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Xu S, Xie J, Zhang X, Chen L, Bi Y, Li X, Idris A, Feng R. DDX56 antagonizes IFN-β production to enhance EMCV replication by inhibiting IRF3 nuclear translocation. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109304. [PMID: 34922148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)-box RNA helicases (DDX) play important roles in viral infection, either as cytosolic viral nucleic acids sensors or as essential host factors for viral replication. In this study, we identified DDX56 as a positive regulator for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) replication. EMCV infection promotes DDX56 expression via its viral proteins, VP3 and 3C. We showed that DDX56 overexpression promotes EMCV replication whereas its loss dampened EMCV replication. Consequently, knockdown of DDX56 increases type I interferon (IFN) expression during EMCV infection. We also showed that DDX56 interrupts IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and its nucleus translocation by directly targeting KPNA3 and KPNA4 in an EMCV-triggered MDA5 signaling activation cascade leading to the blockade of IFN-β production. Overall, we showed that DDX56 is a novel negative regulator of EMCV-mediated IFN-β responses and that DDX56 plays a critical role in EMCV replication. These findings reveal a novel strategy for EMCV to utilize a host factor to evade the host innate immune response and provide us new insight into the function of DDX56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.
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Host protein, HSP90β, antagonizes IFN-β signaling pathway and facilitates the proliferation of encephalomyocarditis virus in vitro. Virus Res 2021; 305:198547. [PMID: 34425163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a small, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus which infects a wide variety of mammalian species, and has zoonotic importance. Many host proteins are known to regulate EMCV proliferation by interacting with its structural or nonstructural proteins, but the regulatory role and mechanism of heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β), in EMCV infection has not been reported yet. Here, we report that overexpression of HSP90β significantly promotes the growth and proliferation of EMCV in vitro. On the contrary, down-regulation of HSP90β by RNAi or geldanamycin inhibits EMCV replication. HSP90β suppresses IFN-β responses in the RLRs pathway by targeting the expression of the key adaptor molecules MAVS, TBK1, and IRF3, but not MDA5. This study demonstrates the firsthand information that HSP90β plays a positive role in viral proliferation by inhibiting EMCV induced IFN-β production. Collectively, the results reveal new insights into HSP90β-assisted progression of EMCV infection.
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Han Y, Xie J, Xu S, Bi Y, Li X, Zhang H, Idris A, Bai J, Feng R. Encephalomyocarditis Virus Abrogates the Interferon Beta Signaling Pathway via Its Structural Protein VP2. J Virol 2021; 95:e01590-20. [PMID: 33328314 PMCID: PMC8094936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01590-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are critical for modulating host-virus responses, and indeed, viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize this pathway. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, which causes myocarditis, encephalitis, neurological disease, reproductive disorders, and diabetes in pigs. This study aims to understand how EMCV interacts with the IFN pathway. EMCV circumvents the type I IFN response by expressing proteins that antagonize cellular innate immunity. Here, we show that EMCV VP2 is a negative regulator of the IFN-β pathway. This occurs via the degradation of the MDA5-mediated cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) antiviral sensing RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway. We show that structural protein VP2 of EMCV interacts with MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 through its C terminus. In addition, we found that EMCV VP2 could significantly degrade RLRs by the proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. For the first time, EMCV VP2 was shown to play an important role in EMCV evasion of the type I IFN signaling pathway. This study expands our understanding that EMCV utilizes its capsid protein VP2 to evade the host antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Encephalomyocarditis virus is an important pathogen that can cause encephalitis, myocarditis, neurological diseases, and reproductive disorders. It also causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. Innate immunity plays an important role in defending the host from pathogen infection. Understanding pathogen microorganisms evading the host immune system is of great importance. Currently, whether EMCV evades cytosolic RNA sensing and signaling is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that viral protein VP2 antagonized the RLR signaling pathway by degrading MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 protein expression to facilitate viral replication in HEK293 cells. The findings in this study identify a new mechanism for EMCV evading the host's innate immune response, which provide new insights into the virus-host interaction and help develop new antiviral approaches against EMCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jialin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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Bandilovska I, Keam SP, Gamell C, Machicado C, Haupt S, Haupt Y. E6AP goes viral: the role of E6AP in viral- and non-viral-related cancers. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:707-714. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since its discovery, the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) has been studied extensively in two pathological contexts: infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and the neurodevelopmental disorder, Angelman syndrome. Vital biological links between E6AP and other viruses, namely hepatitis C virus and encephalomyocarditis virus, have been recently uncovered. Critically, oncogenic E6AP activities have been demonstrated to contribute to cancers of both viral and non-viral origins. HPV-associated cancers serve as the primary example of E6AP involvement in cancers driven by viruses. Studies over the past few years have exposed a role for E6AP in non-viral-related cancers. This has been demonstrated in B-cell lymphoma and prostate cancers, where oncogenic E6AP functions drive these cancers by acting on key tumour suppressors. In this review we discuss the role of E6AP in viral infection, viral propagation and viral-related cancer. We discuss processes affected by oncogenic E6AP, which promote cancers of viral and non-viral aetiology. Overall, recent findings support the role of oncogenic E6AP in disrupting key cellular processes, including tumour suppression and the immune response. E6AP is consequently emerging as an attractive therapeutic target for a number of specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Machicado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Carmody M, Zimmer JT, Cushman CH, Nguyen T, Lawson TG. The ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP/UBE3A supports early encephalomyocarditis virus replication. Virus Res 2018; 252:48-57. [PMID: 29782878 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses make use of, and even direct, the ubiquitin-proteasome system to facilitate the generation of a cellular environment favorable for virus replication, while host cells use selected protein ubiquitylation pathways for antiviral defense. Relatively little information has been acquired, however, regarding the extent to which protein ubiquitylation determines the replication success of picornaviruses. Here we report that the ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP/UBE3A, recently shown to be a participant in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 3C protease concentration regulation, also facilitates the early stages of EMCV replication, probably by a mechanism that does not involve 3C protease ubiquitylation. Using stably transfected E6AP knockdown cells, we found that reduced E6AP concentration extends the time required for infected cells to undergo the morphological changes caused by virally induced pathogenesis and to begin the production of infectious virions. This lag in virion production is accompanied by a corresponding delay in the appearance of detectable levels of viral proteins and RNA. We also found, by using both immunofluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation, that E6AP is partially redistributed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in EMCV-infected cells, thereby increasing its availability to participate in cytoplasmic virus replication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Carmody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Joshua T Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Camille H Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - T Glen Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA.
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