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Clemente CM, Capece L, Martí MA. Best Practices on QM/MM Simulations of Biological Systems. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2609-2627. [PMID: 37100031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
During the second half of the 20th century, following structural biology hallmark works on DNA and proteins, biochemists shifted their questions from "what does this molecule look like?" to "how does this process work?". Prompted by the theoretical and practical developments in computational chemistry, this led to the emergence of biomolecular simulations and, along with the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, to the development of hybrid QM/MM methods. QM/MM methods are necessary whenever the problem we want to address involves chemical reactivity and/or a change in the system's electronic structure, with archetypal examples being the studies of an enzyme's reaction mechanism and a metalloprotein's active site. In the last decades QM/MM methods have seen an increasing adoption driven by their incorporation in widely used biomolecular simulation software. However, properly setting up a QM/MM simulation is not an easy task, and several issues need to be properly addressed to obtain meaningful results. In the present work, we describe both the theoretical concepts and practical issues that need to be considered when performing QM/MM simulations. We start with a brief historical perspective on the development of these methods and describe when and why QM/MM methods are mandatory. Then we show how to properly select and analyze the performance of the QM level of theory, the QM system size, and the position and type of the boundaries. We show the relevance of performing prior QM model system (or QM cluster) calculations in a vacuum and how to use the corresponding results to adequately calibrate those derived from QM/MM. We also discuss how to prepare the starting structure and how to select an adequate simulation strategy, including those based on geometry optimizations as well as free energy methods. In particular, we focus on the determination of free energy profiles using multiple steered molecular dynamics (MSMD) combined with Jarzynski's equation. Finally, we describe the results for two illustrative and complementary examples: the reaction performed by chorismate mutase and the study of ligand binding to hemoglobins. Overall, we provide many practical recommendations (or shortcuts) together with important conceptualizations that we hope will encourage more and more researchers to incorporate QM/MM studies into their research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Clemente
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química de los Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE) CONICET, Pabellòn 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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2
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Lima S, Blanco J, Olivieri F, Imelio JA, Nieves M, Carrión F, Alvarez B, Buschiazzo A, Marti MA, Trajtenberg F. An allosteric switch ensures efficient unidirectional information transmission by the histidine kinase DesK from Bacillus subtilis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo7588. [PMID: 36693130 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation carries chemical information in biological systems. In two-component systems (TCSs), the sensor histidine kinase and the response regulator are connected through phosphoryl transfer reactions that may be uni- or bidirectional. Directionality enables the construction of complex regulatory networks that optimize signal propagation and ensure the forward flow of information. We combined x-ray crystallography, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations, and systems-integrative kinetic modeling approaches to study phosphoryl flow through the Bacillus subtilis thermosensing TCS DesK-DesR. The allosteric regulation of the histidine kinase DesK was critical to avoid back transfer of phosphoryl groups and futile phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles by isolating phosphatase, autokinase, and phosphotransferase activities. Interactions between the kinase's ATP-binding domain and the regulator's receiver domain placed the regulator in two distinct positions in the phosphotransferase and phosphatase complexes, thereby determining whether a key glutamine residue in DesK was properly situated to assist in the dephosphorylation reaction. Moreover, an energetically unfavorable phosphotransferase conformation when DesK was not phosphorylated minimized reverse phosphoryl transfer. DesR dimerization and a dissociative phosphoryl transfer reaction also enforced the direction of phosphoryl flow. Shorter or longer distances between the phosphoryl acceptor and donor residues shifted the phosphoryl transfer equilibrium by modulating the stabilizing effect of the Mg2+ cofactor. These mechanisms control the directionality of signal transmission and show how structure-encoded allostery stores and transmits information in signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Blanco
- Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan A Imelio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Nieves
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Carrión
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Trajtenberg
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Burastero O, Cabrera M, Lopez ED, Defelipe LA, Arcon JP, Durán R, Marti MA, Turjanski AG. Specificity and Reactivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Serine/Threonine Kinases PknG and PknB. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1723-1733. [PMID: 35319884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, has 11 eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinases, which play essential roles in cell growth, signal transduction, and pathogenesis. Protein kinase G (PknG) regulates the carbon and nitrogen metabolism by phosphorylation of the glycogen accumulation regulator (GarA) protein at Thr21. Protein kinase B (PknB) is involved in cell wall synthesis and cell shape, as well as phosphorylates GarA but at Thr22. While PknG seems to be constitutively activated and recognition of GarA requires phosphorylation in its unstructured tail, PknB activation is triggered by phosphorylation of its activation loop, which allows binding of the forkhead-associated domain of GarA. In the present work, we used molecular dynamics and quantum-mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations of the catalytically competent complex and kinase activity assays to understand PknG/PknB specificity and reactivity toward GarA. Two hydrophobic residues in GarA, Val24 and Phe25, seem essential for PknG binding and allow specificity for Thr21 phosphorylation. On the other hand, phosphorylated residues in PknB bind Arg26 in GarA and regulate its specificity for Thr22. We also provide a detailed analysis of the free energy profile for the phospho-transfer reaction and show why PknG has a constitutively active conformation not requiring priming phosphorylation in contrast to PknB. Our results provide new insights into these two key enzymes relevant for Mtb and the mechanisms of serine/threonine phosphorylation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Burastero
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elias D Lopez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas A Defelipe
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Arcon
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Durán
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Instituto de Investigaciones BiológicasClemente Estable, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian G Turjanski
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Olivieri FA, Burastero O, Drusin SI, Defelipe LA, Wetzler DE, Turjanski A, Marti M. Conformational and Reaction Dynamic Coupling in Histidine Kinases: Insights from Hybrid QM/MM Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:833-842. [PMID: 31923359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histidine kinases (HK) of bacterial two-component systems represent a hallmark of allosterism in proteins, being able to detect a signal through the sensor domain and transmit this information through the protein matrix to the kinase domain which, once active, autophosphorylates a specific histidine residue. Inactive-to-active transition results in a large conformational change that moves the kinase on top of the histidine. In the present work, we use several molecular simulation techniques (Molecular Dynamics, Hybrid QM/MM, and constant pH molecular dynamics) to study the activation and autophosphorylation reactions in L. plantarum WalK, a cis-acting HK. In agreement with previous results, we show that the chemical step requires tight coupling with the conformational step in order to maintain the histidine phosphoacceptor in the correct tautomeric state, with a reactive δ-nitrogen. During the conformational transition, the kinase domain is never released and walks along the HK helix axis, breaking and forming several conserved residue-based contacts. The phosphate transfer reaction is concerted in the transition state region and is catalyzed through the stabilization of the negative developing charge of transferring phosphate along the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico A Olivieri
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Burastero
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Salvador I Drusin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Área Fı́sica, Departamento de Quı́mico-Fı́sica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquı́micas y Farmacéuticas , Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Suipacha 531 , S2002LRK Rosario , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Lucas A Defelipe
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg , Notkestrasse 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Diana E Wetzler
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adrián Turjanski
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marcelo Marti
- Departamento de Quı́mica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Quı́mica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET , Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Guiraldes 2160 , C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
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5
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Jacob-Dubuisson F, Mechaly A, Betton JM, Antoine R. Structural insights into the signalling mechanisms of two-component systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:585-593. [PMID: 30008469 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-component systems reprogramme diverse aspects of microbial physiology in response to environmental cues. Canonical systems are composed of a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase and its cognate response regulator. They catalyse three reactions: autophosphorylation of the histidine kinase, transfer of the phosphoryl group to the regulator and dephosphorylation of the phosphoregulator. Elucidating signal transduction between sensor and output domains is highly challenging given the size, flexibility and dynamics of histidine kinases. However, recent structural work has provided snapshots of the catalytic mechanisms of the three enzymatic reactions and described the conformation and dynamics of the enzymatic moiety in the kinase-competent and phosphatase-competent states. Insight into signalling mechanisms across the membrane is also starting to emerge from new crystal structures encompassing both sensor and transducer domains of sensor histidine kinases. In this Progress article, we highlight such important advances towards understanding at the molecular level the signal transduction mechanisms mediated by these fascinating molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Jacob-Dubuisson
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Ariel Mechaly
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Betton
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS-UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - Rudy Antoine
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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6
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Buschiazzo A, Trajtenberg F. Two-Component Sensing and Regulation: How Do Histidine Kinases Talk with Response Regulators at the Molecular Level? Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:507-528. [PMID: 31226026 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091018-054627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Perceiving environmental and internal information and reacting in adaptive ways are essential attributes of living organisms. Two-component systems are relevant protein machineries from prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes that enable cells to sense and process signals. Implicating sensory histidine kinases and response regulator proteins, both components take advantage of protein phosphorylation and flexibility to switch conformations in a signal-dependent way. Dozens of two-component systems act simultaneously in any given cell, challenging our understanding about the means that ensure proper connectivity. This review dives into the molecular level, attempting to summarize an emerging picture of how histidine kinases and cognate response regulators achieve required efficiency, specificity, and directionality of signaling pathways, properties that rely on protein:protein interactions. α helices that carry information through long distances, the fine combination of loose and specific kinase/regulator interactions, and malleable reaction centers built when the two components meet emerge as relevant universal principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; , .,Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Felipe Trajtenberg
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; ,
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7
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Boubeta FM, Contestín García RM, Lorenzo EN, Boechi L, Estrin D, Sued M, Arrar M. Lessons learned about steered molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:1129-1138. [PMID: 30793836 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The calculation of free energy profiles is central in understanding differential enzymatic activity, for instance, involving chemical reactions that require QM-MM tools, ligand migration, and conformational rearrangements that can be modeled using classical potentials. The use of steered molecular dynamics (sMD) together with the Jarzynski equality is a popular approach in calculating free energy profiles. Here, we first briefly review the application of the Jarzynski equality to sMD simulations, then revisit the so-called stiff-spring approximation and the consequent expectation of Gaussian work distributions and, finally, reiterate the practical utility of the second-order cumulant expansion, as it coincides with the parametric maximum-likelihood estimator in this scenario. We illustrate this procedure using simulations of CO, both in aqueous solution and in a carbon nanotube as a model system for biologically relevant nanoheterogeneous environments. We conclude the use of the second-order cumulant expansion permits the use of faster pulling velocities in sMD simulations, without introducing bias due to large dispersion in the non-equilibrium work distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín Boubeta
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío María Contestín García
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Norberto Lorenzo
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Boechi
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Estrin
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Sued
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mehrnoosh Arrar
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Sulpizi M, Faller R, Pantano S. Multiscale modeling on biological systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:263. [PMID: 29496451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marialore Sulpizi
- Department of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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