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Iwamoto-Kihara A. Regulatory Mechanisms and Environmental Adaptation of the F-ATPase Family. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1412-1418. [PMID: 36184497 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The F-type ATPase family of enzymes, including ATP synthases, are found ubiquitously in biological membranes. ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate is driven by an electrochemical H+ gradient or H+ motive force, in which intramolecular rotation of F-type ATPase is generated with H+ transport across the membranes. Because this rotation is essential for energy coupling between catalysis and H+-transport, regulation of the rotation is important to adapt to environmental changes and maintain ATP concentration. Recently, a series of cryo-electron microscopy images provided detailed insights into the structure of the H+ pathway and the multiple subunit arrangement. However, the regulatory mechanism of the rotation has not been clarified. This review describes the inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis in bacterial enzymes. In addition, properties of the F-type ATPase of Streptococcus mutans, which acts as a H+-pump in an acidic environment, are described. These findings may help in the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Yamakita A, Liu Y, Futai M, Iwamoto-Kihara A. The carboxyl-terminal helical domain of the ATP synthase γ subunit is involved in ε subunit conformation and energy coupling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:361-368. [PMID: 30876890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The γ subunit located at the center of ATP synthase (FOF1) plays critical roles in catalysis. Escherichia coli mutant with Pro substitution of the γ subunit residue γLeu218, which are located the rotor shaft near the c subunit ring, decreased NADH-driven ATP synthesis activity and ATP hydrolysis-dependent H+ transport of membranes to ~60% and ~40% of the wild type, respectively, without affecting FOF1 assembly. Consistently, the mutant was defective in growth by oxidative phosphorylation, indicating that energy coupling is impaired by the mutation. The ε subunit conformations in the γLeu218Pro mutant enzyme were investigated by cross-linking between cysteine residues introduced into both the ε subunit (εCys118 and εCys134, in the second helix and the hook segment, respectively) and the γ subunit (γCys99 and γCys260, located in the globular domain and the carboxyl-terminal helix, respectively). In the presence of ADP, the two γ260 and ε134 cysteine residues formed a disulfide bond in both the γLeu218Pro mutant and the wild type, indicating that the hook segment of ε subunit penetrates into the α3β3-ring along with the γ subunits in both enzymes. However, γ260/ε134 cross-linking in the γLeu218Pro mutant decreased significantly in the presence of ATP, whereas this effect was small in the wild type. These results suggested that the γ subunit carboxyl-terminal helix containing γLeu218 is involved in the conformation of the ε subunit hook region during ATP hydrolysis and, therefore, is required for energy coupling in FOF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Yamakita
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - YingTao Liu
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Futai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Atsuko Iwamoto-Kihara
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan.
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Sekiya M, Izumisawa S, Iwamoto-Kihara A, Fan Y, Shimoyama Y, Sasaki M, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Proton-pumping F-ATPase plays an important role in Streptococcus mutans under acidic conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 666:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bojanich M, Calderón R. Streptococcus mutans membrane lipid composition: Virulence factors and structural parameters. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Guo H, Wan H, Chen H, Fang F, Liu S, Zhou J. Proteomic analysis of the response of α-ketoglutarate-producer Yarrowia lipolytica WSH-Z06 to environmental pH stimuli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8829-41. [PMID: 27535241 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During bioproduction of short-chain carboxylates, a shift in pH is a common strategy for enhancing the biosynthesis of target products. Based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, comparative proteomics analysis of general and mitochondrial protein samples was used to investigate the cellular responses to environmental pH stimuli in the α-ketoglutarate overproducer Yarrowia lipolytica WSH-Z06. The lower environmental pH stimuli tensioned intracellular acidification and increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A total of 54 differentially expressed protein spots were detected, and 11 main cellular processes were identified to be involved in the cellular response to environmental pH stimuli. Slight decrease in cytoplasmic pH enhanced the cellular acidogenicity by elevating expression level of key enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Enhanced energy biosynthesis, ROS elimination, and membrane potential homeostasis processes were also employed as cellular defense strategies to compete with environmental pH stimuli. Owing to its antioxidant role of α-ketoglutarate, metabolic flux shifted to α-ketoglutarate under lower pH by Y. lipolytica in response to acidic pH stimuli. The identified differentially expressed proteins provide clues for understanding the mechanisms of the cellular responses and for enhancing short-chain carboxylate production through metabolic engineering or process optimization strategies in combination with manipulation of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biological Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, Fujian, 361021, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hui Wan
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hongwen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biological Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Abstract
Oral colonising bacteria are highly adapted to the various environmental niches harboured within the mouth, whether that means while contributing to one of the major oral diseases of caries, pulp infections, or gingival/periodontal disease or as part of a commensal lifestyle. Key to these infections is the ability to adhere to surfaces via a range of specialised adhesins targeted at both salivary and epithelial proteins, their glycans and to form biofilm. They must also resist the various physical stressors they are subjected to, including pH and oxidative stress. Possibly most strikingly, they have developed the ability to harvest both nutrient sources provided by the diet and those derived from the host, such as protein and surface glycans. We have attempted to review recent developments that have revealed much about the molecular mechanisms at work in shaping the physiology of oral bacteria and how we might use this information to design and implement new treatment strategies.
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