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Sueters J, Groenman FA, Bouman MB, Roovers JPW, de Vries R, Smit TH, Huirne JAF. Tissue Engineering Neovagina for Vaginoplasty in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome and Gender Dysphoria Patients: A Systematic Review. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:28-46. [PMID: 35819292 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vaginoplasty is a surgical solution to multiple disorders, including Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and male-to-female gender dysphoria. Using nonvaginal tissues for these reconstructions is associated with many complications, and autologous vaginal tissue may not be sufficient. The potential of tissue engineering for vaginoplasty was studied through a systematic bibliography search. Cell types, biomaterials, and signaling factors were analyzed by investigating advantages, disadvantages, complications, and research quantity. Search Methods: A systematic search was performed in Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus until March 8, 2022. Term combinations for tissue engineering, guided tissue regeneration, regenerative medicine, and tissue scaffold were applied, together with vaginoplasty and neovagina. The snowball method was performed on references and a Google Scholar search on the first 200 hits. Original research articles on human and/or animal subjects that met the inclusion (reconstruction of vaginal tissue and tissue engineering method) and no exclusion criteria (not available as full text; written in foreign language; nonoriginal study article; genital surgery other than neovaginal reconstruction; and vaginal reconstruction with autologous or allogenic tissue without tissue engineering or scaffold) were assessed. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the Gold Standard Publication Checklist were used to evaluate article quality and bias. Outcomes: A total of 31 out of 1569 articles were included. Data extraction was based on cell origin and type, biomaterial nature and composition, host species, number of hosts and controls, neovaginal size, replacement fraction, and signaling factors. An overview of used tissue engineering methods for neovaginal formation was created, showing high variance of cell types, biomaterials, and signaling factors and the same topics were rarely covered multiple times. Autologous vaginal cells and extracellular matrix-based biomaterials showed preferential properties, and stem cells carry potential. However, quality confirmation of orthotopic cell-seeded acellular vaginal matrix by clinical trials is needed as well as exploration of signaling factors for vaginoplasty. Impact statement General article quality was weak to sufficient due to unreported cofounders and incomplete animal study descriptions. Article quality and heterogenicity made identification of optimal cell types, biomaterials, or signaling factors unreliable. However, trends showed that autologous cells prevent complications and compatibility issues such as healthy cell destruction, whereas stem cells prevent cross talk (interference of signaling pathways by signals from other cell types) and rejection (but need confirmation testing beyond animal trials). Natural (orthotopic) extracellular matrix biomaterials have great preferential properties that encourage future research, and signaling factors for vascularization are important for tissue engineering of full-sized neovagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson Sueters
- Department of Gynaecology and Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek A Groenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark-Bram Bouman
- Centre of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul W Roovers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H Smit
- Department of Gynaecology and Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A F Huirne
- Department of Gynaecology and Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kameda Y, Aizawa M, Sato T, Honda M. Zoledronic Acid-Loaded β-TCP Inhibits Tumor Proliferation and Osteoclast Activation: Development of a Functional Bone Substitute for an Efficient Osteosarcoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1889. [PMID: 33672879 PMCID: PMC7918630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma has a poor survival rate due to relapse and metastasis. Zoledronic acid (ZOL), an anti-resorptive and anti-tumor agent, is used for treating osteosarcoma. Delivery of ZOL to the target region is difficult due to its high binding affinity to bone minerals. This study developed a novel treatment for osteosarcoma by delivering ZOL to the target region locally and sustainably. In this study, we fabricated a novel bone substitute by loading ZOL on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The ZOL-loaded β-TCP (ZOL/β-TCP) would be expected to express the inhibitory effects via both bound-ZOL (bound to β-TCP) and free-ZOL (release from ZOL/β-TCP). To explore the ability to release ZOL from the ZOL/β-TCP, the amount of released ZOL was measured. The released profile indicates that a small amount of ZOL was released, and most of it remained on the β-TCP. Our data showed that ZOL/β-TCP could successfully express the effects of ZOL via both bound-ZOL and free-ZOL. In addition, we examined the biological effects of bound/free-ZOL using osteosarcoma and osteoclasts (target cells). The results showed that two states of ZOL (bound/free) inhibit target cell activities. As a result, ZOL/β-TCP is a promising candidate for application as a novel bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kameda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Mamoru Aizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Taira Sato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Michiyo Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.A.)
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Song C, Cao J, Lei Y, Chi H, Kong P, Chen G, Yu T, Li J, Kumar Prajapati R, Xia J, Yan J. Nuciferine prevents bone loss by disrupting multinucleated osteoclast formation and promoting type H vessel formation. FASEB J 2020; 34:4798-4811. [PMID: 32039519 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902551r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Song
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Harbin Medical University Ministry of Education Harbin China
| | - Jing Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Harbin Medical University Ministry of Education Harbin China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Yongsheng Lei
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Harbin Medical University Ministry of Education Harbin China
| | - Hui Chi
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Harbin Medical University Ministry of Education Harbin China
| | - Pengyu Kong
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Tailong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Jianan Li
- Department of Orthopedics Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Harbin China
| | - Ravi Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Jingjun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Jinglong Yan
- Department of Orthopedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin China
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Metal Nanoparticles Released from Dental Implant Surfaces: Potential Contribution to Chronic Inflammation and Peri-Implant Bone Loss. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12122036. [PMID: 31242601 PMCID: PMC6630980 DOI: 10.3390/ma12122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting tissues surrounding dental implants. Although it represents a common complication of dental implant treatments, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully described. The aim of this study is to identify the role of titanium nanoparticles released form the implants on the chronic inflammation and bone lysis in the surrounding tissue. We analyzed the in vitro effect of titanium (Ti) particle exposure on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts (FU), evaluating cell proliferation by MTT test and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, in vivo analysis of peri-implant Ti particle distribution, histological, and molecular analyses were performed. Ti particles led to a time-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in ROS production in both MSCs and FU. Tissue analyses revealed presence of oxidative stress, high extracellular and intracellular Ti levels and imbalanced bone turnover. High expression of ZFP467 and the presence of adipose-like tissue suggested dysregulation of the MSC population; alterations in vessel morphology were identified. The results suggest that Ti particles may induce the production of high ROS levels, recruiting abnormal quantity of neutrophils able to produce high level of metalloproteinase. This induces the degradation of collagen fibers. These events may influence MSC commitment, with an imbalance of bone regeneration.
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Deng J, Feng Z, Li Y, Pan T, Li Q, Zhao C. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) are similar to those of alendronate in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13341. [PMID: 30461654 PMCID: PMC6392772 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluates efficacy and safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) [rhPTH (1-34)] and alendronate (ALN) in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.Totally 65 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were divided into 2 groups. PTH group received daily subcutaneous injection of rhPTH (1-34), and ALN group were treated orally with ALN per week. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine (1-4), femoral neck, and total hip, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, total cholesterol, triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) were tested before treatment and at week 24 and 48 after treatment. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were measured before treatment and at week 48 after treatment.The rhPTH (1-34) increased BMD of lumbar spine (1-4), but decreased BMD of femoral neck and total hip at week 48 after treatment. By contrast, ALN enhanced BMD of lumbar spine (1-4) and femoral neck, but reduced BMD of total hip at week 48 after treatment. In PTH group, serum levels of PINP, ALP, and β-CTX were significantly elevated above baseline at week 24 and 48 after treatment. Treatment with ALN decreased levels of PINP, ALP, and β-CTX compared with baseline at week 24 and 48 after treatment. rhPTH (1-34) and ALN significantly decreased levels of PDGF-BB, but not levels of VEGF. rhPTH (1-34) increased levels of calcium, phosphorus and triglyceride, but decreased levels of total cholesterol. ALN increased levels of calcium and triglyceride, but reduced levels of phosphorus and total cholesterol. rhPTH (1-34) and ALN were safe in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.The study demonstrates that efficacy of rhPTH (1-34) on BMD of lumbar spine (1-4) is similar to that of alendronate in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The effect of rhPTH (1-34) on BMD of femoral neck or total hip is weaker than that of ALN. In addition, rhPTH (1-34) increases BMD of lumbar spine (1-4) maybe by raising serum levels of VEGF, but reduces BMD of femoral neck and total hip maybe by decreasing serum levels of PDGF-BB.
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Nishihara S, Ikeda M, Ozawa H, Akiyama M, Yamaguchi S, Nakahama KI. Role of cAMP in phenotypic changes of osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:941-946. [PMID: 29170126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is precisely controlled by bone formation and bone resorption, and osteoblasts are responsible for both processes. Osteoblasts exhibit an osteoclastogenic phenotype in response to elevated intracellular cyclic AMP [cAMP]i levels. However, the role of cAMP in osteoblasts acquiring an osteogenic phenotype is controversial. To elucidate the effect of cAMP on both phenotypes, an osteoblast-like cell line, TMS-12, was established in our laboratory and used in this study. Dibutyryl-cAMP (dBcAMP), a cAMP analogue, inhibited mineralization in TMS-12 cells and MC3T3E1 cells (an osteoblast-like cell line) but promoted osteoclast-supporting activity in TMS-12 cells. Moreover, mineralization was inhibited in glucagon receptor-transduced TMS-12 cells (TMS-12GCGR) after glucagon treatment to increase endogenous [cAMP]i levels. However, the osteoclast-supporting activity of TMS-12GCGR cells was stimulated by glucagon treatment. These cAMP-induced phenotypic changes of osteoblasts were also supported by their gene expression profile. These results suggest that [cAMP]i is an important factor mediating phenotypic changes of osteoblasts. Our findings may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that underlie bone remodeling in both, healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syun Nishihara
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mami Ikeda
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masako Akiyama
- Research Administration Division, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakahama
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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Gao SY, Zheng GS, Wang L, Liang YJ, Zhang SE, Lao XM, Li K, Liao GQ. Zoledronate suppressed angiogenesis and osteogenesis by inhibiting osteoclasts formation and secretion of PDGF-BB. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179248. [PMID: 28594896 PMCID: PMC5464661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bisphosphonates related osteonecrosis of jaw (BRONJ) is a severe complication of systemic BPs administration, the mechanism of which is still unclarified. Recently, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) secreted by preosteoclasts was reported to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This study aimed to clarify whether bisphosphonates suppressed preosteoclasts releasing PDGF-BB, and whether the suppression harmed coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which could contribute to BRONJ manifestation. METHODS AND RESULTS Zoledronate significantly inhibited osteoclast formation by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and PDGF-BB secretion tested by ELISA. In line with decreasing secretion of PDGF-BB by preosteoclasts exposed to zoledronate, conditioned medium (CM) from the cells significantly induced less migration of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) compared to CM from unexposed preosteoclasts. Meanwhile, angiogenic function of EPCs and osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs also declined when culturing with CM from preosteoclasts treated by zoledronate (PZ-CM), evidenced by tube formation assay of EPCs and alkaline phosphatase activity of MSCs. Western blot assay showed that the expression of VEGF in EPCs and OCN, RUNX2 in MSCs declined when culturing with PZ-CM compared to CM from preostoeclasts without exposure of zoledronate. CONCLUSION Our study found that zoledronate was able to suppress preosteoclasts releasing PDGF-BB, resulting in suppression of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Our study may partly contributed to the mechanism of BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-yong Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-sen Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implant, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-jie Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-en Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-mei Lao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-qing Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang JK, Du RX, Zhang L, Li YN, Zhang ML, Zhao S, Huang XH, Xu YF. A new material for tissue engineered vagina reconstruction: Acellular porcine vagina matrix. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1949-1959. [PMID: 28294563 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Run-Xuan Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Ming-Le Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050018 China
| | - Xiang-Hua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Yan-Fang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
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Ikeda K, Takeshita S. The role of osteoclast differentiation and function in skeletal homeostasis. J Biochem 2016; 159:1-8. [PMID: 26538571 PMCID: PMC4882648 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are giant multinucleated cells that differentiate from hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and carry out important physiological functions in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis as well as hematopoiesis. Osteoclast biology shares many features and components with cells of the immune system, including cytokine-receptor interactions (RANKL-RANK), intracellular signalling molecules (TRAF6) and transcription factors (NFATc1). Although the roles of these molecules in osteoclast differentiation are well known, fundamental questions remain unsolved, including the exact location of the RANKL-RANK interaction and the in vivo temporal and spatial information on the transformation of hematopoietic cells into bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This review focuses on the importance of cell-cell contact and metabolic adaptation for differentiation, relatively overlooked aspects of osteoclast biology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Ikeda
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Sunao Takeshita
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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