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Gangwal A, Kumar N, Sangwan N, Dhasmana N, Dhawan U, Sajid A, Arora G, Singh Y. Giving a signal: how protein phosphorylation helps Bacillus navigate through different life stages. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad044. [PMID: 37533212 PMCID: PMC10465088 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a universal mechanism regulating a wide range of cellular responses across all domains of life. The antagonistic activities of kinases and phosphatases can orchestrate the life cycle of an organism. The availability of bacterial genome sequences, particularly Bacillus species, followed by proteomics and functional studies have aided in the identification of putative protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and their downstream substrates. Several studies have established the role of phosphorylation in different physiological states of Bacillus species as they pass through various life stages such as sporulation, germination, and biofilm formation. The most common phosphorylation sites in Bacillus proteins are histidine, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, threonine, and arginine residues. Protein phosphorylation can alter protein activity, structural conformation, and protein-protein interactions, ultimately affecting the downstream pathways. In this review, we summarize the knowledge available in the field of Bacillus signaling, with a focus on the role of protein phosphorylation in its physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Gangwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - Nitika Sangwan
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Neha Dhasmana
- School of Medicine, New York University, 550 First Avenue New York-10016, New York, United States
| | - Uma Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Gunjan Arora
- 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Jia X, Zhao K, Liu F, Lin J, Lin C, Chen J. Transcriptional factor OmpR positively regulates prodigiosin biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens FZSF02 by binding with the promoter of the prodigiosin cluster. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041146. [PMID: 36466667 PMCID: PMC9712742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a promising secondary metabolite mainly produced by Serratia marcescens. The production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens is regulated by different kinds of regulatory systems, including the EnvZ/OmpR system. In this study, we demonstrated that the regulatory factor OmpR positively regulated prodigiosin production in S. marcescens FZSF02 by directly binding to the promoter region of the prodigiosin biosynthesis cluster with a lacZ reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The binding sequence with the pig promoter was identified by a DNase I footprinting assay. We further demonstrate that OmpR regulates its own expression by directly binding to the promoter region of envZ/ompR. For the first time, the regulatory mechanism of prodigiosin production by the transcriptional factor OmpR was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Jia
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fangchen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenqiang Lin
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jichen Chen
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
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Zheng C, Li L, Ge H, Meng H, Li Y, Bei W, Zhou X. Role of two-component regulatory systems in the virulence of Streptococcus suis. Microbiol Res 2018; 214:123-128. [PMID: 30031474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes severe infections and great economic losses worldwide. Understanding how this pathogen senses and responds to environmental signals during the infectious process can offer insight into its pathogenesis and may be helpful in the development of drug targets. Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) play an essential role in this environmental response. In S. suis, at least 15 groups of TCSs have been predicted. Among them, several have been demonstrated to be involved in virulence and/or stress response. In this review, we discuss the progress in the study of TCSs in S. suis, focusing on the role of these systems in the virulence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haojie Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Gupta V, Jain K, Garg R, Malik A, Gulati P, Bhatnagar R. Characterization of a two component system, Bas1213-1214, important for oxidative stress in Bacillus anthracis. J Cell Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29537101 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization is an outcome of appropriate sensing and regulation of its gene expression. Bacillus anthracis adapts and thrives in its environment through complex regulatory mechanisms, among them, the two component systems (TCS). Many bacteria respond to the oxygen fluctuations via TCS. In the present work, a previously uncharacterized TCS, Bas1213-1214, of B. anthracis with a probable role in oxygen sensing has been characterized as a functional TCS. A substantial increase in the expression of Bas1213 was observed during the stationary growth phase, in presence of bicarbonate ions, and under oxidative stress thereby speculating the role of Bas1213 in toxin production and adaptive responses. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and ANS assay highlighted autoregulation of the system. Identification of Bas1213 regulon further suggested its regulatory function in metabolism and adaptive responses. A marked reduction in sporulation was observed on overexpression of Bas1213 in B. anthracis which can be correlated with the augmented expression of sporulation kinase D. Additionally, Bas1213 was shown to regulate catalase, and ABC transporter (mntH) further implicating its essential role during oxidative stress. Finally, crucial residues involved in the DNA binding activity of Bas1213 were also identified. This study reports that the role of Bas1213-1214 in the regulation of metabolism and adaptive responses during oxidative stress. Both sporulation and response to environmental oxygen are important for the maintenance of B. anthracis lifecycle, therefore, characterization of Bas1213-1214 provides a step closer toward understanding the regulatory network governing in B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatika Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kanika Jain
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Garg
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Gupta V, Chaudhary N, Aggarwal S, Adlakha N, Gulati P, Bhatnagar R. Functional analysis of BAS2108-2109 two component system: Evidence for protease regulation in Bacillus anthracis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:71-84. [PMID: 28602714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis (BA) is a major bioterrorism concern which has evolved complex regulatory mechanisms for its virulence factors. Secreted proteases play an imperative role in the pathogenesis of BA, however their regulation remains elusive. Two component systems (TCS) are often employed by bacteria to sense and adapt to the environmental perturbations. In several pathogens, TCS are commonly associated with the regulation of virulence factors including proteases. The genome of BA encodes 41 TCS pairs, however, the role of any TCS in regulation of its proteases is not known. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study established BAS2108-2109 as a prototypical TCS where BAS2108 functions as a histidine kinase and BAS2109 as the response regulator. The expression of BAS2109 was found to be elevated under host simulated conditions and in pellicle forming cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and lacZ reporter assay revealed positive autoregulation of the BAS2108-2109 operon by BAS2109. Collective analysis of ANS assay and EMSA demonstrated Lys167, Thr179 and Thr182 residues are crucial for the DNA binding activity of BAS2109. EMSA analysis further highlighted BAS2109 as the transcriptional regulator for different genes of BA, particularly proteases. Upregulation of proteases in BA overexpressing BAS2109 further strengthen its role in protease regulation. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report to identify a TCS pair for its role in the regulation of proteases of BA. Importance of proteases in the pathogenesis of BA is well documented, therefore, studying the regulatory networks governing their expression will help in identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatika Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, India; Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Somya Aggarwal
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Nidhi Adlakha
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, India.
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Dhiman A, Rahi A, Gopalani M, Bajpai S, Bhatnagar S, Bhatnagar R. Role of the recognition helix of response regulator WalR from Bacillus anthracis in DNA binding and specificity. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aggarwal S, Somani VK, Gupta V, Kaur J, Singh D, Grover A, Bhatnagar R. Functional characterization of PhoPR two component system and its implication in regulating phosphate homeostasis in Bacillus anthracis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2956-2970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Poupel O, Moyat M, Groizeleau J, Antunes LCS, Gribaldo S, Msadek T, Dubrac S. Transcriptional Analysis and Subcellular Protein Localization Reveal Specific Features of the Essential WalKR System in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151449. [PMID: 26999783 PMCID: PMC4801191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The WalKR two-component system, controlling cell wall metabolism, is highly conserved among Bacilli and essential for cell viability. In Staphylococcus aureus, walR and walK are followed by three genes of unknown function: walH, walI and walJ. Sequence analysis and transcript mapping revealed a unique genetic structure for this locus in S. aureus: the last gene of the locus, walJ, is transcribed independently, whereas transcription of the tetra-cistronic walRKHI operon occurred from two independent promoters located upstream from walR. Protein topology analysis and protein-protein interactions in E. coli as well as subcellular localization in S. aureus allowed us to show that WalH and WalI are membrane-bound proteins, which associate with WalK to form a complex at the cell division septum. While these interactions suggest that WalH and WalI play a role in activity of the WalKR regulatory pathway, deletion of walH and/or walI did not have a major effect on genes whose expression is strongly dependent on WalKR or on associated phenotypes. No effect of WalH or WalI was seen on tightly controlled WalKR regulon genes such as sle1 or saouhsc_00773, which encodes a CHAP-domain amidase. Of the genes encoding the two major S. aureus autolysins, AtlA and Sle1, only transcription of atlA was increased in the ΔwalH or ΔwalI mutants. Likewise, bacterial autolysis was not increased in the absence of WalH and/or WalI and biofilm formation was lowered rather than increased. Our results suggest that contrary to their major role as WalK inhibitors in B. subtilis, the WalH and WalI proteins have evolved a different function in S. aureus, where they are more accessory. A phylogenomic analysis shows a striking conservation of the 5 gene wal cluster along the evolutionary history of Bacilli, supporting the key importance of this signal transduction system, and indicating that the walH and walI genes were lost in the ancestor of Streptococcaceae, leading to their atypical 3 wal gene cluster, walRKJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Poupel
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Mati Moyat
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Julie Groizeleau
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Luísa C. S. Antunes
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Biology of Gene in Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Biology of Gene in Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Msadek
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL3526, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (TM); (SD)
| | - Sarah Dubrac
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL3526, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (TM); (SD)
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Kim JGY, Wilson AC. Loss of σI affects heat-shock response and virulence gene expression in Bacillus anthracis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:564-574. [PMID: 26744224 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis depends on several virulence factors, including the anthrax toxin. Loss of the alternative sigma factor σI results in a coordinate decrease in expression of all three toxin subunits. Our observations suggest that loss of σI alters the activity of the master virulence regulator AtxA, but atxA transcription is unaffected by loss of σI. σI-containing RNA polymerase does not appear to directly transcribe either atxA or the toxin gene pagA. As in Bacillus subtilis, loss of σI in B. anthracis results in increased sensitivity to heat shock and transcription of sigI, encoding σI, is induced by elevated temperature. Encoded immediately downstream of and part of a bicistronic message with sigI is an anti-sigma factor, RsgI, which controls σI activity. Loss of RsgI has no direct effect on virulence gene expression. sigI appears to be expressed from both the σI and σA promoters, and transcription from the σA promoter is likely more significant to virulence regulation. We propose a model in which σI can be induced in response to heat shock, whilst, independently, σI is produced under non-heat-shock, toxin-inducing conditions to indirectly regulate virulence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Gi Yae Kim
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Adam C Wilson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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Gopalani M, Dhiman A, Rahi A, Bhatnagar R. Overexpression of the pleiotropic regulator CodY decreases sporulation, attachment and pellicle formation in Bacillus anthracis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:672-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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