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Fu Z, Qi Y, Xue LF, Xu YX, Yue J, Zhao JZ, Li C, Xiao W. LAMA5: A new pathogenic gene for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Biomed J 2024; 47:100627. [PMID: 37390938 PMCID: PMC10957387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of LAMA5 on palatal development in mice. METHODS The palatine process of C57BL/6 J fetal mice on the embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) was cultured in vitro via the rotating culture method. The LAMA5-shRNA adenovirus vector was constructed, then transfected into the palatal process of E13.5 for 48 h in vitro. A fluorescence microscope was used to visualize the fusion of palates. The expression of LAMA5 was also detected. The expression of ki67, cyclin D1, caspase 3, E-cadherin, vimentin and SHH signaling pathway-related signaling factors in the blank control group, the negative control group, and the LAMA5 interference group were detected after virus transfection. RESULTS The bilateral palates in the LAMA5 interference group were not fused after virus transfection. PCR and WB showed that the mRNA and protein expressions of LAMA5 were decreased in the LAMA5 interference group. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of ki67, cyclin D1 and gli1 were decreased in the LAMA5 interference group, while the mRNA and protein expressions of caspase 3 were increased. However, the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, Shh and ptch1 did not significantly change in the LAMA5 interference group. CONCLUSIONS LAMA5 silencing causes cleft palate by inhibiting the proliferation of mouse palatal cells and promoting apoptosis, which may not be involved in EMT. LAMA5 silencing can also cause cleft palate by interfering with the SHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling-Fa Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yao-Xiang Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Ze Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlin Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Department of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Won HJ, Kim JW, Won HS, Shin JO. Gene Regulatory Networks and Signaling Pathways in Palatogenesis and Cleft Palate: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2023; 12:1954. [PMID: 37566033 PMCID: PMC10416829 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient's quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. Recent investigations have revealed that palatal shelf growth, patterning, adhesion, and fusion are intricately regulated by numerous transcription factors and signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), transforming growth factor beta (Tgf-β), Wnt signaling, and others. These studies have also identified a significant number of genes that are essential for palate development. Integrated information from these studies offers novel insights into gene regulatory networks and dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, contact, and fusion, deepening our understanding of palatogenesis, and facilitating the development of more efficacious treatments for cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Won
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Jesaeng-Euise Clinical Anatomy Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
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Won HJ, Won HS, Shin JO. Increased miR-200c levels disrupt palatal fusion by affecting apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 664:43-49. [PMID: 37137222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian palate separates the oral and nasal cavities, facilitating proper feeding, respiration, and speech. Palatal shelves, composed of neural crest-derived mesenchyme and surrounding epithelium, are a pair of maxillary prominences contributing to this structure. Palatogenesis reaches completion upon the fusion of the midline epithelial seam (MES) following contact between medial edge epithelium (MEE) cells in the palatal shelves. This process entails numerous cellular and molecular occurrences, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs derived from double-stranded hairpin precursors that regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNA sequences. Although miR-200c is a positive regulator of E-cadherin, its role in palatogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to explore the role of miR-200c in palate development. Before contact with palatal shelves, mir-200c was expressed in the MEE along with E-cadherin. After palatal shelf contact, miR-200c was present in the palatal epithelial lining and epithelial islands surrounding the fusion region but absent in the mesenchyme. The function of miR-200c was investigated by utilizing a lentiviral vector to facilitate overexpression. Ectopic expression of miR-200c resulted in E-cadherin upregulation, impaired dissolution of the MES, and reduced cell migration for palatal fusion. The findings imply that miR-200c is essential in palatal fusion as it governs E-cadherin expression, cell death, and cell migration, acting as a non-coding RNA. This study may contribute to clarifying the underlying molecular mechanisms in palate formation and provides insights into potential gene therapies for cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Won
- Department of Anatomy and Jesaeng-Euise Clinical Anatomy Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 33151, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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Fu Z, Yue J, Xue L, Xu Y, Ding Q, Xiao W. Using whole exome sequencing to identify susceptibility genes associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:107-118. [PMID: 36322204 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital birth defect in humans. Its incidence rate in China is as high as 1.82%, and is now a frequent deformity observed among the Chinese population; moreover, it varies across regions. Although the etiology of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) has been widely investigated, the results are inconsistent. The specific genes and mechanisms responsible for NSCL/P have not been fully understood. Whole exome sequencing (WES) is a new strategy for studying pathogenic genes. WES studies on NSCL/P have not been conducted in East China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen candidate genes of NSCL/P in East China using WES and analyze the temporal and spatial expressions of the candidate genes during embryonic palatal development. WES was performed in 30 children with NSCL/P from East China to screen candidate genes. A bioinformatics analysis was performed using commercially available software. Variants detected by WES were validated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. After WES, 506,144 single-nucleotide variant sites were found. The results of database comparison, functional analysis, and mass spectrometry revealed that only the laminin alpha 5 (LAMA5) gene (site: rs145192286) was associated with NSCL/P. Immunohistochemistry results showed that LAMA5 expression in the medial edge epithelium changed with formation, lifting, and contact during palatogenesis. Almost no LAMA5 expression was detected in the palatal mesenchyme or after palatal fusion. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results showed consistent trends. In conclusion, the WES results shows that the mutation at the site (rs145192286) of LAMA5 is associated with NSCL/P. The temporal and spatial expressions of LAMA5 during palatal development further demonstrate the involvement of this gene. Therefore, we speculate that LAMA5 is a new candidate pathogenic gene of NSCL/P. The identification of new pathogenic genes would help elucidate the pathogenesis of NSCL/P and provide a scientific basis for the prenatal diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NSCL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yue
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Lingfa Xue
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yaoxiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China. .,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China. .,Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Mukhopadhyay P, Smolenkova I, Seelan RS, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Spatiotemporal Expression and Functional Analysis of miRNA-22 in the Developing Secondary Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:27-38. [PMID: 34730446 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211054004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normal development of the embryonic orofacial region requires precise spatiotemporal coordination between numerous genes. MicroRNAs represent small, single-stranded, non-coding molecules that regulate gene expression. This study examines the role of microRNA-22 (miR-22) in murine orofacial ontogeny. METHODS Spatiotemporal and differential expression of miR-22 (mmu-miR-22-3p) within the developing secondary palate was determined by in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Bioinformatic approaches were used to predict potential mRNA targets of miR-22 and analyze their association with cellular functions indispensable for normal orofacial ontogeny. An in vitro palate organ culture system was used to assess the role of miR-22 in secondary palate development. RESULTS There was a progressive increase in miR-22 expression from GD12.5 to GD14.5 in palatal processes. On GD12.5 and GD13.5, miR-22 was expressed in the future oral, nasal, and medial edge epithelia. On GD14.5, miR-22 expression was observed in the residual midline epithelial seam (MES), the nasal epithelium and the mesenchyme, but not in the oral epithelium. Inhibition of miR-22 activity in palate organ cultures resulted in failure of MES removal. Bioinformatic analyses revealed potential mRNA targets of miR-22 that may play significant roles in regulating apoptosis, migration, and/or convergence/extrusion, developmental processes that modulate MES removal during palatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Results from the current study suggest a key role for miR-22 in the removal of the MES during palatogenesis and that miR-22 may represent a potential contributor to the etiology of cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, 5170University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Irina Smolenkova
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, 5170University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, 5170University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, 5170University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, 5170University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
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Pijuan J, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Natera-de Benito D, Ortez C, Altimir A, Osuna-López M, Roura M, Ugalde M, Van de Vondel L, Reina-Castillón J, Fons C, Benítez R, Nascimento A, Hoenicka J, Palau F. Translational Diagnostics: An In-House Pipeline to Validate Genetic Variants in Children with Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases. J Mol Diagn 2020; 23:71-90. [PMID: 33223419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis is essential for the management and treatment of patients with rare diseases. In a group of patients, the genetic study identifies variants of uncertain significance or inconsistent with the phenotype; therefore, it is urgent to develop novel strategies to reach the definitive diagnosis. Herein, we develop the in-house Translational Diagnostics Program (TDP) to validate genetic variants as part of the diagnostic process with the close collaboration of physicians, clinical scientists, and research scientists. The first 7 of 33 consecutive patients for whom exome-based tests were not diagnostic were investigated. The TDP pipeline includes four steps: (i) phenotype assessment, (ii) literature review and prediction of in silico pathogenicity, (iii) experimental functional studies, and (iv) diagnostic decision-making. Re-evaluation of the phenotype and re-analysis of the exome allowed the diagnosis in one patient. In the remaining patients, the studies included either cDNA cloning or PCR-amplified genomic DNA, or the use of patients' fibroblasts. A comparative computational analysis of confocal microscopy images and studies related to the protein function was performed. In five of these six patients, evidence of pathogenicity of the genetic variant was found, which was validated by physicians. The current research demonstrates the feasibility of the TDP to support and resolve intramural medical problems when the clinical significance of the patient variant is unknown or inconsistent with the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pijuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Sanz
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arola Altimir
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Osuna-López
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Roura
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maddi Ugalde
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liedewei Van de Vondel
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Reina-Castillón
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Fons
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Benítez
- Automatic Control Department and Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Hoenicka
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Palau
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine-Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetic Medicine-IPER, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Clinic Institute of Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Verheijen N, Suttorp CM, van Rheden REM, Regan RF, Helmich MPAC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Wagener FADTG. CXCL12-CXCR4 Interplay Facilitates Palatal Osteogenesis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:771. [PMID: 32974338 PMCID: PMC7471603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), identified by expression of transcription factor Sox9, migrate to the first branchial arch and undergo proliferation and differentiation to form the cartilage and bone structures of the orofacial region, including the palatal bone. Sox9 promotes osteogenic differentiation and stimulates CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine-receptor signaling, which elevates alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-activity in osteoblasts to initiate bone mineralization. Disintegration of the midline epithelial seam (MES) is crucial for palatal fusion. Since we earlier demonstrated chemokine-receptor mediated signaling by the MES, we hypothesized that chemokine CXCL12 is expressed by the disintegrating MES to promote the formation of an osteogenic center by CXCR4-positive osteoblasts. Disturbed migration of CNCCs by excess oxidative and inflammatory stress is associated with increased risk of cleft lip and palate (CLP). The cytoprotective heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes are powerful guardians harnessing injurious oxidative and inflammatory stressors and enhances osteogenic ALP-activity. By contrast, abrogation of HO-1 or HO-2 expression promotes pregnancy pathologies. We postulate that Sox9, CXCR4, and HO-1 are expressed in the ALP-activity positive osteogenic regions within the CNCCs-derived palatal mesenchyme. To investigate these hypotheses, we studied expression of Sox9, CXCL12, CXCR4, and HO-1 in relation to palatal osteogenesis between E15 and E16 using (immuno)histochemical staining of coronal palatal sections in wild-type (wt) mice. In addition, the effects of abrogated HO-2 expression in HO-2 KO mice and inhibited HO-1 and HO-2 activity by administrating HO-enzyme activity inhibitor SnMP at E11 in wt mice were investigated at E15 or E16 following palatal fusion. Overexpression of Sox9, CXCL12, CXCR4, and HO-1 was detected in the ALP-activity positive osteogenic regions within the palatal mesenchyme. Overexpression of Sox9 and CXCL12 by the disintegrating MES was detected. Neither palatal fusion nor MES disintegration seemed affected by either HO-2 abrogation or inhibition of HO-activity. Sox9 progenitors seem important to maintain the CXCR4-positive osteoblast pool to drive osteogenesis. Sox9 expression may facilitate MES disintegration and palatal fusion by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). CXCL12 expression by the MES and the palatal mesenchyme may promote osteogenic differentiation to create osteogenic centers. This study provides novel evidence that CXCL12-CXCR4 interplay facilitates palatal osteogenesis and palatal fusion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanne Verheijen
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan M Suttorp
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - René E M van Rheden
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria P A C Helmich
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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8
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Xiao WL, Yu G, Zhao N. Development and gene expression of C57BL/6 mouse embryo palate shelves in rotary organ culture. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1235-1242. [PMID: 32010294 PMCID: PMC6966210 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to improve methods for the suspension culture of mouse palatal shelves by comparing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α in palatal shelves in vivo, to that in vitro. The palatal shelves of C57BL/6 mouse embryos were obtained on gestation days (GDs) 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5 for in vivo experiments. The palatal shelves were removed and observed under a stereomicroscope to investigate palatal development. For in vitro experiments, the palatal shelves were dissected under a stereomicroscope on GD 13.5 and then subjected to rotary culture for 0, 24, 36 or 48 h. The expression of PDGFR-α at different time points was detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Both methods of analysis displayed PDGFR-α expression in mesenchymal and epithelial cells at GD 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5, in vivo and in vitro. The level of PDGFR-α expression peaked on GD 14.5. The expression of PDGFR-α in palatal shelves in in vitro rotary culture was consistent with that in vivo. Therefore, the novel technique of palatal rotary organ culture presented in the current study could provide a good model for studying the mechanism of pathological palatal fusion in vitro. Additionally, the present study further confirmed that PDGFR-α gene expression was associated with the development of palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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