regulation of glucose metabolism, however, its role in mitochondrial metabolism remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to determine if ACE2 can regulate mitochondrial function in pancreatic β-cells. We found that ACE2 over-expression restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the presence of H2O2 in INS-1 cells. PCR array demonstrated that ACE2 over-expression up-regulated 67 mitochondria-related genes in INS-1 cells. In pancreatic islets, ACE2 ablation attenuated intracellular calcium influx with a decrease in GSIS. Ace2-/y mice islets exhibited impaired mitochondrial respiration and lower production of ATP, along with decreased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidation. In islets from db/db mice, ACE2 over-expression increased intracellular calcium influx and restored impaired mitochondrial oxidation, potentially causing an increase in GSIS. These results shed light on the potential roles of ACE2 in mitochondrial metabolism, moreover, may improve our understanding of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xue-Lian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ming-Xia Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing 100730, China.
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Zhang Y, Han Y, Zhao Y, Lv Y, Hu Y, Tan Y, Bi X, Yu B, Kou J. DT-13 Ameliorates TNF-α-Induced Vascular Endothelial Hyperpermeability via Non-Muscle Myosin IIA and the Src/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2017; 8:925. [PMID: 28855900 PMCID: PMC5557769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DT-13(25(R,S)-ruscogenin-1-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)][β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-fucopyranoside) has been identified as an important factor in TNF-α-induced vascular inflammation. However, the effect of DT-13 on TNF-α-induced endothelial permeability and the potential molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, this study was undertaken to elucidate the protective effect of DT-13 on TNF-α-induced endothelial permeability and the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo results showed that DT-13 could ameliorate endothelial permeability in mustard oil-induced plasma leakage in the skin and modulate ZO-1 organization. In addition, the in vitro results showed that pretreatment with DT-13 could increase the transendothelial electrical resistance value and decrease the sodium fluorescein permeability coefficient. Moreover, DT-13 altered the mRNA and protein levels of ZO-1 as determined by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses. DT-13 treatment decreased the phosphorylations of Src, PI3K, and Akt in TNF-α-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Further analyses with PP2 (10 µM, inhibitor of Src) indicated that DT-13 modulated endothelial permeability in TNF-α-induced HUVECs in an Src-dependent manner. LY294002 (10 µM, PI3K inhibitor) also had the same effect on DT-13 but did not affect phosphorylation of Src. Following decreased expression of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA), the effect of DT-13 on the phosphorylations of Src, PI3K, and Akt was abolished. This study provides pharmacological evidence showing that DT-13 significantly ameliorated the TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial hyperpermeability through modulation of the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway and NMIIA, which play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yazheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yisha Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueyuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Wu Y, Wang XM, Bi SX, Zhang W, Li RM, Wang RJ, Yu BY, Qi J. Novel cytotoxic steroidal saponins from the roots of Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26031d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel steroidal saponins from the roots of Liriope muscari (Decne.) L. H. Bailey with cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Xian-Min Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Su-Xia Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Tasly Research Institute
- Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd
- Tianjin 300410
- China
| | - Rui-Ming Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
- Tasly Research Institute
| | - Rui-Jing Wang
- Tasly Research Institute
- Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd
- Tianjin 300410
- China
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
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DT-13, a saponin monomer of dwarf lilyturf tuber, induces autophagy and potentiates anti-cancer effect of nutrient deprivation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shen K, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Song Y, Cao Z, Kou J, Yu B. Cocktail of Four Active Components Derived from Sheng Mai San Inhibits Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced PC12 Cell Apoptosis Linked with the Caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC Pathway. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:517-27. [PMID: 26058543 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SMXZF, a combination of four active components including ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, schizandrin, and DT-13 (6:9:5:4) that is derived from Sheng Mai San, has previously been shown to exhibit a neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Due to the key role of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis in the pathogenesis of stroke, we examined the effect of SMXZF in oxidative stress responses and related signaling pathways in differentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Our results showed that incubation with 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 12 hr could reduce cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity with an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, SMXZF alleviated oxidative stress by reducing the over-production of ROS and MDA in parallel to concentration dependently increasing SOD activity. In addition, SMXZF significantly attenuated H2O2-induced caspase-3 cleavage, Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase-1 (ROCK1) activation, and myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Inhibiting either caspase-3 or ROCK1 mimicked the effect. Consequently, our results suggest that SMXZF inhibits H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis linked with the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC pathway, which has also been confirmed to be a positive feedback loop in oxidative stress-injured PC12 cells. These findings support the pharmacological potential of SMXZF for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Huana Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Deng H, Liu L, Liu X, Zuo X, Xu Q, Wu Z, Peng X, Ji A. α-Lipoic acid protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through suppression of apoptosis and autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:180-6. [PMID: 25684163 PMCID: PMC4438966 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
α-lipoic acid (ALA) is known as a powerful antioxidant, which has been reported to have protective effects against various cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to determine whether ALA pre- or post-treatment induced protective effects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury via inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In order to simulate the conditions of hypoxia/reoxygenation, HUVECs were subjected to 4 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 12 h of reoxygenation. For the pre-treatment, ALA was added to the buffer 12 h prior to OGD, whereas for the post-treatment, ALA was added at the initiation of reoxygenation. The results demonstrated that ALA pre- or post-treatment significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release induced through hypoxia/reoxygenation in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner; of note, 1 mM ALA pre- or post-treatment exhibited the most potent protective effects. In addition, ALA significantly reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in HUVECs. In the presence of the specific autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the formation of autophagosomes, cytosolic microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 ratio and beclin1 levels significantly increased following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury; however, all of these effects were ameliorated following pre- or post-treatment with ALA. The results of the present study suggested that ALA may provide beneficial protection against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury via attenuation of apoptosis and autophagy in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Houliang Deng
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xialin Zuo
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zhuomin Wu
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Ji
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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