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Chen HJ, Huang TX, Jiang YX, Chen X, Wang AF. Multifunctional roles of inflammation and its causative factors in primary liver cancer: A literature review. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1258-1271. [PMID: 38223416 PMCID: PMC10784815 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i12.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a severe and complex disease, leading to 800000 global deaths annually. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation is one of the critical factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and steatohepatitis symptoms are at higher risk of developing HCC. However, not all inflammatory factors have a pathogenic function in HCC development. The current study describes the process and mechanism of hepatitis development and its progression to HCC, particularly focusing on viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and steatohepatitis. Furthermore, the roles of some essential inflammatory cytokines in HCC progression are described in addition to a summary of future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting-Xiong Huang
- School of Clinical Medical, Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yu-Xi Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Yuhuan 317600, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ai-Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Yuhuan 317600, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Nowaczyk A, Szwedowski D, Dallo I, Nowaczyk J. Overview of First-Line and Second-Line Pharmacotherapies for Osteoarthritis with Special Focus on Intra-Articular Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031566. [PMID: 35163488 PMCID: PMC8835883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) can be defined as the result of pathological processes of various etiologies leading to damage to the articular structures. Although the mechanism of degenerative changes has become better understood due to the plethora of biochemical and genetic studies, the drug that could stop the degenerative cascade is still unknown. All available forms of OA therapy are based on symptomatic treatment. According to actual guidelines, comprehensive treatment of OA should always include a combination of various therapeutic options aimed at common goals, which are pain relief in the first place, and then the improvement of function. Local treatment has become more common practice, which takes place between rehabilitation and pharmacological treatment in the hierarchy of procedures. Only in the case of no improvement and the presence of advanced lesions visible in imaging tests, should surgery be considered. Currently, an increasing number of studies are being published suggesting that intra-articular injections may be as effective or even more effective than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and result in fewer systemic adverse events. The most commonly used preparations are hyaluronic acid (HA), glucocorticosteroids (GS), and also platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in recent years. This review aims to present the mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness of different pharmacological options in relieving pain and improving functions in OA as well as the emerging approach in intra-articular treatment with PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, LudwikRydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (J.N.); Tel.: +48-52-585-3904 (A.N.); +48-56-6114838 (J.N.)
| | - Dawid Szwedowski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Provincial Polyclinical Hospital, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Orthopedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I.) Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi N.P.O., 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Dallo
- Unit of Biological Therapies, SportMe Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Jacek Nowaczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (J.N.); Tel.: +48-52-585-3904 (A.N.); +48-56-6114838 (J.N.)
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Naghib M, Kariminik A, Kazemi Arababadi M. TLR2, as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor, Plays Critical Roles in Hepatitis B Outcome. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:15-23. [PMID: 35020525 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of active and inactive chronic hepatitis B, as prolonged forms of hepatitis B, is unable to eradicate hepatitis B virus (HBV) from the infected hepatocytes completely. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in the viral recognition and promotion of appropriate immune responses. The molecules also participate in the alteration of the target cell functions and transformation. TLR2 is the unique molecule that makes either homodimer or heterodimer with TLR1 and 6 and shows variable roles against viral infections. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that TLR2 may participate in both immune response against HBV and induction of the virus-related hepatic complications. The studies confirm the hypothesis and revealed that TLR2 is not only one of the main molecules altering the course of HBV infection, but also plays key roles in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis. However, recent studies demonstrated that the molecule can fight against HCC and liver cirrhosis. Collectively, it appears that nutrition habits, TLR2 gene polymorphisms, gut microbiome, HBV antigens, and activation of other receptors may play key roles in the determination of TLR2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Naghib
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Ishii T, Tamura A, Shibata T, Kuroda K, Kanda T, Sugiyama M, Mizokami M, Moriyama M. Analysis of HBV Genomes Integrated into the Genomes of Human Hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 Cells by HBV Sequence Capture-Based Next-Generation Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060661. [PMID: 32570699 PMCID: PMC7348787 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The integration of HBV genomic DNA into the host genome occurs randomly, early after infection, and is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in HBV-infected patients. Therefore, it is important to analyze HBV genome integration. We analyzed HBV genome integration in human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells by HBV sequence capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. We confirmed the results by using Sanger sequencing methods. We observed that HBV genotype A is integrated into the genome of PLC/PRF/5 cells. HBV sequence capture-based NGS is useful for the analysis of HBV genome integrants and their locations in the human genome. Among the HBV genome integrants, we performed functional analysis and demonstrated the automatic expression of some HBV proteins encoded by HBV integrants from chromosomes 3 and 11 in Huh7 cells transfected with these DNA sequences. HBV sequence capture-based NGS may be a useful tool for the assessment of HBV genome integration into the human genome in clinical samples and suggests new strategies for hepatocarcinogenesis in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Ishii
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Akinori Tamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Toshikatsu Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3972-8111; Fax: +81-3-3956-8496
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan; (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan; (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (M.M.)
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Norovirus infection results in eIF2α independent host translation shut-off and remodels the G3BP1 interactome evading stress granule formation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008250. [PMID: 31905230 PMCID: PMC6964919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections impose major stress on the host cell. In response, stress pathways can rapidly deploy defence mechanisms by shutting off the protein synthesis machinery and triggering the accumulation of mRNAs into stress granules to limit the use of energy and nutrients. Because this threatens viral gene expression, viruses need to evade these pathways to propagate. Human norovirus is responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Here we examined how norovirus interacts with the eIF2α signaling axis controlling translation and stress granules. While norovirus infection represses host cell translation, our mechanistic analyses revealed that eIF2α signaling mediated by the stress kinase GCN2 is uncoupled from translational stalling. Moreover, infection results in a redistribution of the RNA-binding protein G3BP1 to replication complexes and remodelling of its interacting partners, allowing the avoidance from canonical stress granules. These results define novel strategies by which norovirus undergo efficient replication whilst avoiding the host stress response and manipulating the G3BP1 interactome. Viruses have evolved elegant strategies to evade host responses that restrict viral propagation by targeting the protein synthesis machinery and stress granules, which are membrane-less RNA granules with antiviral properties. Previous studies have unravelled how viruses, including norovirus the leading cause of gastroenteritis, regulate the activity of translation factors to affect the antiviral response. Furthermore, stress granules evasion strategies have been linked to targeting the scaffolding protein G3BP1. Here we dissect how murine norovirus, the main model for norovirus, evades the cellular stress responses. Our work challenges the dogma that translational control during infection is mainly mediated by eIF2α and demonstrate that norovirus evades this stress pathway. We further show that norovirus evades the stress granule response in a novel way by isolating and characterising the G3BP1 interactome for the first time in the context of a viral infection. We conclude that norovirus infection results in a redistribution of G3BP1 and its cellular partners to replication complexes, thereby preventing the assembly of stress granules. Overall, we define a novel evasion strategy by which norovirus escapes stress granule formation by rewiring the G3BP1 interactome.
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Pauwels AM, Härtlova A, Peltier J, Driege Y, Baudelet G, Brodin P, Trost M, Beyaert R, Hoffmann E. Spatiotemporal Changes of the Phagosomal Proteome in Dendritic Cells in Response to LPS Stimulation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:909-922. [PMID: 30808727 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional phagocytes that use innate sensing and phagocytosis to internalize and degrade self as well as foreign material, such as pathogenic bacteria, within phagosomes. These intracellular compartments are equipped to generate antigenic peptides that serve as source for antigen presentation to T cells initiating adaptive immune responses. The phagosomal proteome of DCs is only partially studied and is highly dynamic as it changes during phagosome maturation, when phagosomes sequentially interact with endosomes and lysosomes. In addition, the activation status of the phagocyte can modulate the phagosomal composition and is able to shape phagosomal functions.In this study, we determined spatiotemporal changes of the proteome of DC phagosomes during their maturation and compared resting and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived DCs by label-free, quantitative mass spectrometry. Ovalbumin-coupled latex beads were used as phagocytosis model system and revealed that LPS-treated DCs show decreased recruitment of proteins involved in phagosome maturation, such as subunits of the vacuolar proton ATPase, cathepsin B, D, S, and RAB7. In contrast, those phagosomes were characterized by an increased recruitment of proteins involved in antigen cross-presentation, e.g. different subunits of MHC I molecules, the proteasome and tapasin, confirming the observed increase in cross-presentation efficacy in those cells. Further, several proteins were identified that were not previously associated with phagosomal functions. Hierarchical clustering of phagosomal proteins demonstrated that their acquisition to DC phagosomes is not only dependent on the duration of phagosome maturation but also on the activation state of DCs. Thus, our study provides a comprehensive overview of how DCs alter their phagosome composition in response to LPS, which has profound impact on the initiation of efficient immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Pauwels
- From the ‡Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium;; §Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- ¶Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Julien Peltier
- ¶Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Yasmine Driege
- From the ‡Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium;; §Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Baudelet
- From the ‡Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium;; §Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Priscille Brodin
- ‖Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Matthias Trost
- ¶Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- From the ‡Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium;; §Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- From the ‡Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium;; §Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;; ‖Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Shata MTM, Abdel-Hameed EA, Rouster SD, Yu L, Liang M, Song E, Esser MT, Shire N, Sherman KE. HBV and HIV/HBV Infected Patients Have Distinct Immune Exhaustion and Apoptotic Serum Biomarker Profiles. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:39-65. [PMID: 30815625 PMCID: PMC6388707 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i1.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Due to their shared routes of transmission, approximately 10% of HIV-infected patients worldwide are chronically coinfected with HBV. Additionally, liver disease has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HBV/HIV coinfected patients due to prolonged survival with the success of antiretroviral therapy. The relationship between immune exhaustion markers (PD-1/PD-L1) and apoptotic markers such as Fas/FasL, TGFβ1, TNF-α, and Th1/Th2 cytokines are not clearly delineated in HBV/HIV coinfection. Methods: Levels of soluble Fas/FasL, TGFβ1, TNF-α, and sPD-1/sPD-L1 as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokines were evaluated in the sera of HBV-monoinfected (n = 30) and HBV/HIV-coinfected (n = 15) patients and compared to levels in healthy controls (n = 20). Results: HBV-monoinfected patients had significantly lower levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (P < 0.05) and higher levels of apoptotic markers sFas, sFasL, and TGFβ-1 (P < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. Coinfection with HIV was associated with higher levels of sFas, TNF-α, and sPD-L1 (P < 0.005), and higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12p70 (P < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. Patients with HBV infection had a unique biomarker clustering profile comprised of IFN-γ, IL12p70, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α that was distinct from the profile of the healthy controls, and the unique HIV/HBV profile comprised GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL12p70, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-1β. In HBV monoinfection a significant correlation between sFasL and PD1(r = 0.46, P = < 0.05) and between sFas and PDL1 (r = 0.48, P = <0.01) was observed. Conclusion: HBV-infected and HBV/HIV-coinfected patients have unique apoptosis and inflammatory biomarker profiles that distinguish them from each other and healthy controls. The utilization of those unique biomarker profiles for monitoring disease progression or identifying individuals who may benefit from novel immunotherapies such as anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors appears promising and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan D Rouster
- Internal medicine; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Li Yu
- MedImmune; Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Meina Liang
- MedImmune; 121 Oyster Point Boulevard; South San Francisco, California
| | - Esther Song
- MedImmune; 121 Oyster Point Boulevard; South San Francisco, California
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