1
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Jaiswal S, Kumar S, Velarde de la Cruz E. Exploring the role of the protein tyrosine kinase a (PtkA) in mycobacterial intracellular survival. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 142:102398. [PMID: 37657276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to define new paradigms of host-pathogen interaction. There are several host proteins known which are regulated by Mtb infection. The proteins which regulate host biological processes like apoptosis, cell processes, stress proteins, metabolic enzymes, etc. are targeted by the pathogens. Mtb proteins interact directly or indirectly with host proteins and play an important role in their persistence and intracellular growth. Mtb is an intracellular pathogen. It remains dormant for years within the host without activating its immune system. Mtb Protein tyrosine kinase (PtkA) regulates host anti-apoptotic protein, metabolic enzymes, and several other proteins that are involved in stress regulation, cell proliferation, protein folding, DNA repair, etc. PtkA regulates other mycobacterial proteins and plays an important role in its growth and survival. Here we summarized the current knowledge of PtkA and reviewed its role in mycobacterial intracellular survival as it regulates several other mycobacterial proteins and host proteins. PtkA regulates PtpA secretion which is essential for mycobacterial virulence and could be used as an attractive drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jaiswal
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, United States.
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2
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Malhotra V, Okon BP, Satsangi AT, Das S, Waturuocha UW, Vashist A, Clark-Curtiss JE, Saini DK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknK Substrate Profiling Reveals Essential Transcription Terminator Protein Rho and Two-Component Response Regulators PrrA and MtrA as Novel Targets for Phosphorylation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0135421. [PMID: 35404097 PMCID: PMC9045387 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01354-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein kinase K regulates growth adaptation by facilitating mycobacterial survival in response to a variety of in vitro and in vivo stress conditions. Here, we further add that pknK transcription is responsive to carbon and nitrogen starvation signals. The increased survival of an M. tuberculosis ΔpknK mutant strain under carbon- and nitrogen-limiting growth conditions compared to the wild-type (WT) H37Rv suggests an integral role of PknK in regulating growth during metabolic stress. To identify the downstream targets of PknK-mediated signaling, we compared phosphoproteomic and transcription profiles of mycobacterial strains overexpressing WT and phosphorylation-defective PknK. Results implicate PknK as a signaling protein that can regulate several enzymes involved in central metabolism, transcription regulation, and signal transduction. A key finding of this study was the identification of two essential two-component response regulator (RR) proteins, PrrA and MtrA, and Rho transcription terminator, as unique targets for PknK. We confirm that PknK interacts with and phosphorylates PrrA, MtrA, and Rho in vivo. PknK-mediated phosphorylation of MtrA appears to increase binding of the RR to the cognate probe DNA. However, dual phosphorylation of MtrA and PrrA response regulators by PknK and their respective cognate sensor kinases in vitro showed nominal additive effect on the mobility of the protein-DNA complex, suggesting the presence of a potential fine-tuning of the signal transduction pathway which might respond to multiple cues. IMPORTANCE Networks of gene regulation and signaling cascades are fundamental to the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in adapting to the continuously changing intracellular environment in the host. M. tuberculosis protein kinase K is a transcription regulator that responds to diverse environmental signals and facilitates stress-induced growth adaptation in culture and during infection. This study identifies multiple signaling interactions of PknK and provides evidence that PknK can change the transcriptional landscape during growth transitions by connecting distinctly different signal transduction and regulatory pathways essential for mycobacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Blessing P. Okon
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Akash T. Satsangi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumana Das
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Uchenna Watson Waturuocha
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atul Vashist
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Josephine E. Clark-Curtiss
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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3
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Niesteruk A, Sreeramulu S, Jonker HRA, Richter C, Schwalbe H. Oxidation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis key virulence factor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase A (MptpA) reduces its phosphatase activity. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1503-1515. [PMID: 35397176 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis tyrosine-specific phosphatase MptpA and its cognate kinase PtkA are prospective targets for anti- tuberculosis drugs as they interact with the host defense response within the macrophages. Although both are structurally well characterized, the functional mechanism regulating their activity remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of post-translational oxidation in regulating the function of MptpA. Treatment of MptpA with H2 O2 /NaHCO3 , mimicking cellular oxidative stress conditions, leads to oxidation of the catalytic cysteine (C11) and to a conformational rearrangement of the phosphorylation loop (D-loop) by repositioning the conserved tyrosine 128 (Y128) and generating a temporarily inactive pre-closed state of the phosphatase. Thus, the catalytic cysteine in the P-loop acts as a redox switch and regulates the phosphatase activity of MptpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niesteruk
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik R A Jonker
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Vaughn B, Abu Kwaik Y. Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722433. [PMID: 34858868 PMCID: PMC8632064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Vaughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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5
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Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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6
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Chen G, Cao Y, Zhong H, Wang X, Li Y, Cui X, Lu X, Bi X, Dai M. Serine/threonine Kinases Play Important Roles in Regulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:618969. [PMID: 33553135 PMCID: PMC7860145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.618969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinases (STKs) play important roles in prokaryotic cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, and secondary metabolism. When the external environment changes, prokaryotes rely on signal transduction systems, including STKs that quickly sense these changes and alter gene expression to induce the appropriate metabolic changes. In this study, we examined the roles of the STK genes spkD and spkG in fatty acid biosynthesis in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, using targeted gene knockout. The linoleic acid (C18: 2), γ-linolenic acid (C18: 3n6), α-linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), and stearidonic acid (C18: 4) levels were significantly lower in spkD and spkG gene knockout mutants than in the wild type at a culture temperature of 30°C and a light intensity of 40 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1. The expression levels of fatty acid desaturases and STK genes differed between the spkD and spkG gene knockout mutants. These observations suggest that spkD and spkG may directly or indirectly affect the fatty acid composition in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 by regulating the expression of fatty acid desaturases genes. Therefore, the STK genes spkD and spkG play important roles in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. These findings could facilitate the development of cyanobacteria germplasm resources that yield high levels of fatty acids. In addition, they provide a theoretical basis for the genetic engineering of cyanobacteria with improved yields of secondary metabolites and increased economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Yuelei Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Huairong Zhong
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Yanle Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangdong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meixue Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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7
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Abo-Kadoum MA, Assad M, Dai Y, Lambert N, Moure UAE, Eltoukhy A, Nzaou SAE, Moaaz A, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) Rv2140c is involved in cell wall arabinogalactan biosynthesis via phosphorylation. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126615. [PMID: 33189070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2140c is a function unknown conserved phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP), homologous to Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) in human beings. To delineate its function, we heterologously expressed Rv2140c in a non-pathogenic M. smegmatis. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis between two recombinant strains Ms_Rv2140c and Ms_vec revealed that Rv2140c differentially regulate 425 phosphorylated sites representing 282 proteins. Gene ontology GO, and a cluster of orthologous groups COG analyses showed that regulated phosphoproteins by Rv2140c were mainly associated with metabolism and cellular processes. Rv2140c significantly repressed phosphoproteins involved in signaling, including serine/threonine-protein kinases and two-component system, and the arabinogalactan biosynthesis pathway phosphoproteins were markedly up-regulated, suggesting a role of Rv2140c in modulating cell wall. Consistent with phosphoproteomic data, Rv2140c altered some phenotypic properties of M. smegmatis such as colony morphology, cell wall permeability, survival in acidic conditions, and active lactose transport. In summary, we firstly demonstrated the role of PEBP protein Rv2140c, especially in phosphorylation of mycobacterial arabinogalactan biosynthesis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Abo-Kadoum
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Assad
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongdong Dai
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nzungize Lambert
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ulrich Aymard Ekomi Moure
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Adel Eltoukhy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Egypt; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Stech A E Nzaou
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Asmaa Moaaz
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Abstract
Over the past decade the number and variety of protein post-translational modifications that have been detected and characterized in bacteria have rapidly increased. Most post-translational protein modifications occur in a relatively low number of bacterial proteins in comparison with eukaryotic proteins, and most of the modified proteins carry low, substoichiometric levels of modification; therefore, their structural and functional analysis is particularly challenging. The number of modifying enzymes differs greatly among bacterial species, and the extent of the modified proteome strongly depends on environmental conditions. Nevertheless, evidence is rapidly accumulating that protein post-translational modifications have vital roles in various cellular processes such as protein synthesis and turnover, nitrogen metabolism, the cell cycle, dormancy, sporulation, spore germination, persistence and virulence. Further research of protein post-translational modifications will fill current gaps in the understanding of bacterial physiology and open new avenues for treatment of infectious diseases.
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9
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Niesteruk A, Jonker HRA, Richter C, Linhard V, Sreeramulu S, Schwalbe H. The domain architecture of PtkA, the first tyrosine kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, differs from the conventional kinase architecture. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11823-11836. [PMID: 29884774 PMCID: PMC6066317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that MptpA (low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase A) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has an essential role for Mtb virulence has motivated research of tyrosine-specific phosphorylation in Mtb and other pathogenic bacteria. The phosphatase activity of MptpA is regulated via phosphorylation on Tyr128 and Tyr129 Thus far, only a single tyrosine-specific kinase, protein-tyrosine kinase A (PtkA), encoded by the Rv2232 gene has been identified within the Mtb genome. MptpA undergoes phosphorylation by PtkA. PtkA is an atypical bacterial tyrosine kinase, as its sequence differs from the sequence consensus within this family. The lack of structural information on PtkA hampers the detailed characterization of the MptpA-PtkA interaction. Here, using NMR spectroscopy, we provide a detailed structural characterization of the PtkA architecture and describe its intra- and intermolecular interactions with MptpA. We found that PtkA's domain architecture differs from the conventional kinase architecture and is composed of two domains, the N-terminal highly flexible intrinsically disordered domain (IDDPtkA) and the C-terminal rigid kinase core domain (KCDPtkA). The interaction between the two domains, together with the structural model of the complex proposed in this study, reveal that the IDDPtkA is unstructured and highly dynamic, allowing for a "fly-casting-like" mechanism of transient interactions with the rigid KCDPtkA This interaction modulates the accessibility of the KCDPtkA active site. In general, the structural and functional knowledge of PtkA gained in this study is crucial for understanding the MptpA-PtkA interactions, the catalytic mechanism, and the role of the kinase-phosphatase regulatory system in Mtb virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niesteruk
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik R A Jonker
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Verena Linhard
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Khan MZ, Kaur P, Nandicoori VK. Targeting the messengers: Serine/threonine protein kinases as potential targets for antimycobacterial drug development. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:889-904. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Zahoor Khan
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi India
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi India
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11
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Niesteruk A, Hutchison M, Sreeramulu S, Jonker HRA, Richter C, Abele R, Bock C, Schwalbe H. Structural characterization of the intrinsically disordered domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine kinase A. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1233-1245. [PMID: 29494752 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although intrinsically disordered proteins or protein domains (IDPs or IDD) are less abundant in bacteria than in eukaryotes, their presence in pathogenic bacterial proteins is important for protein-protein interactions. The protein tyrosine kinase A (PtkA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses an 80-residue disordered region (IDDPtkA ) of unknown function, located N-terminally to the well-folded kinase core domain. Here, we characterize the conformation of IDDPtkA under varying biophysical conditions and phosphorylation using NMR-spectroscopy. Our results confirm that the N-terminal domain of PtkA exists as an IDD at physiological pH. Furthermore, phosphorylation of IDDPtkA increases the activity of PtkA. Our findings will complement future approaches in understanding molecular mechanisms of key proteins in pathogenic virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niesteruk
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Hutchison
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik R A Jonker
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rupert Abele
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Bock
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most common type of epigenetic posttranslational modification in living cells used as a major regulation mechanism of biological processes. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes for 11 serine/threonine protein kinases that are responsible for sensing environmental signals to coordinate a cellular response to ensure the pathogen's infectivity, survival, and growth. To overcome killing mechanisms generated within the host during infection, M. tuberculosis enters a state of nonreplicating persistence that is characterized by arrested growth, limited metabolic activity, and phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial drugs. In this article we focus our attention on the role of M. tuberculosis serine/threonine protein kinases in sensing the host environment to coordinate the bacilli's physiology, including growth, cell wall components, and central metabolism, to establish a persistent infection.
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13
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Malhotra N, Chakraborti PK. Eukaryotic-Type Ser/Thr Protein Kinase Mediated Phosphorylation of Mycobacterial Phosphodiesterase Affects its Localization to the Cell Wall. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:123. [PMID: 26904001 PMCID: PMC4746578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase enzymes, involved in cAMP hydrolysis reaction, are present throughout phylogeny and their phosphorylation mediated regulation remains elusive in prokaryotes. In this context, we focused on this enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The gene encoded by Rv0805 was PCR amplified and expressed as a histidine-tagged protein (mPDE) utilizing Escherichia coli based expression system. In kinase assays, upon incubation with mycobacterial Clade I eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr kinases (PknA, PknB, and PknL), Ni-NTA purified mPDE protein exhibited transphosphorylation ability albeit with varying degree. When mPDE was co-expressed one at a time with these kinases in E. coli, it was also recognized by an anti-phosphothreonine antibody, which further indicates its phosphorylating ability. Mass spectrometric analysis identified Thr-309 of mPDE as a phosphosite. In concordance with this observation, anti-phosphothreonine antibody marginally recognized mPDE-T309A mutant protein; however, such alteration did not affect the enzymatic activity. Interestingly, mPDE expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis yielded a phosphorylated protein that preferentially localized to cell wall. In contrast, mPDE-T309A, the phosphoablative variant of mPDE, did not show such behavior. On the other hand, phosphomimics of mPDE (T309D or T309E), exhibited similar cell wall anchorage as was observed with the wild-type. Thus, our results provide credence to the fact that eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr kinase mediated phosphorylation of mPDE renders negative charge to the protein, promoting its localization on cell wall. Furthermore, multiple sequence alignment revealed that Thr-309 is conserved among mPDE orthologs of M. tuberculosis complex, which presumably emphasizes evolutionary significance of phosphorylation at this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Malhotra
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
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