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Islam MA, Hossain MM, Khanam A, Asaduzzaman AKM, Kabir SR, Ozeki Y, Fujii Y, Hasan I. Carbohydrate-Binding Properties and Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential of a New Lectin from the Phloem Sap of Cucurbita pepo. Molecules 2024; 29:2531. [PMID: 38893406 PMCID: PMC11174025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A Cucurbita phloem exudate lectin (CPL) from summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) fruits was isolated and its sugar-binding properties and biological activities were studied. The lectin was purified by affinity chromatography and the hemagglutination assay method was used to determine its pH, heat stability, metal-dependency and sugar specificity. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities were also studied by disc diffusion assays and in vivo and in vitro methods. The molecular weight of CPL was 30 ± 1 KDa and it was stable at different pH (5.0 to 9.0) and temperatures (30 to 60 °C). CPL recovered its hemagglutination activity in the presence of Ca2+. 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, lactose, rhamnose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine strongly inhibited the activity. With an LC50 value of 265 µg/mL, CPL was moderately toxic and exhibited bacteriostatic, bactericidal and antibiofilm activities against different pathogenic bacteria. It also exhibited marked antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and agglutinated A. flavus spores. In vivo antiproliferative activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice was observed when CPL exerted 36.44% and 66.66% growth inhibition at doses of 3.0 mg/kg/day and 6.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. A 12-day treatment by CPL could reverse their RBC and WBC counts as well as restore the hemoglobin percentage to normal levels. The MTT assay of CPL performed against human breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) cancer cell lines showed 29.53% and 18.30% of inhibitory activity at concentrations of 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Aminul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Md. Mikail Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Alima Khanam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - A. K. M. Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Nagasaki, Japan;
| | - Imtiaj Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
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Swamy MJ, Mondal S. Subunit association, and thermal and chemical unfolding of Cucurbitaceae phloem exudate lectins. A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123434. [PMID: 36709810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Detailed characterization of protein (un)folding intermediates is crucial for understanding the (un)folding pathway, aggregation, stability and their functional properties. In recent years, stress-inducible lectins are being investigated with much interest. In plants phloem proteins PP1 and PP2 are major components of the phloem fluid. While PP1 is a structural protein, PP2 exhibits lectin activity, and was proposed to play key roles in wound sealing, anti-pathogenic activity, and transportation of various molecules including RNA within the plant. Cucurbitaceae fruits contain high concentrations of PP2 lectins, which recognize chitooligosaccharides with high specificity. Although the presence of PP2 lectins in the phloem exudate of Cucurbitaceae species was documented over 40 years ago, so far only a few proteins from this family have been purified and characterized in detail. This review summarizes the results of biophysical studies aimed at investigating the oligomeric status of these lectins, their thermal stability, structural perturbations caused by changes in pH and addition of chaotropic agents and characterization of intermediates observed in the unfolding process. The implications of these results in the functional roles played by PP2 type lectins in their native environment are discussed. Finally, perspectives for future biophysical research on these proteins are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
| | - Saradamoni Mondal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Swamy MJ, Bobbili KB, Mondal S, Narahari A, Datta D. Cucurbitaceae phloem exudate lectins: Purification, molecular characterization and carbohydrate binding characteristics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 201:113251. [PMID: 35644485 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Much of the plant lectin research was focused on these proteins from seeds, whereas lectins from other plant tissues have been less investigated. Although presence of lectins in the phloem exudate of Cucurbitaceae species was reported over 40 years ago, only a few proteins from this family have been purified and characterized with respect to ligand binding properties, primary and secondary structures, while no 3D structure of a member of this family is known so far. Unlike lectins from other plant families and sources (e.g., seeds and tubers), which exhibit specificity towards different carbohydrate structures, all the Cucurbitaceae phloem exudate lectins characterized so far have been shown to recognize only chitooligosaccharides or glycans containing chitooligosaccharides. Interestingly, some of these proteins also bind various types of RNAs, suggesting that they may also play a role in the transport of RNA information molecules in the phloem. The present review gives an overview of the current knowledge of Cucurbitaceae phloem exudate lectins with regard to their purification, determination of primary and secondary structures, elucidation of thermodynamics and kinetics of carbohydrate binding and computational modeling to get information on their 3D structures. Finally, future perspectives of research on this important class of proteins are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
| | | | - Saradamoni Mondal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Debparna Datta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Mondal S, Das S, Paul S, Barik S, Swamy MJ. Low-pH Molten Globule-Like Form of CIA17, a Chitooligosaccharide-Specific Lectin from the Phloem Exudate of Coccinia indica, Retains Carbohydrate-Binding Ability. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4049-4060. [PMID: 35621271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
pH-induced changes in the conformation, structural dynamics, and carbohydrate-binding activity of Coccinia indica agglutinin (CIA17), a PP2-type lectin, were investigated employing biophysical approaches. The secondary structure of CIA17 remains nearly unaltered over a wide pH range (2.0-8.5), while the tertiary structure of the protein exhibits considerable changes. A decrease in the fluorescence intensity and excited-state lifetime at low pH indicated perturbation in the local conformation (near Trp residues) of CIA17, which was further supported by enhancement in the Trp accessibility toward charged quenchers under acidic conditions. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopic studies indicated that at pH 2.0, CIA17 exists as a monomer over the concentration range of 10-200 nM and forms dimers at higher concentrations (KD ∼ 387 nM) but could not form higher oligomers even at ∼150-fold higher concentrations, unlike under native conditions at pH 7.4. Thermal unfolding of the low pH intermediate involves two distinct steps: dissociation of a dimer to a monomer, followed by the unfolding of the monomer. These results strongly suggest that the acid-induced unfolding pathway of CIA17 involves the formation of a monomeric molten globule-like intermediate, which retains appreciable carbohydrate-binding ability. These observations are of great physiological significance since the PP2 proteins are involved in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradamoni Mondal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Somnath Das
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Sumanta Paul
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Shilpa Barik
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
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Zuo R, Xie M, Gao F, Sumbal W, Cheng X, Liu Y, Bai Z, Liu S. The Characterization of the Phloem Protein 2 Gene Family Associated with Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3934. [PMID: 35409295 PMCID: PMC8999561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, phloem is not only a vital structure that is used for nutrient transportation, but it is also the location of a response that defends against various stresses, named phloem-based defense (PBD). Phloem proteins (PP2s) are among the predominant proteins in phloem, indicating their potential functional role in PBD. Sclerotinia disease (SD), which is caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen S. sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), is a devastating disease that affects oil crops, especially Brassica napus (B. napus), mainly by blocking nutrition and water transportation through xylem and phloem. Presently, the role of PP2s in SD resistance is still largely estimated. Therefore, in this study, we identified 62 members of the PP2 gene family in the B. napus genome with an uneven distribution across the 19 chromosomes. A phylogenetic analysis classified the BnPP2s into four clusters (I-IV), with cluster I containing the most members (28 genes) as a consequence of its frequent genome segmental duplication. A comparison of the gene structures and conserved motifs suggested that BnPP2 genes were well conserved in clusters II to IV, but were variable in cluster I. Interestingly, the motifs in different clusters displayed unique features, such as motif 6 specifically existing in cluster III and motif 1 being excluded from cluster IV. These results indicated the possible functional specification of BnPP2s. A transcriptome data analysis showed that the genes in clusters II to IV exhibited dynamic expression alternation in tissues and the stimulation of S. sclerotiorum, suggesting that they could participate in SD resistance. A GWAS analysis of a rapeseed population comprising 324 accessions identified four BnPP2 genes that were potentially responsible for SD resistance and a transgenic study that was conducted by transiently expressing BnPP2-6 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves validated their positive role in regulating SD resistance in terms of reduced lesion size after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum hyphal plugs. This study provides useful information on PP2 gene functions in B. napus and could aid elaborated functional studies on the PP2 gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zetao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; (R.Z.); (M.X.); (F.G.); (W.S.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
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Mondal S, Bobbili KB, Paul S, Swamy MJ. DSC and FCS Studies Reveal the Mechanism of Thermal and Chemical Unfolding of CIA17, a Polydisperse Oligomeric Protein from Coccinia Indica. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7117-7127. [PMID: 34167304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of thermal and chemical unfolding of Coccinia indica agglutinin (CIA17), a chitooligosacharide-specific phloem exudate lectin, was investigated by biophysical approaches. DSC studies revealed that the unfolding thermogram of CIA17 consists of three components (Tm ∼ 98, 106, and 109 °C), which could be attributed to the dissociation of protein oligomers into constituent dimers, dissociation of the dimers into monomers, and unfolding of the monomers. Intrinsic fluorescence studies on the chemical denaturation by guanidinium thiocyanate and guanidinium chloride indicated the presence of two distinct steps in the unfolding pathway, which could be assigned to dissociation of the dimeric protein into monomers and unfolding of the monomers. Results of fluorescence correlation spectroscopic studies could be interpreted in terms of the following model: CIA17 forms oligomeric structures in a concentration dependent manner, with the protein existing as a monomer below 1 nM concentration but associating to form dimers at higher concentrations (KD ≈ 2.9 nM). The dimers associate to yield tetramers with a KD of ∼50 μM, which further associate to form higher oligomers with further increase in concentration. These results are consistent with the proposed role of CIA17 as a key player in the defense response of the plant against microbes and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradamoni Mondal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | | | - Sumanta Paul
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
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Bobbili KB, Pohlentz G, Narahari A, Sharma K, Surolia A, Mormann M, Swamy MJ. Coccinia indica agglutinin, a 17 kDa PP2 like phloem lectin: Affinity purification, primary structure and formation of self-assembled filaments. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:1227-1236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nareddy PK, Swamy MJ. Differential scanning calorimetric and spectroscopic studies on the thermal and chemical unfolding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) phloem exudate lectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nareddy PK, Bobbili KB, Swamy MJ. Purification, physico-chemical characterization and thermodynamics of chitooligosaccharide binding to cucumber (Cucumis sativus) phloem lectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:910-919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Turgeon R. Phloem Biology of the Cucurbitaceae. GENETICS AND GENOMICS OF CUCURBITACEAE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7397_2016_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kumar G, Mishra P, Anantharam V, Surolia A. Luffa acutangulaagglutinin: Primary structure determination and identification of a tryptophan residue involved in its carbohydrate-binding activity using mass spectrometry. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:943-53. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gnanesh Kumar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Padmanabh Mishra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | | | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
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