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Schwaerzer GK, Casteel DE, Cividini F, Kalyanaraman H, Zhuang S, Gu Y, Peterson KL, Dillmann W, Boss GR, Pilz RB, Pilz RB. Constitutive protein kinase G activation exacerbates stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2413-2429. [PMID: 34000062 PMCID: PMC9926932 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heart failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and new therapeutic targets are needed. Preclinical data suggest that pharmacological activation of protein kinase G (PKG) can reduce maladaptive ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in the stressed heart. However, clinical trial results have been mixed and the effects of long-term PKG activation in the heart are unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We characterized the cardiac phenotype of mice carrying a heterozygous knock-in mutation of PKG1 (Prkg1R177Q/+ ), which causes constitutive, cGMP-independent activation of the kinase. We examined isolated cardiac myocytes and intact mice, the latter after stress induced by surgical transaortic constriction or angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. KEY RESULTS Cardiac myocytes from Prkg1R177Q/+ mice showed altered phosphorylation of sarcomeric proteins and reduced contractility in response to electrical stimulation, compared to cells from wild type mice. Under basal conditions, young PKG1R177Q/+ mice exhibited no obvious cardiac abnormalities, but aging animals developed mild increases in cardiac fibrosis. In response to angiotensin II infusion or fixed pressure overload induced by transaortic constriction, young PKGR177Q/+ mice exhibited excessive hypertrophic remodelling with increased fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, leading to increased left ventricular dilation and dysfunction compared to wild type litter mates. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Long-term PKG1 activation in mice may be harmful to the heart, especially in the presence of pressure overload and neurohumoral stress. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on cGMP Signalling in Cell Growth and Survival. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg K. Schwaerzer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,These three authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Darren E. Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,These three authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Federico Cividini
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,These three authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Shunhui Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Kirk L. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Wolfgang Dillmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Renate B. Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,Correspondence should be addressed to R.B.P. ()
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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2
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Liu C, Gao J, Cui X, Li Z, Chen L, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Mei L, Zhao L, Cai D, Hu M, Zhou B, Li Z, Qin T, Si H, Li G, Lin Z, Xu Y, Zhu C, Yin Y, Zhang C, Xu W, Li Q, Wang K, Gilbert MTP, Heller R, Wang W, Huang J, Qiu Q. A towering genome: Experimentally validated adaptations to high blood pressure and extreme stature in the giraffe. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/12/eabe9459. [PMID: 33731352 PMCID: PMC7968835 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The suite of adaptations associated with the extreme stature of the giraffe has long interested biologists and physiologists. By generating a high-quality chromosome-level giraffe genome and a comprehensive comparison with other ruminant genomes, we identified a robust catalog of giraffe-specific mutations. These are primarily related to cardiovascular, bone growth, vision, hearing, and circadian functions. Among them, the giraffe FGFRL1 gene is an outlier with seven unique amino acid substitutions not found in any other ruminant. Gene-edited mice with the giraffe-type FGFRL1 show exceptional hypertension resistance and higher bone mineral density, both of which are tightly connected with giraffe adaptations to high stature. Our results facilitate a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism underpinning distinct giraffe traits, and may provide insights into the study of hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xinxin Cui
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Liangwei Mei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Dan Cai
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Mingliang Hu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Botong Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zihe Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tao Qin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huazhe Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zeshan Lin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yicheng Xu
- Jiaxing SynBioLab. Co. Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Chenglong Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chenzhou Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qingjie Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark.
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Qiang Qiu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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3
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Xie XJ, Li CQ. Chrysophanol Protects Against Acute Heart Failure by Inhibiting JNK1/2 Pathway in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926392. [PMID: 33044948 PMCID: PMC7566230 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute heart failure (AHF) usually requires urgent therapy. Myocardial damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation are major components in the pathology of AHF. This study was designed to investigate the effects of chrysophanol on AHF. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with isoprenaline hydrochloride to construct AHF rat models. AHF rats were treated with normal saline (negative control), chrysophanol, the combination of chrysophanol and SP600125, or benazepril (positive control) using sham rats as blank controls. Echocardiography, histological staining, and enzyme activity analysis were performed to assess the heart functions and myocardial damage. Effects on apoptosis, oxidative stress (OS), and inflammation were evaluated by biochemical analysis, TUNEL staining, and ELISA. RESULTS Chrysophanol improved the parameters of cardiac functions and alleviated the myocardial damage accompanied by the reduction of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Meanwhile, chrysophanol inhibited the myocardial apoptosis along with the upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. AHF-induced abnormal changes of OS parameters (MDA, GPx, CAT, SOD) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-alpha, IFN-γ) were alleviated by chrysophanol. Benazepril treatment showed similar results with chrysophanol, while the addition of SP600125 enhanced the chrysophanol-mediated protection effects in AHF rats. Western blot analysis demonstrated that chrysophanol inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and its upstream/downstream factors. CONCLUSIONS Chrysophanol improved cardiac functions and protected against myocardial damage, apoptosis, OS, and inflammation by inhibiting activation of the JNK1/2 pathway in AHF rat models. These finding indicate that chrysophanol may be a promising approach for treatment of AHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
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4
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Zhu H, Lan L, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zeng Y, Luo X, Ren J, Chen S, Xiao M, Lin K, Chen M, Li Q, Chen Y, Xu J, Zheng Z, Chen Z, Xie Y, Hu J, Yang T. Epidermal growth factor stimulates exosomal microRNA-21 derived from mesenchymal stem cells to ameliorate aGVHD by modulating regulatory T cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:7372-7386. [PMID: 32314840 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900847rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4+ T cells, may exert inhibitory effects on alloimmune responses including acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and several microRNAs are implicated in the pathophysiological process of GVHD. Therefore, we aimed in the present study to characterize the functional relevance of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated microRNA-21 (miR-21) in regulating bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a mouse model of aGVHD. We first isolated and cultured BMSCs and Tregs. Then, we examined effects of miR-21 knockdown or overexpression and EGF on cell activities of BMSCs and the expression of PTEN, Foxp3, AKT phosphorylation, and extent of c-jun phosphorylation by gain- and loss-of-function approaches. The results showed that miR-21 promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of BMSCs. Furthermore, miR-21 in BMSCs-derived exosomes inhibited PTEN, but enhanced AKT phosphorylation and Foxp3 expression in Tregs. In addition, EGF enhanced c-jun phosphorylation to elevate the miR-21 expression. Furthermore, EGF significantly increased the efficacy of BMSCs in a mouse model of aGVHD, manifesting in reduced IFN-γ expression and lesser organ damage. Moreover, EGF treatment promoted the Foxp3 expression of Tregs in BMSCs-treated aGVHD mice. Taken together, EGF induced the BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-21 expression, which enhanced Foxp3 expression in Tregs, thereby improving the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingqiong Lan
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Longyan, Longyan, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiuru Chen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Ren
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shaozhen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kangni Lin
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minmin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhizhe Chen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Xie
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Longyan, Longyan, P.R. China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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Involvement of the JNK signaling in granular corneal dystrophy by modulating TGF-β-induced TGFBI expression and corneal fibroblast apoptosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:234-242. [PMID: 32189173 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) is featured by corneal deposits of transforming growth factor beta-induced gene (TGFBI) mediated by the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)/Smad signaling. However, the roles of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in GCD pathogenesis remains unexplored, which was investigated in this study. JNK signaling activation and inhibition in primary corneal fibroblasts were obtained by treatments with anisomycin and SP600125, respectively. Protein abundance and phosphorylation were detected by immunoblotting. Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry respectively. TGFBI deposit and autophagy progression were assessed by immunofluorescence. The results found that JNK1 expression and phosphorylation were greatly increased in corneal tissues from GCD2 patients. JNK signaling activation impaired the viability and promoted apoptosis and autophagy processes in primary corneal fibroblasts, along with Smad2/3 phosphorylation, TGFBI accumulation and Bcl-2 suppression. Autophagy related proteins, such as ATG5 (autophagy related 5), ATG12 (autophagy related 12) and LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta), were also increased in anisomycin or TGF-β1 treated corneal fibroblasts. However, SP600125 effectively reversed the above effect induced by TGF-β1 treatment in corneal fibroblasts, including the TGF-β-induced autophagy progression. The results suggested that JNK signaling was activated in GCD2 corneal tissues, and it mediated the TGF-β-induced TGFBI protein accumulation and apoptosis of corneal fibroblasts during GCD2 pathogenesis.
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Simvastatin Mitigates Apoptosis and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Upregulation in Stretch-Induced Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6026051. [PMID: 31934265 PMCID: PMC6942893 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6026051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Portal hypertension is a common clinical symptom of digestive disorders. With an increase in portal pressure, the portal vein will continue to dilate. We aimed to determine whether continuous stretch induced by portal hypertension may impair the function of endothelial cells (ECs) in the portal vein and aggravate the progress of portal hypertension and explore its mechanism. ECs were cultured on an elastic silicone membrane and subjected to continuous uniaxial stretch. Apoptosis and expression of TGF-β in ECs under stretch were measured. We found that sustained stretch induced the apoptosis of ECs in a stretch length-dependent manner. Compared with the control, continuous stretch increased the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression and damaged the mitochondria, resulting in an evident increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; pretreatment with gp91ds-tat or MitoTEMPO decreased the ROS level in the intracellular levels. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) treatment before stretch not only reduced ROS levels but also mitigated the apoptosis of ECs; simvastatin had similar effects through targeting NOX2 and mitochondria. During the stretch, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was obviously increased; pretreatment with P38MAPK or JNK inhibitors decreased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and TGF-β expression. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) treatment before stretch also reduced TGF-β expression. After pretreatment with NAC, the phosphorylation of P38MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB and TGF-β expressions in ECs under stretch was suppressed; similar results were observed in simvastatin-treated ECs. This study demonstrated that simvastatin could mitigate EC apoptosis and TGF-β upregulation induced by continuous stretch by reducing the level of ROS.
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7
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Christensen AH, Andersen CB, Wassilew K, Svendsen JH, Bundgaard H, Brand SM, Schmitz B. Rare non-coding Desmoglein-2 variant contributes to Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:164-170. [PMID: 31051180 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) has been linked to variants in the coding sequence of desmosomal genes. The potential contribution of non-coding desmoglein-2 (DSG2) variants for development of ARVC is undescribed. We sequenced 1450 base pairs upstream of ATG in the DSG2 gene in 65 unrelated patients diagnosed with ARVC (10 borderline cases). Identified variants was evaluated by cosegregation and allele population frequency analysis, in silico tools, immunohistological investigations of myocardial biopsies, gene reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The genetic analysis identified one novel, rare heterozygous DSG2 upstream variant (-317G > A) in a genetically unexplained ARVC patient. The variant segregated with signs of disease, was absent in publicly available databases, and affected a predicted binding site for activating protein-1 (AP-1). Immunohistochemical analysis of a myocardial biopsy from the -317G > A patient showed a marked reduction in DSG2 protein levels compared to healthy controls. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed promoter activity of the identified DSG2 upstream region and a general reduction in transcriptional activity in the presence of the minor DSG2_A allele (p < .01). Moreover, the DSG2_A allele reduced DSG2 activation by TGF-beta1 and a protein kinase C pathway activator (PMA; all p < .001 vs. DSG2_G). EMSAs showed altered transcription factor binding in presence of the DSG2_A allele. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in wild type epithelial cells identified AP-1 components c-FOS and c-JUN at the -317 locus. In conclusion, the non-coding DSG2 promoter variant -317G > A reduces DSG2 transcription in vitro and reduced myocardial DSG2 protein levels were observed in vivo. Our data support a contribution of non-coding DSG2 variants to the pathogenesis of ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hørby Christensen
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Claus B Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Katharina Wassilew
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hastrup Svendsen
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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De Angelis E, Pecoraro M, Rusciano MR, Ciccarelli M, Popolo A. Cross-Talk between Neurohormonal Pathways and the Immune System in Heart Failure: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071698. [PMID: 30959745 PMCID: PMC6480265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome involving a multitude of neurohormonal pathways including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and natriuretic peptides system. It is now emerging that neurohumoral mechanisms activated during heart failure, with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction, modulate cells of the immune system. Indeed, these cells express angiotensin I receptors, adrenoceptors, and natriuretic peptides receptors. Ang II modulates macrophage polarization, promoting M2 macrophages phenotype, and this stimulation can influence lymphocytes Th1/Th2 balance. β-AR activation in monocytes is responsible for inhibition of free oxygen radicals production, and together with α2-AR can modulate TNF-α receptor expression and TNF-α release. In dendritic cells, activation of β2-AR inhibits IL-12 production, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 and promotion of Th2 differentiation. ANP induces the activation of secretion of superoxide anion in polymorphonucleated cells; reduces TNF-α and nitric oxide secretion in macrophages; and attenuates the exacerbated TH1 responses. BNP in macrophages can stimulate ROS production, up-regulates IL-10, and inhibits IL-12 and TNF-α release by dendritic cells, suggesting an anti-inflammatory cytokines profile induction. Therefore, different neurohormonal-immune cross-talks can determine the phenotype of cardiac remodeling, promoting either favorable or maladaptive responses. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge on neurohormonal modulation of immune responses, providing supportive rational background for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Angelis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Michela Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Rusciano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
- Casa di Cura Montevergine, 83013 Mercogliano (AV), Italy.
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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