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Niu S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wang T. Prognostic value of FGFR2 alterations in patients with iCCA undergoing surgery or systemic treatments: A meta-analysis. Liver Int 2024. [PMID: 38829010 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, there has been a notable rise in the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), which presents a significant challenge in treatment due to its complex disease characteristics and prognosis. Notably, the identification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion/rearrangement, a potential oncogenic driver primarily observed in iCCA, raises questions about its impact on the prognostic outcomes of patients undergoing surgical intervention or other therapeutic approaches. METHODS A comprehensive search from inception to July 2023 was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases. The objective was to identify relevant publications comparing the prognosis of FGFR2 alterations and no FGFR2 alterations groups among patients with iCCA undergoing surgical resection or other systemic therapies. The primary outcome indicators, specifically Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Free Survival (DFS), were estimated using Hazard Ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and statistical significance was defined as p < .05. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 software and Stata, version 12.0. RESULTS Six studies, involving 1314 patients (FGFR2 alterations group n = 173 and no FGFR2 alterations group n = 1141), were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis revealed that the FGFR2 alterations group exhibited a significantly better OS prognosis compared to the no FGFR2 alterations group, with a fixed-effects combined effect size HR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.001-1.715, p = .049. Furthermore, meta-regression and subgroup analysis showed that the length of the follow-up period did not introduce heterogeneity into the results. This finding indicates the stability and reliability of the study outcomes. CONCLUSION The current study provides compelling evidence that FGFR2 alterations are frequently associated with improved survival outcomes for patients with iCCA undergoing surgical resection or other systemic treatments. Additionally, the study suggests that FGFR2 holds promise as a safe and dependable therapeutic target for managing metastatic, locally advanced or unresectable iCCA. This study offers a novel perspective in the realm of targeted therapy for iCCA, presenting a new and innovative approach to its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zengyao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Liu Y, Xie M, Zhou Y, Che L, Zhang B. Interleukin-17 receptor D is a favorable biomarker of glioblastoma. J Neurosurg Sci 2024; 68:320-326. [PMID: 35380198 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.22.05552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent glioma in adults. The prognosis of GBM is very poor and new prognostic biomarkers are in urgent need to better select high-risk patients and guide the individual treatments. METHODS In our study, we compared the expression of interleukin-17 receptor D (IL17RD) between GBMs and normal tissues from TCGA database, and detected IL17RD mRNA in 17 fresh GBM pairs with qPCR. With immunohistochemistry, we investigated the expression of IL17RD in 156 GBM tissues and further evaluated its clinical significance. The associations between IL17RD and clinicopathological factors were assessed by Chi-square test. The prognostic significance of IL17RD was evaluated by univariate analysis with Kaplan-Meier method, and by multivariate analysis with Cox-regression Hazard model. RESULTS The TPMs and mRNAs of IL17RD in GBM were substantially lower than those in normal brain tissues. The rates of low or high expression of IL17RD accounted for 41.67% and 58.33% respectively. IL17RD was significantly associated with higher survival rates of GBM. The 3-year overall survival rates of patients with low and high IL17RD were 7.2% and 19.5% respectively. In the Cox-regression model, the IL17RD expression was defined as an independent prognostic biomarker of GBM. Patients with high IL17RD expression had a more favorable outcome than those with low IL17RD. CONCLUSIONS High IL17RD expression was an independent prognostic indicator of GBM, suggesting a more favorable prognosis. Our results suggested that IL17RD detection may help find the high-risk patients which may receive more severe surveillance and more individual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, HuBei University of Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Suizhou, China
| | - Mingshui Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, HuBei University of Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Suizhou, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Weifang Central Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Lili Che
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Weifang Central Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Taian Municipal Hospital, Taian, China -
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Li X, Lu W, Kharitonenkov A, Luo Y. Targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway for cholestatic, metabolic, and cancerous diseases. J Intern Med 2024; 295:292-312. [PMID: 38212977 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, or FGF15 in rodents) plays a central role in controlling bile acid (BA) synthesis through a negative feedback mechanism. This process involves a postprandial crosstalk between the BA-activated ileal farnesoid X receptor and the hepatic Klotho beta (KLB) coreceptor complexed with fibrobalst growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) kinase. Additionally, FGF19 regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by coordinating responses from functional KLB and FGFR1-3 receptor complexes on the periphery. Pharmacologically, native FGF19 or its analogs decrease elevated BA levels, fat content, and collateral tissue damage. This makes them effective in treating both cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis (PBC or PSC) and metabolic abnormalities such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, chronic administration of FGF19 drives oncogenesis in mice by activating the FGFR4-dependent mitogenic or hepatic regenerative pathway, which could be a concern in humans. Agents that block FGF19 or FGFR4 signaling have shown great potency in preventing FGF19-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in animal models. Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for several FGF19-based agents in selectively treating patients with PBC, PSC, NASH, or HCC. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical development of both analogs and antagonists targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway for patients with cholestatic, metabolic, and cancer diseases. We will also analyze potential safety and mechanistic concerns that should guide future research and advanced trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Safhi FA, Al-Hazani TMI, Jalal AS, Alduwish MA, Alshaya DS, Almufareh NA, Domiaty DM, Alshehri E, Al-Shamrani SM, Abboosh TS, Alotaibi MA, Alwaili MA, Al-Qahtani WS. FGFR3 and FGFR4 overexpression in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: impact of smoking history and implications for personalized management. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:749-758. [PMID: 37656292 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle factors, including smoking, have been linked to neoplastic diseases, and reports suggest an association between smoking and overexpression of FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) in certain neoplasms. This study aims to assess the expression of FGFR3 and FGFR4 genes in patients with and without a history of smoking.A total of 118 participants were recruited, including 83 Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) patients and 35 healthy participants, the JNA patients were further stratified as smokers and nonsmokers. Total RNA was extracted from the blood & saliva sample by using TRIzol reagent, and quantified using a Nanodrop, and then subjected to gene expression analysis of FGFR3/4 using RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry analysis was employed using fresh biopsies of JNA to validate the findings. All experiments were performed in triplicates and analysed using the Chi-Square test (P < 0.05). Smokers exhibited significantly lower total RNA concentrations across all sample types (P < 0.001). The study revealed significant upregulation of both FGFR3/4 genes in JNA patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, FGFR3 expression was significantly higher among smokers 66% (95% CI: 53-79%) compared to non-smokers 22% (95% CI: 18-26%). Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated moderate to strong staining intensity for FGFR3 among smokers. The study highlights the overexpression of FGFR3/4 genes in JNA patients, with a stronger association observed among smokers. Furthermore, medical reports indicated higher rates of recurrence and bleeding intensity among smokers. These findings emphasize the potential role of FGFR3 as a key molecular factor in JNA, particularly in the context of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah Ahmed Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Mohamed Ibrahim Al-Hazani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, 11940, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Saud Jalal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Abdullah Alduwish
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, 11940, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal S Alshaya
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Abdulrahman Almufareh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Dental Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Mostafa Domiaty
- College of Science, Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 13151, 21493, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alshehri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salha M Al-Shamrani
- College of Science, Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 13151, 21493, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Saeed Abboosh
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Public Security, Forensic Evidence Laboratories, Criminal Examinations, Ministry of Interior, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maha Abdulla Alwaili
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad Saeed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, P.O. Box 6830, 11452, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Liu N, Zhang J, Chen W, Ma W, Wu T. The RNA methyltransferase METTL16 enhances cholangiocarcinoma growth through PRDM15-mediated FGFR4 expression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:263. [PMID: 37817227 PMCID: PMC10566113 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification is implicated in the progression of human cancers including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). METTL16 is recently identified as a new RNA methyltransferase responsible for m6A modification, although the role of METTL16 in CCA has not yet been examined. The current study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of the RNA methyltransferase METTL16 in CCA. METHODS The expression of METTL16 in CCA was examined by analyzing publicly available datasets or by IHC staining on tumor samples. siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of function studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to investigate the oncogenic role of METTL16 in CCA. MeRIP-Seq was carried out to identify the downstream target of METTL16. ChIP-qPCR, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblots were used to explore the regulation mechanisms for METTL16 expression in CCA. RESULTS We observed that the expression of METTL16 was noticeably increased in human CCA tissues. Depletion of METTL16 significantly inhibited CCA cell proliferation and decreased tumor progression. PRDM15 was identified as a key target of METTL16 in CCA cells. Mechanistically, our data showed that METTL16 regulated PRDM15 protein expression via YTHDF1-dependent translation. Accordingly, we observed that restoration of PRDM15 expression could rescue the deficiency of CCA cell proliferation/colony formation induced by METTL16 depletion. Our subsequent analyses revealed that METTL16-PRDM15 signaling regulated the expression of FGFR4 in CCA cells. Specifically, we observed that PRDM15 protein was associated with the FGFR4 promoter to regulate its expression. Furthermore, we showed that the histone acetyltransferase p300 cooperated with the transcription factor YY1 to regulate METTL16 gene expression via histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) acetylation in CCA cells. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a novel METTL16-PRDM15-FGFR4 signaling axis which is crucial for CCA growth and may have important therapeutic implications. We showed that depletion of METTL16 significantly inhibited CCA cell proliferation and decreased tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianli Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Harding JJ, Jungels C, Machiels JP, Smith DC, Walker C, Ji T, Jiang P, Li X, Asatiani E, Van Cutsem E, Abou-Alfa GK. First-in-Human Study of INCB062079, a Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Target Oncol 2023; 18:181-193. [PMID: 36787089 PMCID: PMC10042765 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-4/FGF19 pathway dysregulation is implicated in hepatobiliary and other solid tumors. INCB062079, an oral, selective, FGFR4 inhibitor, inhibits growth in FGF19/FGFR4-driven liver cancer models. METHODS This was a two-part, phase I study (NCT03144661) in previously treated patients with advanced solid tumors. The primary objective was to determine safety, tolerability, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD), while secondary objectives included pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (plasma FGF19; bile acid salts/7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one [C4] levels), and preliminary efficacy. In Part 1, patients received INCB062079 starting at 10 mg once daily, with 3 + 3 dose escalation. Part 2 (dose expansion) was not conducted because of study termination. RESULTS Twenty-three patients were treated (hepatobiliary, n = 11; ovarian, n = 9; other, n = 3). Among six patients receiving 15 mg twice daily, two patients had dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs; grade 3 diarrhea, grade 3 transaminitis). Both had high pretreatment C4 concentrations, prompting a protocol amendment requiring pretreatment C4 concentrations < 40.9 ng/mL and concomitant prophylactic bile acid sequestrant treatment. No additional DLTs were reported at 10 and 15 mg twice daily; higher doses were not assessed. The most common toxicity was diarrhea (60.9%). INCB062079 exposure was dose-proportional; FGF19 and bile acid/C4 concentrations increased with exposure. One partial response was achieved (15 mg twice daily; ovarian cancer; FGF/FGFR status unknown; duration of response, 7.5 months); two patients had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS With C4 cut-off and prophylactic bile acid sequestrant implementation, INCB062079 demonstrated a manageable safety profile and evidence of target inhibition. In view of the rarity of FGF19/FGFR4 alterations and slow patient accrual, the study was terminated before establishing an MTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Harding
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christiane Jungels
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David C Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Tao Ji
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Xin Li
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Eric Van Cutsem
- Department of Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg/Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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FGFR Inhibitors in Cholangiocarcinoma-A Novel Yet Primary Approach: Where Do We Stand Now and Where to Head Next in Targeting This Axis? Cells 2022; 11:cells11233929. [PMID: 36497187 PMCID: PMC9737583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are rare but aggressive tumours with poor diagnosis and limited treatment options. Molecular targeted therapies became a promising proposal for patients after progression under first-line chemical treatment. In light of an escalating prevalence of CCA, it is crucial to fully comprehend its pathophysiology, aetiology, and possible targets in therapy. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in searching for new therapeutic approaches concerning diseases' symptoms and their underlying causes. Growing evidence showed that fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway dysregulation is involved in a variety of processes during embryonic development and homeostasis as well as tumorigenesis. CCA is known for its close correlation with the FGF/FGFR pathway and targeting this axis has been proposed in treatment guidelines. Bearing in mind the significance of molecular targeted therapies in different neoplasms, it seems most reasonable to move towards intensive research and testing on these in the case of CCA. However, there is still a need for more data covering this topic. Although positive results of many pre-clinical and clinical studies are discussed in this review, many difficulties lie ahead. Furthermore, this review presents up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of the latest clinical data and discussion over future directions of FGFR-directed therapies in patients with CCA.
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Liu P, Wang Y, Duan L. ZFAND5 Is an Independent Prognostic Biomarker of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955670. [PMID: 35912230 PMCID: PMC9326020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy with extremely poor prognosis. Perihilar CCA (pCCA) is the most common subtype of CCA, but its biomarker study is much more lagged behind other subtypes. ZFAND5 protein can interact with ubiquitinated proteins and promote protein degradation. However, the function of ZFAND5 in cancer progression is rarely investigated, and the role of ZFAND5 in pCCA is never yielded.Materials and MethodsIn this study, we established a pCCA cohort consisting of 72 patients. The expression of ZFAND5 in pCCAs, and the paired liver tissues, intrahepatic bile duct tissues and common bile ducts (CBD) tissues were detected with IHC. ZFAND5 mRNA in pCCAs and CBDs was detected with qRT-PCR. The pCCA cohort was divided into ZFAND5low and ZFAND5high subsets according to the IHC score. The correlations between ZFAND5 expression and clinicopathological parameters were assessed bychi-square test. The prognostic significance of ZFAND5 expression and clinicopathological parameters was estimated by univariate analysis with Kaplan-Meier method, and by multivariate analysis with Cox-regression model.ResultsExpression of ZFAND5 in pCCAs was substantially higher than that in interlobular bile ducts and common bile ducts, but lower than that in liver tissues. The ZFAND5low and ZFAND5high subsets accounted for 44.4% and 55.6% of all pCCAs respectively. ZFAND5 high patients had much lower survival rates than the ZFAND5low patients, with the average survival time as 31.2 months and 19.5 months respectively. ZFAND5 was identified as an independent unfavorable prognostic biomarker of pCCA with multivariate analysis.ConclusionZFAND5 expression was up-regulated in pCCAs compared with the CBDs. We identified ZFAND5 as an independent biomarker of pCCA, which could provide more evidence for the molecular classification of pCCA, and help stratify the high-risk patients based on the molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingling Duan
- Department of Health Care, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Duan, ;
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Physiological and pathophysiological role of endocrine fibroblast growth factors. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endocrine subfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) includes three factors: FGF19, FGF21, FGF23. They act on distal tissues through FGF receptors (FGFRs). The FGFR activation requires two cofactors: α- and β-Klotho, which are structurally related single-pass transmembrane proteins. The endocrine FGFs regulate various metabolic processes involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as bile acid circulation, vitamin D modulation, and phosphate homeostasis. The FGF-FGFR dysregulation is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders. Significant alterations in plasma FGF concentration are associated with the most prevalent chronic diseases, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diseases of the biliary tract, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, osteomalacia, various malignancies, and depression. Therefore, the endocrine FGFs may serve as disease predictors or biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Currently, numerous analogues and inhibitors of endocrine FGFs are under development for treatment of various disorders, and recently, a human monoclonal antibody against FGF23 has been approved for treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data on physiological and pathophysiological actions of the endocrine FGF subfamily and recent research concerning the therapeutic potential of the endocrine FGF pathways.
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Liu Z, Liu J, Chen T, Wang Y, Shi A, Li K, Li X, Qiu B, Zheng L, Zhao L, Shu L, Lian S, Huang S, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Wnt-TCF7-SOX9 axis promotes cholangiocarcinoma proliferation and pemigatinib resistance in a FGF7-FGFR2 autocrine pathway. Oncogene 2022; 41:2885-2896. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liu J, Ren G, Li K, Liu Z, Wang Y, Chen T, Mu W, Yang X, Li X, Shi A, Zhao W, Xu B, Chang J, Guo S, Pan C, Zhou T, Zhang Z, Xu Y. The Smad4-MYO18A-PP1A complex regulates β-catenin phosphorylation and pemigatinib resistance by inhibiting PAK1 in cholangiocarcinoma. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:818-831. [PMID: 34799729 PMCID: PMC8990017 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), consisting of three subtypes-intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA), is a highly aggressive cancer arising from the bile duct and has an extremely poor prognosis. Pemigatinib is the only FDA-approved targeted drug for CCA, and the CCA treatment options are substantially insufficient considering its poor prognosis and increasing morbidity. Here, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 15 pCCAs and 16 dCCAs and detected the expression of SMAD4, a frequently mutated gene, in 261 CCAs. By univariate and multivariate analyses, we identified Smad4 as a favorable prognostic biomarker in iCCA and pCCA. With in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrated that Smad4 suppressed CCA proliferation, migration and invasion by inhibiting β-catenin-S675 phosphorylation and intranuclear translocation. We applied LC-MS/MS and multiple biochemical techniques and identified PP1A as the phosphatase in Smad4-mediated dephosphorylation of PAK1-T423, which is responsible for β-catenin-S675 phosphorylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that MYO18A is the PP1-interacting protein of PP1A for substrate recognition in CCA. MYO18A interacts with PP1A via its RVFFR motif and interacts with Smad4 via CC domain. Patients with coexpression of MYO18A and Smad4 have a more favorable prognosis than other patients. Smad4 enhances Pemigatinib efficiency, and Smad4 knockdown results in Pemigatinib resistance. In conclusion, coexpression of Smad4 and MYO18A is a favorable prognostic indicator for iCCA and pCCA. The Smad4-MYO18A-PP1A complex dephosphorylates PAK1-T423 and thus inhibits β-catenin-S675 phosphorylation and its intranuclear localization. Smad4 suppresses CCA proliferation, migration, invasion, and sensitivity to Pemigatinib by governing the phosphorylation and intracellular localization of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangli Ren
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China ,Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Jinan, China ,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China
| | - Xingyong Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anda Shi
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianhua Chang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Guo
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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12
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Phillips AJ, Lobl MB, Hafeji YA, Safranek HR, Mohr AM, Mott JL. Glycosylation of FGFR4 in cholangiocarcinoma regulates receptor processing and cancer signaling. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:568-580. [PMID: 34981854 PMCID: PMC8940645 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in targeted treatment for cholangiocarcinoma have focused on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. There are four receptor tyrosine kinases that respond to FGFs, and posttranslational processing has been demonstrated for each FGF receptor. Here, we investigated the role of N-linked glycosylation on the processing and function of FGFR4. We altered glycosylation through enzymatic deglycosylation, small molecule inhibition of glycosyltransferases, or through site-directed mutagenesis of selected asparagine residues in FGFR4. Signaling was tested through caspase activation, migration, and subcellular localization of FGFR4. Our data demonstrate that FGFR4 has multiple glycoforms, with predominant bands relating to the full-length receptor that has a high mannose- or hybrid-type form and a complex-type glycan form. We further identified a set of faster migrating FGFR4 bands that correspond to the intracellular kinase domain, termed FGFR4 intracellular domain (R4-ICD). These glycoforms and R4-ICD were detected in human cholangiocarcinoma tumor samples, where R4-ICD was predominant. Removal of glycans in intact cells by enzymatic deglycosylation resulted in increased processing to R4-ICD. Inhibition of glycosylation using NGI-1, an oligosaccharyltransferase inhibitor, reduced both high mannose- or hybrid- and complex-type glycan forms of FGFR4, increased processing and sensitized to apoptosis. Mutation of Asn-112, Asn-258, Asn-290, or Asn-311 to glutamine modestly reduced apoptosis resistance, while mutation of Asn-322 or simultaneous mutation of the other four asparagine residues caused a loss of cytoprotection by FGFR4. None of the glycomutants altered the migration of cancer cells. Finally, mutation of Asn-112 caused a partial localization of FGFR4 to the Golgi. Overall, preventing glycosylation at individual residues reduced the cell survival function of FGFR4 and receptor glycosylation may regulate access to an extracellular protease or proteolytic susceptibility of FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa B. Lobl
- Cancer Research Doctoral Program, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center
| | - Yamnah A. Hafeji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Hannah R. Safranek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Ashley M. Mohr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
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13
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Yang J, Sontag D, Kung S, Minuk GY. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Induced Changes in Non-malignant Cholangiocytes. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:909-916. [PMID: 34966654 PMCID: PMC8666367 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Whether it plays a role in the development or course of human cholangiocarcinoma remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine whether prolonged exposure to FGF19 results in the transformation of non-malignant human cholangiocytes into cells with malignant features. METHODS Human SV-40 transfected non-malignant H69 cholangiocytes were cultured with FGF19 (0-50 ng/mL) for 6 weeks, followed by 6 weeks with medium alone. Cell proliferation, invasion, stem cell surface markers, oncofetoprotein expression, state of differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and interleukin (IL)-6 expression were documented at various time intervals throughout the 12-week period. RESULTS FGF19 exposure was associated with significant increases in cell proliferation, de-differentiation, EMT and IL-6 expression. However, each of these effects returned to baseline or control values during the 6-week FGF19 free follow-up period. The remaining cell properties remained unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Six weeks of FGF19 exposure did not result in the acquisition of permanent malignant features in non-malignant, human cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yang
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Sontag
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sam Kung
- Department of Immunology, Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gerald Y. Minuk
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Correspondence to: Gerald Y. Minuk, Morberg Family Chair in Hepatology, University of Manitoba, John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2687-940X. Tel: +1-204-789-3204, Fax: +1-204-789-3987, E-mail:
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14
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Wang Y, Li K, Zhao W, Liu Z, Liu J, Shi A, Chen T, Mu W, Xu Y, Pan C, Zhang Z. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B2 promotes the proliferation and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma by increasing Integrin Beta 1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1158. [PMID: 34907179 PMCID: PMC8671409 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) play an essential role in regulating malignant tumor progression; however, their role in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has not been elucidated. We analyzed the expression of ALDHs in 8 paired tumor and peritumor perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) tissues and found that ALDH3B1 and ALDH3B2 were upregulated in tumor tissues. Further survival analysis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA, n = 27), pCCA (n = 87) and distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA, n = 80) cohorts have revealed that ALDH3B2 was a prognostic factor of CCA and was an independent prognostic factor of iCCA and pCCA. ALDH3B2 expression was associated with serum CEA in iCCA and dCCA, associated with tumor T stage, M stage, neural invasion and serum CA19-9 in pCCA. In two cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, overexpression of ALDH3B2 promoted cell proliferation and clone formation by promoting the G1/S phase transition. Knockdown of ALDH3B2 inhibited cell migration, invasion, and EMT in vitro, and restrained tumor metastasis in vivo. Patients with high expression of ALDH3B2 also have high expression of ITGB1 in iCCA, pCCA, and dCCA at both mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of ALDH3B2 downregulated the expression of ITGB1 and inhibited the phosphorylation level of c-Jun, p38, and ERK. Meanwhile, knockdown of ITGB1 inhibited the promoting effect of ALDH3B2 overexpression on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. ITGB1 is also a prognostic factor of iCCA, pCCA, and dCCA and double-positive expression of ITGB1 and ALDH3B2 exhibits better performance in predicting patient prognosis. In conclusion, ALDH3B2 promotes tumor proliferation and metastasis in CCA by regulating the expression of ITGB1 and upregulating its downstream signaling pathway. The double-positive expression of ITGB1 and ALDH3B2 serves as a better prognostic biomarker of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Anda Shi
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012, Jinan, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012, Jinan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012, Jinan, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012, Jinan, China.
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15
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Wang Y, Chen T, Li K, Mu W, Liu Z, Shi A, Liu J, Zhao W, Lian S, Huang S, Pan C, Zhang Z. Recent Advances in the Mechanism Research and Clinical Treatment of Anti-Angiogenesis in Biliary Tract Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:777617. [PMID: 34778094 PMCID: PMC8581488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.777617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder cancer (GC), are malignancies originating from the biliary tract with poor prognosis. In the early stage of BTCs, surgery is the only choice for cure. Unfortunately, most patients with BTC are diagnosed at an advanced stage and lose the opportunity for surgery. For many advanced solid tumors, antiangiogenic therapy has achieved encouraging results. While most clinical studies on antiangiogenic therapy in advanced BTCs have shown an excellent disease control rate (DCR), the improvement in overall survival (OS) is controversial. Understanding how the relevant signaling molecules influence the angiogenic response and the functional interaction is necessary for the formulation of new treatment regimens and the selection of enrolled patients. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the latest advances in antiangeogenesis for BTCs, mainly focusing on the molecular mechanism of angiogenesis in BTCs and the therapeutic effects from clinical trials. Furthermore, the horizon of antiangiogenesis for BTCs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anda Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Xu L, Wang P, Zhang W, Li W, Liu T, Che X. Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 11 Is a Prognostic Biomarker of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:757498. [PMID: 34660327 PMCID: PMC8513537 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.757498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), including intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA) CCA, is a highly aggressive malignancy originating from bile duct. The prognosis of CCA is very poor, and the biomarker study is unsatisfactory compared with other common cancers. Materials and methods In our study, we investigated the expression of dual-specificity phosphatase 11(DUSP11) in eight pairs of iCCAs, pCCAs, and dCCAs, and their corresponding tumor-adjacent tissues, as well as their tumor-adjacent tissues with qPCR. Moreover, we investigated the expression of DUSP11 in 174 cases of CCAs with immunohistochemistry, including 74 iCCAs, 64 pCCAs, and 36 dCCAs. We classified these patients into subsets with low and high expressions of DUSP11, and evaluated the correlations between the DUSP11 subsets and clinicopathological factors. With univariate and multivariate analyses, we assessed the correlation between DUSP11 and the overall survival (OS) rates in these CCA patients. Results In all the CCA subtypes, DUSP11 was elevated in CCAs compared with their paired adjacent tissues. In iCCA, pCCA, and dCCA, the percentages of DUSP11 high expression were 44.59%, 53.85%, and 55.56%, respectively. In iCCA, high DUSP11 expression was significantly associated with an advanced T stage and a poor prognosis. However, the prognostic value of DUSP11 in pCCA and dCCA was not significant. To decrease the statistical error caused by the small sample size of the dCCA cohort, we merged pCCA and dCCA into extracellular CCA (eCCA). In the 101 cases of eCCA, DUSP11 expression was also not significantly associated with the prognosis. Conclusions DUSP11 expression was associated with tumor infiltration and the OS rate in iCCA, but not in pCCA and dCCA. DUSP11 was an independent biomarker of iCCA indicating a poor prognosis. Our results suggested that a high expression of DUSP11 was a post-operational risk factor, and detecting DUSP11 could guide the individual treatment for patients with CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Oncology Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Che
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Salati M, Caputo F, Baldessari C, Carotenuto P, Messina M, Caramaschi S, Dominici M, Bonetti LR. The Evolving Role of FGFR2 Inhibitors in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Targeting. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7747-7757. [PMID: 34675670 PMCID: PMC8517413 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s330710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an anatomically and biologically distinct entity with a rising incidence and a poor prognosis on conventional treatments. Surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is a potentially curative option in resectable cases, while palliative-intent chemotherapy is the standard-of-care in the advanced setting. Technological advances through massive parallel sequencing have enabled a deeper understanding of disease biology with the identification of several druggable molecular vulnerabilities in nearly 50% of cases. Among them, gene fusions involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) are the most therapeutically exploited so far with a number of Phase II clinical trials investigating FGFR2 inhibitors showing unprecedented efficacy results in this molecular subgroup. Over the last year, these efforts have culminated in the US FDA-approval of pemigatinib and infigratinib, the first two oral selective FGFR2 targeted agents for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic iCCA driven by FGFR2 fusion or rearrangements. While first-line Phase III trials are currently underway to test these targeted approach against standard-of-care chemotherapy, translational studies are trying to better understand primary and secondary resistance mechanisms in order to optimize FGFR2 blockade in iCCA. In this article, we extensively reviewed the current evidence on the biological rationale, as well as preclinical and clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Salati
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- PhD Program Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Caputo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Baldessari
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Carotenuto
- Department of Genomics, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Messina
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Cefalu, Italy
| | - Stefania Caramaschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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18
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Chen T, Liu H, Liu Z, Li K, Qin R, Wang Y, Liu J, Li Z, Gao Q, Pan C, Yang F, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y. FGF19 and FGFR4 promotes the progression of gallbladder carcinoma in an autocrine pathway dependent on GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 axis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4941-4953. [PMID: 34163030 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) are limited and GBC prognosis remains poor. There is no well-accepted targeted therapy to date, so effective biomarkers of GBC are urgently needed. Here we investigated the expression and correlations of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1-4) and 18 fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in two independent patient cohorts and evaluated their prognostic significance. Consequently, we demonstrated that both FGF19 and FGFR4 were unfavorable prognostic biomarkers, and their co-expression was a more sensitive predictor. By analyzing the correlations between all 18 FGFs and FGFR4, we showed that FGF19 expression was significantly associated with FGFR4 and promoted GBC progression via stimulating FGFR4. With experiments using GBC cells, GPBAR1-/- mice models, and human subjects, we demonstrated that elevated bile acids (BAs) could increase the transcription and expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. FGF19 secreted from GBC cells promoted GBC progression by stimulating FGFR4 and downstream ERK in an autocrine manner with bile as a potential carrier. Patients with GBC had significantly higher FGF19 in serum and bile, compared to patients with cholelithiasis. BLU9931 inhibited FGFR4 and attenuated its oncogenic effects in GBC cell line. In conclusion, upregulation of BAs elevated co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. Co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 was a sensitive and unfavorable prognostic marker. GBC cells secreted FGF19 and facilitated progression by activating FGFR4 with bile as a potential carrier in an autocrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinglun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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19
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Chen A, Liu Z, Wu Q, Li H. Disheveled-associated activator of morphogenesis 2 promotes invasion of colorectal cancer by activating PAK1 and promoting MMP7 expression. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:923-935. [PMID: 33974241 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disheveled-associated activator of morphogenesis (DAAM) family, including DAAM1 and DAAM2, is key regulators in Wnt signaling pathway. Although the oncogenic role of Wnt signaling pathway in colorectal cancer (CRC) was investigated in several lines, the expression and function of DAAM in CRC are still obscure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and function of DAAM in CRC. METHODS DAAM1 and DAAM2 expression in high grade dysplasia (HGD), CRCs and corresponding adjacent tissues were detected with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prognostic significance of DAAM1/2 were estimated with univariate and multivariate analyses. Moreover, the correlations between clinicopathological factors and DAAM were evaluated with the χ2 test. With experiments in vitro, we investigated the function of DAAM2 in CRC cell proliferation and invasion, and investigated the underlying mechanism of how DAAM2 facilitated CRC invasion. RESULTS DAAM2, instead of DAAM1, was substantially up-regulated in CRCs compared with paired adjacent normal tissues and HGDs. The ratio of high DAAM1 and DAAM2 expression accounted for 44.83% and 46.31%, respectively. High DAAM2, instead of DAAM1, was a risk factor indicating an unfavorable prognosis of CRC. In multivariate analysis, high DAAM2 was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker of CRC predicting poor prognosis. With experiments in vitro, DAAM2 promoted invasion of CRC cells via activating PAK1 and promoting the expression of MMP7, suggesting an essential role of DAAM2 in CRC invasion. CONCLUSIONS High expression of DAAM2, instead of DAAM1, indicated an unfavorable prognosis of CRC independently, which suggested that detecting DAAM2 can help define the high-risk patients. DAAM2 activated PAK1 and promoted MMP7 expression and facilitated the invasion of CRC cells, indicating that DAAM2 may be a potential drug target of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Chen
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, 262500, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, 262500, Shandong, China
| | - Quanyan Wu
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, 262500, Shandong, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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20
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Li Z, Liu J, Chen T, Sun R, Liu Z, Qiu B, Xu Y, Zhang Z. HMGA1-TRIP13 axis promotes stemness and epithelial mesenchymal transition of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma in a positive feedback loop dependent on c-Myc. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:86. [PMID: 33648560 PMCID: PMC7923631 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant cancer with very dismal prognosis. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma(pCCA) accounts for more than 50% of all cholangiocarcinoma and is well-characterized for its low rate of radical resection. Effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy of pCCA are very limited. Methods Here we screened potential biomarkers of pCCA with transcriptome sequencing and evaluated the prognostic significance of HMGA1 in a large cohort pCCA consisting of 106 patients. With bioinformatics and in vitro/vivo experiments, we showed that HMGA1 induced tumor cell stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), and thus facilitated proliferation, migration and invasion by promoting TRIP13 transcription. Moreover, TRIP13 was also an unfavorable prognostic biomarker of pCCA, and double high expression of HMGA1/TRIP13 could predict prognosis more sensitively. TRIP13 promoted pCCA progression by suppressing FBXW7 transcription and stabilizing c-Myc. c-Myc in turn induced the transcription and expression of both HMGA1 and TRIP13, indicating that HMGA-TRIP13 axis facilitated pCCA stemness and EMT in a positive feedback pathway. Conclusions HMGA1 and TRIP13 were unfavorable prognostic biomarkers of pCCA. HMGA1 enhanced pCCA proliferation, migration, invasion, stemness and EMT, by inducing TRIP13 expression, suppressing FBXW7 expression and stabilizing c-Myc. Moreover, c-Myc can induce the transcription of HMGA1 and TRIP13, suggesting that HMGA-TRIP13 axis promoted EMT and stemness in a positive feedback pathway dependent on c-Myc. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01890-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Rongqi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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21
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Chen T, Li K, Liu Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun R, Li Z, Qiu B, Zhang X, Ren G, Xu Y, Zhang Z. WDR5 facilitates EMT and metastasis of CCA by increasing HIF-1α accumulation in Myc-dependent and independent pathways. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2134-2150. [PMID: 33601056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy with extremely poor prognoses. The oncogenic role and prognostic value of c-Myc in CCA is not well elucidated. WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) is a critical regulatory factor directly interacting with c-Myc to regulate c-Myc recruitment at chromosomal locations, but the interaction of WDR5 and c-Myc in CCA was uncovered. In our study, we detected WDR5 and c-Myc expression in all CCA types, including intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA) CCA, and evaluated their prognostic significance. Consequently, we demonstrated that WDR5 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of CCA and that WDR5 and c-Myc co-expression was a more sensitive prognostic factor. With in vitro and in vivo experiments and bioinformatics, we showed that WDR5 interacted with the Myc box IIIb (MBIIIb) motif of c-Myc and facilitated Myc-induced HIF1A transcription, thereby promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis of CCA. Moreover, WDR5 enhanced hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit α (HIF-1α) accumulation by binding with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and increasing histone 3 lysine 4 acetylation (H3K4ac) deacetylation of the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) promoter, resulting in the attenuation of chromatin opening and PHD2 expression, and eventually leading to HIF-1α stabilization and accumulation. In conclusion, WDR5 facilitated EMT and metastasis of CCA by increasing HIF-1α accumulation in a Myc-dependent pathway to promote HIF-1α transcription and a Myc-independent pathway to stabilize HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Rongqi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of General Surgery, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Guangli Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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22
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Ueno M, Ikeda M, Sasaki T, Nagashima F, Mizuno N, Shimizu S, Ikezawa H, Hayata N, Nakajima R, Morizane C. Phase 2 study of lenvatinib monotherapy as second-line treatment in unresectable biliary tract cancer: primary analysis results. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1105. [PMID: 33198671 PMCID: PMC7667859 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary tract cancer (BTC) has a poor prognosis and lacks a standardized second-line therapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 4, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) are highly expressed in BTC. Therefore, lenvatinib (a known inhibitor of VEGF receptors 1-3, FGFRs 1-4, and PDGFR-α) was evaluated for second-line treatment of BTC. METHODS In this single-arm, multicenter, open-label, phase 2 study, patients with BTC received lenvatinib 24 mg orally once daily in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), PFS rate at 12 weeks, disease control rate, clinical benefit rate, safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. RESULTS Twenty-six Japanese patients were enrolled and treated; 3 had a confirmed partial response per investigator assessment and per independent imaging review (IIR); ORR was 11.5% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-27.2). Median PFS was 3.19 months (95% CI: 2.79-7.23) per investigator assessment and 1.64 months (95% CI: 1.41-3.19) per IIR. Median OS was 7.35 months (95% CI: 4.50-11.27). Grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 21 patients (80.8%) and included hypertension (n = 10 [38.5%]), proteinuria (n = 3 [11.5%]), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (n = 3 [11.5%]), decreased appetite (n = 3 [11.5%]), and anemia (n = 3 [11.5%]). Two deaths occurred due to TEAEs between treatment initiation and 30 days after last dose, but neither were considered treatment related. CONCLUSIONS Lenvatinib demonstrated antitumor activity in BTC, with a tolerable safety profile, and should be further evaluated as potential second-line therapy for this difficult to treat population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02579616 . Date of registration: October 19, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ueno
- Kanagawa Cancer Centre Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ikeda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8577, Japan.
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23
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Chandana SR, Babiker HM, Mahadevan D. Clinical complexity of utilizing FGFR inhibitors in cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1413-1429. [PMID: 33074030 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1838484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR 1-4) are a highly conserved family of receptor tyrosine kinases, involved in several physiological processes. Genetic aberrations of FGFRs and their ligands, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in several pathological processes including cancer. The FGF-FGFR axis has emerged as a treatment target in oncology. Because these aberrations drive cancer progression, the development of FGFR targeted therapies have been accelerated. AREAS COVERED In this comprehensive review, we evaluate molecular pathology and targeted therapies to FGFRs. We reviewed the evidence for safety and efficacy from preclinical and clinical studies (phase I-III) of FGFR targeted therapies. We also discuss potential challenges in bringing these targeted therapies from bench to bedside and the potential opportunities. EXPERT OPINION Despite the challenges of the clinical development of FGFR targeted therapies, two FGFR small-molecule inhibitors, namely Erdafitinib and Pemigatinib, are FDA approved for urothelial cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. Understanding and detection of FGFR genomic aberrations, protein overexpression and the development of isoform-specific inhibitors are factors in the clinical success of these therapies. An enhanced understanding of patient selection based on a gene signatures or biomarkers is key to success of FGFR targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa R Chandana
- Phase I Program, START Midwest , Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer and Hematology Centers of Western Michigan , Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hani M Babiker
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson, AZ, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
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24
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Whole exome sequencing and transcriptome-wide profiling identify potentially subtype-relevant genes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153244. [PMID: 33113455 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no targeted therapy has been approved for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), suggesting that comprehensive understanding of genomic changes turns out to be an urgent need to break through the calm of currently known therapies of NPC. METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed for 14 NPC patients, including 6 NPC-IIA cases, 8 NPC-IIB cases. The cancer chip expression data named GSE12452 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of each subtype were obtained using the Lima R package. Then gene ontology (GO) function enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed. Finally 7 potentially subtype relevant genes (PSRGs)1 were obtained. RESULTS In total, 37 clinically relevant mutations (CRMs)2 were obtained from WES. The 2 NPC subtypes exhibited different mutational landscapes, indicating that different NPC subtypes harbor different CRMs. Notably, we discovered that mutations of CCND1 and FGF family appeared simultaneously in 3 NPC-IIB cases, but 0 in NPC-IIA. In addition, 1395 DEGs were identified from GSE12452. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway showed significant enrichment in both the pathway distribution of CRMs and KEGG analysis of DEGs, suggesting that it is a key pathway in the development of NPC. Through PPI analysis of genes involved in the PI3K-Akt pathways and expression significance analysis of DEGs co-expressed by the 2 subtypes, 54 genes finally were screened for expression significance analysis. The GSEA analysis between patients with high and low expression of 11 candidate genes were performed. As a result, 7 PSRGs were selected, including COL4A1, ASB9, RDH10, TNFRSF21, BACE2, EVA1C and LHX2. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that different NPC subtypes have different genetic changes, suggesting that they may be potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of NPC, and ultimately point to new strategies for intelligence.
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25
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Ren N, Tian Z, Sun H, Lu X. Dynamin 2 Is Correlated with Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924590. [PMID: 32827429 PMCID: PMC7461653 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common histological type of thyroid cancer. Most PTC patients have favorable outcomes, but 10% of patients still have distant metastases at presentation or during follow-up. Dynamin 2 (DNM2) is the only DNM ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, but its expression and clinical significance in PTC is still unknown. Material/Methods In our study, we investigated the expression of DNM2 in 112 cases of PTC and classified the patients into low and high expression of DNM2. The clinical significance of DNM2 was evaluated by assessing its correlation with the clinicopathological parameters with the chi-square method. The correlations between DNM2 expression and the disease-free survival rate or overall survival rate were assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. The independent prognostic factors of PTC were determined by the Cox-regression hazard model. Results Patients with low and high DNM2 expression accounted for 75% and 25% respectively in the 112 patients with PTC. High DNM2 expression was significantly associated with recurrence (P=0.014) and poor prognosis (P=0.004). In addition to tumor stage, DNM2 expression was an independent prognostic biomarker of PTC, indicating an unfavorable prognosis. Conclusions DNM2 was an independent PTC biomarker indicating more likely recurrence and poorer prognosis. Detecting DNM2 expression may help to select the high-risk patients for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, YIDU Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenmin Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, YIDU Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, YIDU Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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26
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Fang X, Zhang D, Zhao W, Gao L, Wang L. Dishevelled Associated Activator Of Morphogenesis (DAAM) Facilitates Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Upregulating Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) Expression. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924670. [PMID: 32772041 PMCID: PMC7437242 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis (DAAM) family, consisting of DAAM1 and DAAM2, is an important component of the Wnt signal pathway. Previous studies have suggested that DAAM2 reduces Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) expression by promoting its ubiquitination, but the correlation between DAAM and HIF-1α in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been studied. Material/Methods In our study, expression of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in HCCs and tumor-adjacent liver tissues was assessed with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Correlations between DAAM1/2 and the clinicopathologic variables were evaluated with the Chi-square test. With univariate and multivariate analysis, we further evaluated the prognostic significance of DAAM1 and DAAM2. Using in vitro experiments, we assessed the functions of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in invasion and proliferation in different HCC cell lines and investigated their underlying mechanisms. Results DAAM1 and 2 overexpression were 18.8% and 48.7%, respectively, of the whole cohort. mRNAs of DAAM2 in HCCs were substantially higher than mRNAs in liver tissues, while DAAM1 mRNA had no marked difference. High DAAM2 expression was notably associated with advanced T stage (P=0.032), TNM stage (P=0.032), and overall survival (OS) rate (P=0.004). DAAM 2 knockdown promoted VHL accumulation and subsequent HIF-1α down-regulation in HCC cells. In HCC specimens, DAAM2 expression was also negatively correlated with VHL and positively associated with HIF-1α. Moreover, HIF-1α was required in DAAM2-induced invasion of HCC cells. Conclusions DAAM2, rather than DAAM1, was able to predict prognosis of HCC. DAAM2 decreased VHL expression and consequently upregulated HIF-1α, eventually facilitating invasion of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fang
- Gastrointestinal Department, YIDU Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Urinary Surgery Department, YIDU Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Ultrasonography, YIDU Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Longfei Gao
- Dezhou Prison Hospital of Shandong Province, Dezhou, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lanping Wang
- Department of Surgery, 2nd Hospital Sffiliated to Shandong 1st Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
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27
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Wang J, Xing X, Li Q, Zhang G, Wang T, Pan H, Li D. Targeting the FGFR signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma: promise or delusion? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920940948. [PMID: 32754231 PMCID: PMC7378714 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920940948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a refractory cancer with limited treatment options
and poorly understood molecular mechanisms underlying tumor development. The
most effective treatment is surgical resection; however, patients are highly
prone to recurrence. Moreover, considering that most patients are diagnosed in
advanced stages, treatment options are restricted to palliative care, which
results in poor prognosis. Due to the limited effect of chemotherapy and
radiotherapy, targeted therapy is becoming a hot topic in the field of biliary
cancer treatment. The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor
(FGF/FGFR) signaling pathway involves a variety of key biological processes for
cell survival, differentiation, and metabolism. Next-generation sequencing data
mining has shown that high levels of FGF/FGFR expression are associated with
reduced overall survival (OS) in CAA, which indicates that the FGF/FGFR pathway
may be an effective target for CAA treatment. This paper reviews the effect of
FGF/FGFR signaling on CCA from onset to treatment and highlights the promise of
FGF/FGFR signaling pathway inhibitors for targeting CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokang Xing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qijun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Number 3, East Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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28
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Tian M, Yang X, Li Y, Guo S. The Expression of Dynamin 1, 2, and 3 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Patient Prognosis. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923359. [PMID: 32573516 PMCID: PMC7331486 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classical dynamin family consists of dynamin 1, 2, and 3, which have different expression levels in different tissues to regulate cell membrane fission and endocytosis. Recent studies have reported increased expression of dynamins in human cancer, but their expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the expression of dynamin 1, 2, and 3 in tissue sections of human HCC using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Material/Methods The expression of dynamin 1, 2, and 3 were investigated in 192 cases of HCC and 14 paired samples of HCC and adjacent normal liver tissue by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The clinical significance of dynamin 1, 2, and 3 were determined by correlating their expression levels with patient clinicopathological factors and survival rates. Independent prognostic factors were determined using the Cox regression hazard model. Results In tissue samples from 192 patients with HCC, the expression of dynamin 1, 2, and 3 were upregulated in 41.15%, 29.69%, and 8.33% of cases, respectively. Dynamin 1 had a significantly increased mRNA expression level in HCC compared with adjacent normal liver tissues and was significantly correlated with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels, T stage, and TNM stage. Only dynamin 1 expression was correlated with the reduced overall survival (OS), and was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker of human HCC. Conclusions Upregulation of dynamin 1 at the protein and mRNA level was an independent prognostic biomarker of reduced OS in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuchun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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29
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Li KS, Zhu XD, Liu HD, Zhang SZ, Li XL, Xiao N, Liu XF, Xu B, Lei M, Zhang YY, Shi WK, Cao MQ, Xu YF, Tang ZY, Sun HC. NT5DC2 promotes tumor cell proliferation by stabilizing EGFR in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32382041 PMCID: PMC7206140 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage; however, the effect of systemic therapy on advanced HCC remains undetermined. Therefore, new treatment targets must be identified. We analyzed Gene Expression Omnibus datasets from two HCC patient cohorts and found that NT5DC2 was associated with vascular invasion and poor survival. In two hepatoma cell lines, NT5DC2 overexpression promoted HCC cell proliferation and clone formation in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Coimmunoprecipitation assays and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that NT5DC2 bound directly to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). NT5DC2 upregulated EGFR expression by downregulating EGFR ubiquitination and preventing its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway but did not upregulate its transcription. EGFR upregulation activated downstream signal transduction, which played a critical role in the protumor effects of NT5DC2. Erlotinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of EGFR, blocked the effect of NT5DC2 in promoting HCC cell proliferation. In a cohort of 79 patients who underwent curative resection for HCC, NT5DC2 expression in the tumors was associated with larger tumors and microvascular invasion. NT5DC2 expression was also independently associated with recurrence-free survival. The present study demonstrated for the first time that NT5DC2 promotes tumor cell proliferation in HCC and may serve as a potential molecular target for treating HCC. EGFR blockage could be used to treat selected patients with NT5DC2 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Shuai Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Da Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Long Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Feng Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Kai Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Qing Cao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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Lang L, Shull AY, Teng Y. Interrupting the FGF19-FGFR4 Axis to Therapeutically Disrupt Cancer Progression. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:17-25. [PMID: 29557750 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180319091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between the amplification of the fibroblast growth factor FGF19, overexpression of its corresponding receptor FGFR4, and hyperactivation of the downstream transmembrane enzyme β-klotho has been found to play pivotal roles in mediating tumor development and progression. Aberrant FGF19-FGFR4 signaling has been implicated in driving specific tumorigenic events including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and metastasis by activating a myriad of downstream signaling cascades. As an attractive target, several strategies implemented to disrupt the FGF19-FGFR4 axis have been developed in recent years, and FGF19-FGFR4 binding inhibitors are being intensely evaluated for their clinical use in treating FGF19-FGFR4 implicated cancers. Based on the established work, this review aims to detail how the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway plays a vital role in cancer progression and why disrupting communication between FGF19 and FGFR4 serves as a promising therapeutic strategy for disrupting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Austin Y Shull
- Department of Biology, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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Chen MY, Li ZP, Sun ZN, Ma M. USP9X promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating beta-catenin. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 189:865-871. [PMID: 32065347 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the malignant tumors with highest mortality. The role of USP9X in the carcinogenesis of HCC has not yet been determined. In this study, USP9X was found significantly highly expressed in the intratumor tissues. Expression of intratumor USP9X was associated with tumor size and microvascular invasion while USP9X is independent risk factor of HCC disease-free survival and overall survival. In vitro studies revealed that knockdown of USP9X significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells. Mechanically, USP9X promotes HCC cell proliferation by regulating the expression of beta-catenin. The results of the present study demonstrated that high expression of USP9X in intratumoral cells is associated with poor HCC prognosis, which may serve as a potential target for an adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, 262500, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Ping Li
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, 262500, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao-Na Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, 262500, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Oncology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
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Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 and clinical response to lenvatinib in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:703-709. [PMID: 32034430 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) expression has association with tumor malignancy. In thyroid cancers, FGFR4 has been reported to be characteristically expressed in aggressive thyroid tumors, such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). METHODS We investigated FGFR4 expression in patients with ATC and analyzed their clinical responses to lenvatinib. Primary tumor samples were obtained from 12 patients with ATC who underwent surgery or core needle biopsy. FGFR4 protein expression in all ATC samples was analyzed via immunohistochemistry, and the treatment efficacy of lenvatinib was evaluated. RESULTS The proportion of FGFR4-positive cells in the samples ranged from 0 to 50%. Four patients had partial responses, and three patients had stable diseases as a best clinical response to lenvatinib. The median PFS durations of patients with none, weak, and moderate intensity were 0.5, 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-not estimable [NE]), and 4.6 (95% CI 1.1-NE) months, respectively (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Because FGFR4 was expressed in ATC tissues, the FGFR4 expression might be associated with the treatment efficacy of lenvatinib in a part of ATC patients. To clarify whether FGFR4 can serve as a prognostic or predictive factor for lenvatinib therapy, more cases must be accumulated.
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Sun R, Chen T, Li M, Liu Z, Qiu B, Li Z, Xu Y, Pan C, Zhang Z. PTPN3 suppresses the proliferation and correlates with favorable prognosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Qiu B, Chen T, Sun R, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Xu Y, Zhang Z. Sprouty4 correlates with favorable prognosis in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by blocking the FGFR-ERK signaling pathway and arresting the cell cycle. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:166-177. [PMID: 31761616 PMCID: PMC6921364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) is the most common subtype of cholangiocarcinoma(CCA). We previously investigated the expression pattern of Sprouty(SPRY) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC), but the expression and clinical significance of SPRY family members in PHCC are still unknown. Methods The expression of SPRY family members(SPRY1-4) was detected in different subtypes of CCA and corresponding adjacent tissues. SPRY4 expression in 142 cases of PHCC was detected by immunohistochemistry, and its clinical significance was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. The functions of SPRY4 in the FGFR-induced proliferation and migration of PHCC cells were investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We further investigated the effects and mechanisms of SPRY4 on FGFR-induced ERK phosphorylation and cell cycle distribution in the presence of FGFR and ERK inhibitors. Findings SPRY4 was the only SPRY family member associated with PHCC prognosis, and it was identified as an independent factor predicting favorable prognosis. In PHCC, SPRY4 expression was extensively associated with FGFR2, and its expression can be induced by ectopic FGFR2 activation. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrated that SPRY4 suppressed FGFR-induced proliferation and migration by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, SPRY4 knockdown was shown to decrease the percentage of cells in the G1 phase and promote the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases by increasing cyclin D1 expression, which also required FGFR-induced ERK phosphorylation. Interpretation High expression of SPRY4 was an independent biomarker of favorable prognosis in PHCC. SPRY4 expression can be induced by ectopic FGFR2 activation in PHCC. SPRY4 arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase and suppressed FGFR-induced proliferation and migration by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation, indicating that SPRY4 may be a potential therapeutic target in PHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rongqi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Niu L, Gao Z, Cui Y, Yang X, Li H. Thyroid Receptor-Interacting Protein 13 is Correlated with Progression and Poor Prognosis in Bladder Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6660-6668. [PMID: 31486418 PMCID: PMC6752094 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) is a member of the AAA+ ATPase family. The upregulation of TRIP13 has been shown to be involved in a few diseases, especially in cancers, but the expression and function of TRIP13 in bladder cancer is still elusive. Material/Methods In our study, the expression of TRIP13 was investigated with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The mRNAs of TRIP13 in bladder cancer and adjacent normal tissues were compared using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and IHC scores. The clinical value of TRIP13 was estimated by evaluating its correlation with other clinicopathological factors using the chi-square test. The prognostic significance of TRIP13 was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. The effect of TRIP13 on proliferation and invasion was evaluated using function assays in vitro. Results In the 139 samples of bladder cancer tissues, the patients with low and high expression of TRIP13 accounted for 64.03% and 35.97%, respectively. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TRIP13 in bladder cancer was significantly higher than in normal tissues. High expression of TRIP13 was remarkably correlated with T stage, metastasis, and poor prognosis. In addition, TRIP13 was demonstrated to promote the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bladder cancer. Conclusions TRIP13 is correlated with poor prognosis of bladder cancer by promoting proliferation, invasion, and EMT, indicating that TRIP13 may be a promising drug target in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Nephrology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yubin Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
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Sun R, Liu Z, Qiu B, Chen T, Li Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhang Z. Annexin10 promotes extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastasis by facilitating EMT via PLA2G4A/PGE2/STAT3 pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 47:142-155. [PMID: 31492557 PMCID: PMC6796529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), consisting of intrahepatic (IHCCA), perihilar (PHCCA), and distal (DCCA) CCA, is a type of highly aggressive malignancy with a very dismal prognosis. Potential biomarkers and drug targets of CCA are urgently needed. As a new member of the Annexin (ANXA) family, the role of ANXA10 in the progression and prognosis of CCA is unknown. Methods Potential PHCCA biomarkers were screened by transcriptome sequencing of 5 pairs of PHCCA and adjacent tissues. The clinical significance of ANXA10 was evaluated by analyzing its correlation with clinicopathological variables, and the prognostic value of ANXA10 was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. The function of ANXA10 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, invasion and metastasis was detected with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, we screened the key molecule in ANXA10-induced CCA progression by mRNA sequencing and evaluated the correlation between PLA2G4A and ANXA10. The effect of PLA2G4A downstream signaling, including Cyclooxygenase 2, Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), on EMT and metastasis was further detected with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Findings ANXA10 expression was upregulated in PHCCA and DCCA but not in IHCCA. High ANXA10 expression was significantly associated with poor tumor differentiation and prognosis. ANXA10 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of the PHCCA cells. PLA2G4A expression was regulated by ANXA10 and high PLA2G4A predicted poor prognosis in PHCCA and DCCA. ANXA10 facilitated EMT and promoted metastasis by upregulating PLA2G4A expression, thus increasing PGE2 levels and activating STAT3. Interpretation ANXA10 was an independent prognostic biomarker of PHCCA and DCCA but not IHCCA. ANXA10 promoted the progression of PHCCA and facilitated metastasis by promoting the EMT process via the PLA2G4A/PGE2/STAT3 pathway. ANXA10, PLA2G4A and their downstream molecules, such as COX2 and PGE2, may be promising drug targets of PHCCA and DCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Transcription factor 7 promotes the progression of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by inducing the transcription of c-Myc and FOS-like antigen 1. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:181-191. [PMID: 31248836 PMCID: PMC6642257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) is the most common type of cholangiocarcinoma with the worst prognosis. Radical resection of PHCC is difficult; thus, few effective biomarkers or useful molecular profiles for PHCC have been reported in recent years. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess biomarkers for PHCC. Methods We screened potential biomarkers for PHCC using exome and transcriptome sequencing with PHCC tissues and paired normal tissues. Transcription factor 7 (TCF7) expression was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The correlations between TCF7 and clinicopathological factors were analyzed with Chi-square test, and the prognostic significance of TCF7 was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. The functions of TCF7 and its main effectors in PHCC cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Findings TCF7 expression was upregulated in PHCC and was an unfavorable prognostic biomarker. c-Myc was a main effector of TCF7 in PHCC cells and modulated TCF7-induced proliferation, invasion, and migration. FOS-like antigen 1 (FOSL1) was identified as a downstream target of TCF7 and was required in TCF7-induced PHCC proliferation. Triple-positive expression of TCF7, c-Myc, and FOSL1 predicted a much worse prognosis in patients with PHCC than TCF7 expression alone. Interpretation Postoperative detection of TCF7, c-Myc, and FOSL1 may be useful for stratifying patients with a high risk of unfavorable prognosis, and suppressing TCF7 or its downstream effectors may be a promising strategy for the treatment of PHCC.
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Mahipal A, Tella SH, Kommalapati A, Anaya D, Kim R. FGFR2 genomic aberrations: Achilles heel in the management of advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 78:1-7. [PMID: 31255945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is the most common aggressive biliary tract malignancy with dismal prognosis. Though surgical resection of the primary tumors yields better prognosis, majority of patients present at advanced, inoperable stages rendering systemic therapy as the only option. A significant progress has been made in understanding the cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis and molecular markers over the last decade, which opens doors to precision medicine in this dismal cancer. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are most likely to harbor mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase genes (IDH1, IDH2), fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3), Eph receptor 2 (EPHA2), and BAP1 (gene involved in chromatin remodeling) genes, whereas ARID1B, ELF3, PBRM1, cAMP dependent protein kinase (PRKACA, and PRKACB) genetic mutations were implicated more commonly in distal and perihilar subtypes. Genomic studies have shown that FGFR2 aberrations are implicated in approximately 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, which make FGFR2 aberrations (Achilles heel) as potential novel targets in the management of cholangiocarcinoma. The current review comprehensively focuses on the role of FGFR2 inhibition either alone or in combination with other targeted therapy that act on down-stream and alternate kinase pathways in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahipal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sri Harsha Tella
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Anuhya Kommalapati
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Daniel Anaya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Richard Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.
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Transcription factor 7 functions as an unfavorable prognostic marker of glioblastoma multiforme by promoting proliferation by upregulating c-Myc. Neuroreport 2019; 29:745-752. [PMID: 29642232 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor 7 (TCF7) is an oncogenic transcription factor in several kinds of cancers. However, the clinical significance of TCF7 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has not been well elucidated. A total of 107 patients with surgical resection of GBM were enrolled in our study. TCF7 expression in these cases was detected by immunohistochemistry and the difference in TCF7 mRNA levels between tumor tissues and adjacent tissues was compared with a real-time PCR. The correlation between TCF7 expression and the clinicopathologic factors was analyzed using the χ-test. Moreover, the prognostic value of TCF7 was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. In addition, the influence of TCF7 on the proliferation of the GBM cell line U251 was detected using an MTT assay after regulating TCF7 and its target gene c-Myc. The high and low expressions of TCF7 accounted for 54.21 and 45.79%, respectively, in all cases. The mRNA level of TCF7 in GBM tissues was markedly higher than that in adjacent tissues, indicating the oncogenic role of TCF7 in GBM. High expression of TCF7 was associated significantly with high Ki67 percentage and the sex of the patients, and it was identified as an independent prognostic factor for patients with GBM. With experiments in vitro, TCF7 was shown to promote cell proliferation by increasing c-Myc expression in GBM. TCF7 could be considered an independent prognostic factor in GBM, and could enhance GBM cell proliferation by upregulating c-Myc, indicating that it may be a potential and promising molecular drug target for GBM.
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Gege C, Hambruch E, Hambruch N, Kinzel O, Kremoser C. Nonsteroidal FXR Ligands: Current Status and Clinical Applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:167-205. [PMID: 31197565 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
FXR agonists have demonstrated very promising clinical results in the treatment of liver disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH, in particular, is one of the last uncharted white territories in the pharma landscape, and there is a huge medical need and a large potential pharmaceutical market for a NASH pharmacotherapy. Clinical efficacy superior to most other treatment options was shown by FXR agonists such as obeticholic acid (OCA) as they improved various metabolic features including liver steatosis as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. But OCA's clinical success comes with some major liabilities such as pruritus, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) lowering, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) increase, and a potential for drug-induced liver toxicity. Some of these effects can be attributed to on-target effects exerted by FXR, but with others it is not clear whether it is FXR- or OCA-related. Therefore a quest for novel, proprietary FXR agonists is ongoing with the aim to increase FXR potency and selectivity over other proteins and to overcome at least some of the OCA-associated clinical side effects through an improved pharmacology. In this chapter we will discuss the historical and ongoing efforts in the identification and development of nonsteroidal, which largely means non-bile acid-type, FXR agonists for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gege
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Kinzel
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Kremoser
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
FGF19 is a noncanonical FGF ligand that can control a broad spectrum of physiological responses, which include bile acid homeostasis, liver metabolism and glucose uptake. Many of these responses are mediated by FGF19 binding to its FGFR4/β-klotho receptor complex and controlling activation of an array of intracellular signaling events. Overactivation of the FGF19/FGFR4 axis has been implicated in tumorigenic formation, progression and metastasis, and inhibitors of this axis have recently been developed for single agent use or in combination with other anticancer drugs. Considering the critical role of this receptor complex in cancer, this review focuses on recent developments and applications of FGF19/FGFR4-targeted therapeutics.
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Xin Z, Song X, Jiang B, Gongsun X, Song L, Qin Q, Wang Q, Shi M, Liu X. Blocking FGFR4 exerts distinct anti-tumorigenic effects in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1687-1698. [PMID: 30267473 PMCID: PMC6275831 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The FGFR family can be activated by FGFs and plays important roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis. Recent studies have suggested that FGFR4 could regulate several processes, including tumor progression. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignancy with high global occurrence. However, the molecule mechanism and the potential roles of FGFR4 in ESCC remain unknown. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect FGFR4 expression in ESCC samples and cell lines. Cell counting kit‐8, and clonogenic, transwell, flow cytometric, and tumor xenograft in nude mice assays were utilized to determine the effect of blocking FGFR4 in proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of ESCC cells. Results FGFR4 is frequently overexpressed in ESCC tissue and cell lines. in vitro assays have shown that blocking FGFR4 by a specific blocker, H3B‐6527, significantly decreases proliferation, invasion, and migration, and alters epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers in ESCC cells. In addition, FGFR4 blockade is associated with the induction of apoptosis and affects PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. Moreover, FGFR4 blockade could significantly inhibit the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Conclusion Our findings suggest that blocking FGFR4 significantly suppresses the malignant behaviors of ESCC and indicate that FGFR4 is a potential target for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemin Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Gongsun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiming Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mo Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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HMGB1 correlates with angiogenesis and poor prognosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma via elevating VEGFR2 of vessel endothelium. Oncogene 2018; 38:868-880. [PMID: 30177842 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCCA) is the most common type of cholangiocarcinoma with low resection rate and high morbidity. The study of PHCCA biomarkers made progresses slowly compared with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma because of surgical complexity and low possibility of radical surgery, which resulted in the difficulty of specimen obtainment. To screen and identify new biomarkers in PHCCA, we constructed a retrospective cohort with 121 PHCCA patients and a prospective cohort consisting of 64 PHCCA patients, and screened the candidate biomarkers by immunohistochemistry and quantified PCR. In our study, expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was demonstrated to be significantly associated with microvascular density (MVD) and unfavorable prognosis of PHCCA in both retrospective and prospective study. Moreover, HMGB1 concentrations in bile and serum of PHCCA patients and healthy controls were detected and compared. Postoperative serum HMGB1 and reflux cholangitis indicated recurrence and unfavorable prognosis of PHCCA. With experiments in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrated that intracellular HMGB1 could be released from PHCCA cells and induce invasion and angiogenesis with LPS stimulation. VEGFR2 expression in vessel endothelial cells was upregulated by the released HMGB1 from PHCCA, resulting in the ectopic angiogenesis. In conclusion, intracellular HMGB1 could be released from PHCCA cells and promote angiogenesis via elevating VEGFR2 in vessel endothelial cells. High expression of HMGB1 was associated with MVD and poor prognosis in clinical analyzation. Postoperative serum HMGB1 and cholangitis could predict high recurrence and unfavorable prognosis.
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Xu YF, Liu HD, Liu ZL, Pan C, Yang XQ, Ning SL, Zhang ZL, Guo S, Yu JM. Sprouty2 suppresses progression and correlates to favourable prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma via antagonizing FGFR2 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5596-5606. [PMID: 30160357 PMCID: PMC6201365 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) was demonstrated to correlate to the progression and prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) by numerous evidences. However, as a well‐recognized suppressor of FGFR2 signalling, the clinical significance of Sprouty (SPRY) family of ICC has not been investigated. In our study, the expressions of SPRY1‐4 in 20 pairs of fresh tumour tissues were detected with qPCR, and in 108 cases of paraffin‐embedded tissues with immunohistochemistry. The prognostic value of SPRY family in ICC was estimated with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. As a result, SPRY2 was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker predicting favourable prognosis of ICC. High SPRY2 expression was correlated with good differentiation of ICC. With silencing SPRY2 expression, we demonstrated that SPRY2 could suppress FGFR2‐induced ERK phosphorylation, migration, invasion and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) under FGF1 stimulation. By overexpressing SPRY2‐wide type or SPRY2‐Y55F, the tyrosine‐55 of SPRY2 was demonstrated to be essential in suppressing ERK phosphorylation, tumour invasion and EMT of ICC cells. In conclusion, SPRY2 was correlated with favourable prognosis of ICC via suppressing FGFR2‐induced ERK phosphorylation, invasion and EMT. The phosphorylation of SPRY2‐Y55 was required in this tumour‐suppressing function of SPRY2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Da Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zeng-Li Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shang-Lei Ning
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zong-Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Ming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Liu S, Tian Y, Zhu C, Yang X, Sun Q. High miR-718 Suppresses Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) Expression and Correlates to Unfavorable Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5840-5850. [PMID: 30131483 PMCID: PMC6116637 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a kind of phosphatase which has been demonstrated to suppress progression of gastric cancer. Many micro-RNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-106b, miR-93, and miR-200c, could inhibit expression of PTEN in cell lines; and many miRNAs including miR-21, miR-22, miR-18a, and miR-222 are related to the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer. However, among these miRNAs, the clinical significance of miR-718 has not yet been elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of PTEN and miR-718 in 141 gastric cancer tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR respectively. The correlation between PTEN, miR-718, and the clinicopathological factors was analyzed by χ² test. The prognostic significance of PTEN and miR-718 was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to evaluate the regulation of PTEN by miR-718. The effect of miR-718 on gastric cancer proliferation and invasion was investigated by MTT assay and Transwell assay. RESULTS Low expression of PTEN and high expression of miR-718 were both significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis, and both were identified as biomarkers predicting poorer prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Increased miR-718 expression could decrease PTEN expression, thus enhancing phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling. Moreover, the abilities of proliferation and invasion of gastric cells transfected with miR-718 were promoted significantly compared with those transfected with control miRNA. CONCLUSIONS Low expression of PTEN and increased expression of miR-718 in gastric cancer tissues were both independent unfavorable prognostic factors of gastric cancer. Upregulation of miR-718 could increase PI3K/Akt signaling by directly downregulating PTEN, thus promoting the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chanchan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Pathology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Jiang Z, Yu F, Li M. Upregulation of BCL2 19 kD Protein-Interacting Protein 3 (BNIP3) is Predictive of Unfavorable Prognosis in Uveal Melanoma. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4711-4717. [PMID: 29982263 PMCID: PMC6070000 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BCL2 19 kD protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) is a BH3-containing protein of the BCL-2 family; it can regulate cell death, autophagy, and cytoprotection. The upregulation of BNIP3 has been reported to relate to progression and poor prognosis in different cancer types. However, the clinical significance of BNIP3 in uveal melanoma (UM) is still unknown. Material/Methods In our study, 47 patients with UM were enrolled; the expression of BNIP3 was detected with immunohistochemistry. According to BNIP3 immunohistochemical scores, the patients were divided into BNIP3 high- and low-expression subgroups. The correlation between the expression of BNIP3 and clinicopathological factors was evaluated with Fisher’s test; the associations with survival rates were analyzed with log-rank test. The independent prognostic factors were identified with the Cox-regression model. Results BNIP3 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm, and high expression of BNIP3 accounted for 31.9% (15/47) of the patients in our study. High expression of BNIP3 was demonstrated to be significantly associated with more pigment (P=0.018) and deeper scleral invasion (P=0.013). High expression of BNIP3 was also correlated with lower overall survival rate (P=0.006). Multivariate analysis confirmed positive ciliary body involvement and lymphatic infiltration as independent prognostic factors. Conclusions High expression of BNIP3 was significantly associated with poor prognosis of patients with UM, indicating that BNIP3 detection could help stratify high-risk patients and identify new therapies targeting BNIP3 as a promising approach to treat UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, LinYi Central Hospital, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Fenghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmonogy, LinYi Central Hospital, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Man Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, LinYi Central Hospital, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Li L, Li X, Meng Q, Khan AQ, Chen X. Increased Expression of Holliday Junction-Recognizing Protein (HJURP) as an Independent Prognostic Biomarker in Advanced-Stage Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3050-3055. [PMID: 29743473 PMCID: PMC5970546 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma results in the majority of deaths from ovarian carcinoma. The histone chaperone, Holliday junction-recognizing protein (HJURP), binds with centromere protein-A (CENP-A) and its expression has been shown to be a prognostic biomarker in some cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HJURP expression in advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma. Material/Methods Ninety-eight patients with advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma, who had tumor tissue samples available, were studied. Expression levels of HJURP were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and were correlated with HJURP expression and patient clinicopathological factors. Fisher’s correlation coefficient, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the log-rank test, and Cox’s regression proportional hazards model were performed to analyze the significance of factors affecting survival rate and independent prognostic factors. Results Increased expression levels of HJURP in advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma were found in 33.67% (33/98) of cases; low expression levels of HJURP were found in 66.33% (65/98) of cases. High expression levels of HJURP were significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P=0.018), and lower overall survival (P=0.002). HJURP expression was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer in this study group of 98 patients (P=0.013). Conclusions Increased expression of HJURP was identified as an independent negative prognostic biomarker for patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer in this study. Further studies are required to determine whether HJURP expression in serous ovarian carcinoma may have a role in guiding clinical management by stratifying patients according to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, LinYi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, LinYi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Qin Meng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shandong Medical College Linyi, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Abdul Qadir Khan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, LinYi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Saengboonmee C, Sawanyawisuth K, Chamgramol Y, Wongkham S. Prognostic biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma and their clinical implications. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:579-592. [PMID: 29676221 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1467760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a poorly prognostic cancer with limited treatment options. Most patients have unresectable tumors when they are diagnosed and the chemotherapies provided are of limited benefit. Prognostic markers are therefore necessary to predict the disease outcome, risk of relapse, or to suggest the best treatment option. Areas covered: This article provides an up-to-date review of biomarkers with promising characteristics to be prognostic markers for CCA reported in the past 5 years. The biomarkers are sub-classified into tissue and serum markers. Proteins, RNAs, peripheral blood cells etc., that are associated with aggressive phenotypes, signal pathways, chemo-drug resistance, and those that reflect the survival time of CCA patients are evaluated for their prognostic prediction values. Expert commentary: CCAs are heterogeneous tumors of different histo-pathological subtypes and genetic influences and, therefore, potential markers should be validated in larger collectives with varied epidemiological backgrounds. A systematic review and meta-analysis should be done to clarify the impact of the reported biomolecules for their potential prognostic values. Non- or low-invasive sample collections, as well as the simple and affordable determination methods, should be constructed to make the prognostic biomarkers available in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charupong Saengboonmee
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand.,b Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand.,b Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Yaovalux Chamgramol
- b Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand.,c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand.,b Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
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Gamma-Klotho exhibits multiple roles in tumor growth of human bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19508-19524. [PMID: 29731962 PMCID: PMC5929405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Klotho (KLα) and beta-Klotho (KLβ) have recently been reported to correlate with cancer prognosis in some malignancies and we previously reported the association between KLα, KLβ, and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), indicating that KLβ acts as a tumor promoter. However, the association between gamma-Klotho (KLγ) and cancer prognosis remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the association between KLγ and UCB. To evaluate the effect of KLγ on human bladder cancer cell lines in vitro assays were performed. Exogenous KLγ increased the ability of human bladder cancer cells to proliferate, migrate, invade, form colonies, and provide anchorage-independent growth potential. In in vivo assays, eighteen mice bearing xenografts inoculated using UM-UC-3, were randomly divided into three groups and treated with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) by intratumoral administration once a week for four weeks. Knockdown of KLγ with siRNA led to a dramatic change in tumor growth and suggested that KLγ had effects on tumor growth, including promotion of cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhancement of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To confirm the study, human tissue samples were used and patients were divided into two groups according to KLγ expression level. High expression of KLγ was significantly associated with higher stage and grade cancer and the presence of lymphovascular invasion compared to patients with lower expression of KLγ. Our results suggest that KLγ plays an important role in tumor invasion and progression and these results may lead to the development of new therapies and diagnostic methods for UCB.
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50
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Yoo C, Kang J, Kim D, Kim KP, Ryoo BY, Hong SM, Hwang JJ, Jeong SY, Hwang S, Kim KH, Lee YJ, Hoeflich KP, Schmidt-Kittler O, Miller S, Choi EK. Multiplexed gene expression profiling identifies the FGFR4 pathway as a novel biomarker in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38592-38601. [PMID: 28445152 PMCID: PMC5503556 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) pathway is an essential regulatory component of bile acid synthesis, and its relationship with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported. We investigated the gene expression and clinical significance of FGFR4 and related pathways in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Results The median age was 56 years (range 30–78) and 34 patients (74%) were male. Six patients (13%) had hepatitis B virus infection, with or without liver cirrhosis. Overall survival was significantly associated with FGFR4 (p = 0.004), FGF19 (p = 0.047), FGF21 (p = 0.04), and KLB (p = 0.03) expression. In the multivariate analysis with potential prognostic factors, high expression of FGF19, FGF21, and FGFR4 was significantly associated with better survival. In the analysis using the TCGA iCCA dataset, mRNA overexpression of at least 1 of the FGFR4-related genes was significantly associated with better disease-free survival (p = 0.02). Materials and Methods We assessed the expression of 98 genes in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissue specimens from 46 patients with surgically resected iCCA using a NanoString platform. This included 10 FGF pathway genes (e.g. FGFR1-4, KLB, FGF3, 4, 19, 21, and 23), 19 distal marker genes (e.g. CYP7A1 and CYP17A1), 31 genes relevant to HCC and iCCA (e.g. AFP, TS), 18 copy number variation matched genes, and 20 control genes. Log-transformation of gene expression was performed for normalization and statistical analysis. Overall survival was correlated with gene expression (< median vs. ≥ median) using a log-rank test. The prognostic impact of FGFR4-related genes was validated using the public TCGA dataset for iCCA. Conclusions Our results indicate that mRNA expression of FGFR4-related genes may be a biomarker to define the distinctive molecular phenotype of iCCA. Future preclinical and clinical validation is required to define the role of the FGFR4 pathway in iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Yoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihoon Kang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deokhoon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Pyo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baek-Yeol Ryoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Stephen Miller
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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