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Lim Y. Transcription factors in microcephaly. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1302033. [PMID: 38094004 PMCID: PMC10716367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Higher cognition in humans, compared to other primates, is often attributed to an increased brain size, especially forebrain cortical surface area. Brain size is determined through highly orchestrated developmental processes, including neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, lamination, arborization, and apoptosis. Disruption in these processes often results in either a small (microcephaly) or large (megalencephaly) brain. One of the key mechanisms controlling these developmental processes is the spatial and temporal transcriptional regulation of critical genes. In humans, microcephaly is defined as a condition with a significantly smaller head circumference compared to the average head size of a given age and sex group. A growing number of genes are identified as associated with microcephaly, and among them are those involved in transcriptional regulation. In this review, a subset of genes encoding transcription factors (e.g., homeobox-, basic helix-loop-helix-, forkhead box-, high mobility group box-, and zinc finger domain-containing transcription factors), whose functions are important for cortical development and implicated in microcephaly, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshin Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science Education, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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2
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Tabnak P, Hasanzade Bashkandi A, Ebrahimnezhad M, Soleimani M. Forkhead box transcription factors (FOXOs and FOXM1) in glioma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:238. [PMID: 37821870 PMCID: PMC10568859 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive and malignant type of primary brain tumor, comprises the majority of central nervous system deaths, and is categorized into different subgroups according to its histological characteristics, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and mixed tumors. The forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors comprise a collection of proteins that play various roles in numerous complex molecular cascades and have been discovered to be differentially expressed in distinct glioma subtypes. FOXM1 and FOXOs have been recognized as crucial transcription factors in tumor cells, including glioma cells. Accumulating data indicates that FOXM1 acts as an oncogene in various types of cancers, and a significant part of studies has investigated its function in glioma. Although recent studies considered FOXO subgroups as tumor suppressors, there are pieces of evidence that they may have an oncogenic role. This review will discuss the subtle functions of FOXOs and FOXM1 in gliomas, dissecting their regulatory network with other proteins, microRNAs and their role in glioma progression, including stem cell differentiation and therapy resistance/sensitivity, alongside highlighting recent pharmacological progress for modulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Tabnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Ebrahimnezhad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Soleimani
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Yang S, Huan R, Yue J, Guo J, Deng M, Wang L, Peng S, Lin X, Liu L, Wang J, Han G, Zha Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Tan Y. Multiomics integration reveals the effect of Orexin A on glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1096159. [PMID: 36744263 PMCID: PMC9894894 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1096159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study involved a multi-omics analysis of glioblastoma (GBM) samples to elaborate the potential mechanism of drug treatment. Methods: The GBM cells treated with or without orexin A were acquired from sequencing analysis. Differentially expressed genes/proteins/metabolites (DEGs/ DEPs/ DEMs) were screened. Next, combination analyses were conducted to investigate the common pathways and correlations between the two groups. Lastly, transcriptome-proteome-metabolome association analysis was carried out to determine the common pathways, and the genes in these pathways were analyzed through Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis in public databases. Cell and animal experiments were performed to investigate the anti-glioma activity of orexin A. Results: A total of 1,527 DEGs, 52 DEPs, and 153 DEMs were found. Moreover, the combination analyses revealed that 6, 4, and 1 common pathways were present in the transcriptome-proteome, proteome-metabolome, and transcriptome-metabolome, respectively. Certain correlations were observed between the two data sets. Finally, 11 common pathways were discovered in association analysis, and 138 common genes were screened out in these common pathways. Six genes showed significant differences in terms of survival in both TCGA and CGGA. In addition, orexin A inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Eleven common KEGG pathways with six common genes were found among different omics participations, revealing the underlying mechanisms in different omics and providing theoretical basis and reference for multi-omics research on drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Renzheng Huan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhe Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqiang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Jian Liu, ; Jiqin Zhang, ; Ying Tan,
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Jian Liu, ; Jiqin Zhang, ; Ying Tan,
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Jian Liu, ; Jiqin Zhang, ; Ying Tan,
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Aberrant Expression of COX-2 and FOXG1 in Infrapatellar Fat Pad-Derived ASCs from Pre-Diabetic Donors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152367. [PMID: 35954211 PMCID: PMC9367583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease resulting in limited mobility and severe disability. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a weight-independent risk factor for OA, but a link between the two diseases has not been elucidated. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) isolated from the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) may be a viable regenerative cell for OA treatment. This study analyzed the expression profiles of inflammatory and adipokine-related genes in IPFP-ASCs of non-diabetic (Non-T2D), pre-diabetic (Pre-T2D), and T2D donors. Pre-T2D ASCs exhibited a substantial decrease in levels of mesenchymal markers CD90 and CD105 with no change in adipogenic differentiation compared to Non-T2D and T2D IPFP-ASCs. In addition, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion were significantly increased in Pre-T2D IPFP-ASCs upon stimulation by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Interestingly, M1 macrophages exhibited a significant reduction in expression of pro-inflammatory markers TNFα and IL-6 when co-cultured with Pre-T2D IPFP-ASCs. These data suggest that the heightened systemic inflammation associated with untreated T2D may prime the IPFP-ASCs to exhibit enhanced anti-inflammatory characteristics via suppressing the IL-6/COX-2 signaling pathway. In addition, the elevated production of PGE2 by the Pre-T2D IPFP-ASCs may also suggest the contribution of pre-diabetic conditions to the onset and progression of OA.
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Li J, Gui C, Yao H, Luo C, Song H, Lin H, Xu Q, Chen X, Huang Y, Luo J, Chen W. An Aging and Senescence-Related Gene Signature for Prognosis Prediction in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:871088. [PMID: 35646056 PMCID: PMC9136295 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.871088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common solid lesion in the kidney. This study aims to establish an aging and senescence-related mRNA model for risk assessment and prognosis prediction in ccRCC patients. Methods: ccRCC data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) datasets. By applying univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression, a new prognostic model based on aging and senescence-related genes (ASRGs) was established. Depending on the prognostic model, high- and low-risk groups were identified for further study. The reliability of the prediction was evaluated in the validation cohort. Pan-cancer analysis was conducted to explore the role of GNRH1 in tumors. Results: A novel prognostic model was established based on eight ASRGs. This model was an independent risk factor and significantly correlated with the prognosis and clinicopathological features of ccRCC patients. The high- and low-risk groups exhibited distinct modes in the principal component analysis and different patterns in immune infiltration. Moreover, the nomogram combining risk score and other clinical factors showed excellent predictive ability, with AUC values for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival in the TCGA cohort equal to 0.88, 0.82, and 0.81, respectively. Conclusion: The model and nomogram based on the eight ASRGs had a significant value for survival prediction and risk assessment for ccRCC patients, providing new insights into the roles of aging and senescence in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengpeng Gui
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haohua Yao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggong Luo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongde Song
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haishan Lin
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanhui Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhang Luo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junhang Luo, ; Wei Chen,
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junhang Luo, ; Wei Chen,
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Shafi O, Siddiqui G. Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35538578 PMCID: PMC9087910 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons. Methods Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes. Results The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression. Conclusion Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Cheng YY, Yang X, Gao X, Song SX, Yang MF, Xie FM. LGR6 promotes glioblastoma malignancy and chemoresistance by activating the Akt signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1364. [PMID: 34659510 PMCID: PMC8515564 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is the primary cause of the poor outcome of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6 (LGR6) is involved in the growth and proliferation of several types of cancer, including gastric cancer and ovarian cancer. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of LGR6 in GBM malignancy and chemoresistance. Cell counting kit-8 and Matrigel®-Transwell assays were conducted to assess GBM cell viability and invasion. The effect of LGR6 on cell cycle progression and activation of Akt signaling was analyzed by performing propidium iodide staining and western blotting, respectively. The results demonstrated that LGR6, a microRNA-1236-3p target candidate, promoted GBM cell viability and invasion, and mediated temozolomide sensitivity in SHG-44 and U251 GBM cells. In addition, LGR6 triggered the activation of the Akt signaling pathway during GBM progression. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that LGR6 promoted GBM malignancy and chemoresistance, at least in part, by activating the Akt signaling pathway. The results may aid with the identification of a novel therapeutic target and strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P.R. China
| | - Si Xin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 270000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Feng Yang
- Institute of Basic Medicine of Shangdong, First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 270000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Min Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 270000, P.R. China
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Hypoxia Transcriptomic Modifications Induced by Proton Irradiation in U87 Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Line. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11040308. [PMID: 33923454 PMCID: PMC8073933 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), hypoxia is associated with radioresistance and poor prognosis. Since standard GBM treatments are not always effective, new strategies are needed to overcome resistance to therapeutic treatments, including radiotherapy (RT). Our study aims to shed light on the biomarker network involved in a hypoxic (0.2% oxygen) GBM cell line that is radioresistant after proton therapy (PT). For cultivating cells in acute hypoxia, GSI’s hypoxic chambers were used. Cells were irradiated in the middle of a spread-out Bragg peak with increasing PT doses to verify the greater radioresistance in hypoxic conditions. Whole-genome cDNA microarray gene expression analyses were performed for samples treated with 2 and 10 Gy to highlight biological processes activated in GBM following PT in the hypoxic condition. We describe cell survival response and significant deregulated pathways responsible for the cell death/survival balance and gene signatures linked to the PT/hypoxia configurations assayed. Highlighting the molecular pathways involved in GBM resistance following hypoxia and ionizing radiation (IR), this work could suggest new molecular targets, allowing the development of targeted drugs to be suggested in association with PT.
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Ajit K, Murphy BD, Banerjee A. Elucidating evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of diapause regulation using an in silico approach. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1350-1374. [PMID: 33650678 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic diapause is an enigmatic phenomenon that appears in diverse species. Although regulatory mechanisms have been established, there is much to be discovered. Herein, we have made the first comprehensive attempt to elucidate diapause regulatory mechanisms using a computational approach. We found transcription factors unique to promoters of genes in diapause species. From pathway analysis and STRING PPI networks, the signaling pathways regulated by these unique transcription factors were identified. The pathways were then consolidated into a model to combine various known mechanisms of diapause regulation. This work also highlighted certain transcription factors that may act as 'master transcription factors' to regulate the phenomenon. Promoter analysis further suggested evidence for independent evolution for some of regulatory elements involved in diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Ajit
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Bruce D Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Université Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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Li X, Kong Y, Li H, Xu M, Jiang M, Sun W, Xu S. CircRNA circ_0067772 aggravates the malignant progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-1238-3p/FOXG1 axis. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:491-501. [PMID: 33709381 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a severe malignancy derived from skin. Dysregulated circular RNAs (circRNAs) might play vital roles in tumor development. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to explore the function of a novel circRNA circ_0067772 in CSCC. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or Western blot assay was performed to determine the expression of circ_0067772, microRNA (miR)-1238-3p and forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1). Cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and colony formation assay. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were employed to examine cell metastasis. Flow cytometry was employed to monitor cell cycle and apoptosis. The target association between miR-1238-3p and circ_0067772 or FOXG1 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, role of circ_0067772 in vivo was investigated via xenograft model in nude mice. RESULTS Circ_0067772 and FOXG1 were upregulated, while miR-1238-3p was downregulated in CSCC tissues and cells. Circ_0067772 knockdown conferred inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of CSCC cells. MiR-1238-3p served as a target of circ_0067772, whose silencing could reverse circ_0067772 knockdown-induced inhibitory impact on the malignant cellular behaviors. Circ_0067772 positively regulated FOXG1 expression by antagonizing miR-1238-3p. Additionally, miR-1238-3p could repress CSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting FOXG1. Also, circ_0067772 knockdown hindered CSCC tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study identified a novel oncogenic circRNA and the involvement of circ_0067772/miR-1238-3p/FOXG1 axis in CSCC development, providing a target for CSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yinghui Kong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suping Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
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Bányai L, Trexler M, Kerekes K, Csuka O, Patthy L. Use of signals of positive and negative selection to distinguish cancer genes and passenger genes. eLife 2021; 10:e59629. [PMID: 33427197 PMCID: PMC7877913 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of cancer genomics is to identify all genes that play critical roles in carcinogenesis. Most approaches focused on genes positively selected for mutations that drive carcinogenesis and neglected the role of negative selection. Some studies have actually concluded that negative selection has no role in cancer evolution. We have re-examined the role of negative selection in tumor evolution through the analysis of the patterns of somatic mutations affecting the coding sequences of human genes. Our analyses have confirmed that tumor suppressor genes are positively selected for inactivating mutations, oncogenes, however, were found to display signals of both negative selection for inactivating mutations and positive selection for activating mutations. Significantly, we have identified numerous human genes that show signs of strong negative selection during tumor evolution, suggesting that their functional integrity is essential for the growth and survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bányai
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Maria Trexler
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Krisztina Kerekes
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Orsolya Csuka
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of OncologyBudapestHungary
| | - László Patthy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
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Song XJ, Zhang L, Li Q, Li Y, Ding FH, Li X. hUCB-MSC derived exosomal miR-124 promotes rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy via downregulating Foxg1. Life Sci 2020; 265:118821. [PMID: 33275988 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) is a complex and well-orchestrated process involving multiple factors such as cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in various biological processes including liver regeneration after PH. In the current study, we investigated the expression and function of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSC) derived exosomal miRNAs on liver regeneration using a rat PH model. We found that hUCB-MSC derived exosomes promoted rat liver regeneration and ameliorated liver injury after PH. MicroRNA microarray was performed to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs in hUCB-MSC derived exosomes involving in liver regeneration after PH. We demonstrated that hUCB-MSC derived exosomal miR-124 could promote liver regeneration and prevent against liver injury after PH in rats. Inhibition of miR-124 abrogated the protective role of hUCB-MSC derived exosome in rat liver regeneration after PH. In addition, we identified that transcription factor Foxg1 was a direct target of miR-124 and miR-124 promoted rat liver cell proliferation via suppressing Foxg1 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hUCB-MSC derived exosomal miR-124 enhanced liver regeneration via inhibiting Foxg1 in rats after PH. In summary, our findings suggest that hUCB-MSC-derived exosomal miR-124 could promote rat liver regeneration after PH via downregulating Foxg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Song
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fang-Hui Ding
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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13
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Zhang C, Wu S. microRNA -378a-3p Restrains the Proliferation of Retinoblastoma Cells but Promotes Apoptosis of Retinoblastoma Cells via Inhibition of FOXG1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:31. [PMID: 32428232 PMCID: PMC7405766 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose More recently, literature has emerged providing findings about the novelty of microRNAs (miR)-targeted therapeutics in the treatment of retinoblastoma (RB). The prime objective of this study was to identify the potential role of miR-378a-3p and its regulation in RB cells via forkhead box G1 (FOXG1). Methods The expression of miR-378a-3p and FOXG1 in the clinical RB tissues was determined using RNA quantitation and Western blot assays. The interaction between miR-378a-3p and FOXG1 was identified using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The potential effects of miR-378a-3p on the RB cell biological processes were evaluated by conducting gain- and loss-of-function studies of miR-378a-3p and FOXG1, followed by cell viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis measurements. Furthermore, experiments were performed in nude mice to assess its effects on tumor formation. Results miR-378a-3p was poorly expressed, whereas FOXG1 was highly expressed in RB tissues and cells. miR-378a-3p bound to the FOXG1 3′ untranslated region and negatively modulated its expression. The overexpression of miR-378a-3p was found to decrease RB cell viability and to promote cell apoptosis in vitro, whereas overexpressed FOXG1 reversed the regulatory effects of miR-378a-3p on RB cellular behaviors. In nude mice, the restoration of miR-378a-3p by miR-378a-3p agomir was shown to play a role in the reduction of tumor volume and size relative to nude mice injected with negative control-agomir. Conclusions Our findings identified that increased miR-378a-3p exerted an inhibitory effect on RB cell proliferation by targeting FOXG1, suggesting the role of miR-378a-3p as a novel therapeutic target for RB.
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14
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Zhen J, Zhang H, Dong H, Tong X. miR-9-3p inhibits glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis by directly targeting FOXG1. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2007-2015. [PMID: 32724447 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence indicating that microRNA (miR)-9-3p expression is abnormal in patients with glioma; however, the role of miR-9-3p in glioma remains unclear. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical assays were conducted to assess miR-9-3p and forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) expression, respectively. A luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the target of miR-9-3p. Moreover, cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to assess proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The present study demonstrated that miR-9-3p is significantly downregulated, and FOXG1 is significantly upregulated, in patients with glioma. miR-9-3p overexpression inhibited proliferation and increased the apoptosis of both U87MG and TG-905 cells. In addition, FOXG1 was identified as a direct target of miR-9-3p, and FOXG1 silencing enhanced the inhibitory effect of miR-9-3p on proliferation and apoptosis in U87 MG and TG-905 cells. In conclusion, the present results suggest that miR-9-3p may suppress malignant biological properties by targeting FOXG1. Thus, miR-9-3p may serve as a diagnostic target and novel prognostic marker in patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Zhen
- Department of Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Hengxun Zhang
- Department of Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Dong
- Department of Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Tong
- Department of Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
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15
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Vivar R, Humeres C, Anfossi R, Bolivar S, Catalán M, Hill J, Lavandero S, Diaz-Araya G. Role of FoxO3a as a negative regulator of the cardiac myofibroblast conversion induced by TGF-β1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118695. [PMID: 32169420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are necessary to maintain extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis in the heart. Normally, CFs are quiescent and secrete small amounts of ECM components, whereas, in pathological conditions, they differentiate into more active cells called cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF). CMF conversion is characteristic of cardiac fibrotic diseases, such as heart failure and diabetic cardiomyopathy. TGF-β1 is a key protein involved in CMF conversion. SMADs are nuclear factor proteins activated by TGF-β1 that need other proteins, such as forkhead box type O (FoxO) family members, to promote CMF conversion. FoxO1, a member of this family protein, is necessary for TGF-β1-induced CMF conversion, whereas the role of FoxO3a, another FoxO family member, is unknown. FoxO3a plays an important role in many fibrotic processes in the kidney and lung. However, the participation of FoxO3a in the conversion of CFs into CMF is not clear. In this paper, we demonstrate that TGF-β1 decreases the activation and expression of FoxO3a in CFs. FoxO3a regulation by TGF-β1 requires activated SMAD3, ERK1/2 and Akt. Furthermore, we show that FoxO1 is crucial in the FoxO3a regulation induced by TGF-β1, as shown by overexpressed FoxO1 enhancing and silenced FoxO1 suppressing the effects of TGF-β1 on FoxO3a. Finally, the regulation of TGF-β1-induced CMF conversion was enhanced by FoxO3a silencing and suppressed by inhibited FoxO3a degradation. Considering these collective findings, we suggest that FoxO3a acts as a negative regulator of the CMF conversion that is induced by TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio Humeres
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samir Bolivar
- Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph Hill
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Araya
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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16
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Hou PS, hAilín DÓ, Vogel T, Hanashima C. Transcription and Beyond: Delineating FOXG1 Function in Cortical Development and Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:35. [PMID: 32158381 PMCID: PMC7052011 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead Box G1 (FOXG1) is a member of the Forkhead family of genes with non-redundant roles in brain development, where alteration of this gene's expression significantly affects the formation and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex. FOXG1 haploinsufficiency in humans is associated with prominent differences in brain size and impaired intellectual development noticeable in early childhood, while homozygous mutations are typically fatal. As such, FOXG1 has been implicated in a wide spectrum of congenital brain disorders, including the congenital variant of Rett syndrome, infantile spasms, microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. Recent technological advances have yielded greater insight into phenotypic variations observed in FOXG1 syndrome, molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of the disease, and multifaceted roles of FOXG1 expression. In this review, we explore the emerging mechanisms of FOXG1 in a range of transcriptional to posttranscriptional events in order to evolve our current view of how a single transcription factor governs the assembly of an elaborate cortical circuit responsible for higher cognitive functions and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Hou
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Darren Ó hAilín
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vogel
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModul Basics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Liu YQ, Wu F, Li JJ, Li YF, Liu X, Wang Z, Chai RC. Gene Expression Profiling Stratifies IDH-Wildtype Glioblastoma With Distinct Prognoses. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1433. [PMID: 31921684 PMCID: PMC6929203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to determine the candidate genes that may function as biomarkers to further distinguish patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM), which are heterogeneous with respect to clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: We selected 41 candidate genes associated with overall survival (OS) using univariate Cox regression from IDH-wildtype GBM patients based on RNA sequencing (RNAseq) expression data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA, n = 105) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 139) cohorts. Next, a seven-gene-based risk signature was formulated according to Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression algorithm in the CGGA RNAseq database as a training set, while another 525 IDH-wildtype GBM patient TCGA datasets, consisting of RNA sequencing and microarray data, were used for validation. Patient survival in the low- and high-risk groups was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and the log-rank test. Uni-and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the prognosis value. Gene oncology (GO) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed for the functional analysis of the seven-gene-based risk signature. Results: We developed a seven-gene-based signature, which allocated each patient to a risk group (low or high). Patients in the high-risk group had dramatically shorter overall survival than their low-risk counterparts in three independent cohorts. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that the seven-gene signature remained an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, the seven-gene risk signature exhibited a striking prognostic validity, with AUC of 78.4 and 73.9%, which was higher than for traditional “age” (53.7%, 62.4%) and “GBM sub-type” (57.7%, 52.9%) in the CGGA- and TCGA-RNAseq databases, respectively. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis predicted that the seven-gene signature was involved in the inflammatory response, immune response, cell adhesion, and apoptotic process. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the seven-gene signature could be a potential prognostic biomarker. This study refined the current classification system of IDH-wildtype GBM and may provide a novel perspective for the research and individual therapy of IDH-wildtype GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jun Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Fang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Chao Chai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
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18
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Xiao Z, Wang Z, Hu B, Mao Z, Zhu D, Feng Y, Zhu Y. MiR-1299 promotes the synthesis and secretion of prolactin by inhibiting FOXO1 expression in drug-resistant prolactinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:79-85. [PMID: 31582213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolactinoma is a clinically common intracranial tumor. When serum prolactin levels are not controlled despite administration of a dopamine agonist, the condition is referred to as drug-resistant prolactinoma. The mechanism underlying persistent prolactin secretion in drug-resistant prolactinoma remains unclear. MicroRNAs play an important role in tumorigenesis and development as well as chemotherapeutic resistance. This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism by which miRNA regulates prolactin secretion in drug-resistant prolactinoma. We first found that miR-1299 was elevated in drug-resistant prolactinoma and inhibited FOXO1 in a targeted manner through miRNA sequencing and luciferase assays. We then confirmed that FOXO1 binds to the promoter of the prolactin gene to inhibit its expression through chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and cytological experiments. Finally, inhibition or overexpression of miR-1299 in primary tumor cells confirmed that drug-resistant prolactinoma promoted prolactin secretion by promoting miR-1299 expression and reducing intracellular FOXO1. These results indicate that FOXO1 and miR-1299 are potential therapeutic targets for drug-resistant prolactinoma as well as other pituitary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zongming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dimin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yajuan Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yonghong Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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19
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Abstract
Brain development is a highly regulated process that involves the precise spatio-temporal activation of cell signaling cues. Transcription factors play an integral role in this process by relaying information from external signaling cues to the genome. The transcription factor Forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) is expressed in the developing nervous system with a critical role in forebrain development. Altered dosage of FOXG1 due to deletions, duplications, or functional gain- or loss-of-function mutations, leads to a complex array of cellular effects with important consequences for human disease including neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review studies in multiple species and cell models where FOXG1 dose is altered. We argue against a linear, symmetrical relationship between FOXG1 dosage states, although FOXG1 levels at the right time and place need to be carefully regulated. Neurodevelopmental disease states caused by mutations in FOXG1 may therefore be regulated through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan C Hettige
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Psychiatric Genetics Group, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carl Ernst
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Psychiatric Genetics Group, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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