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Pan F, Hu D, Sun LJ, Bai Q, Wang YS, Hou X. Valproate reduces retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in rats after optic nerve crush. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1607-1612. [PMID: 36571369 PMCID: PMC10075129 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells of the optic nerve have a limited capacity for self-repair after injury. Valproate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor and multitarget drug, which has been demonstrated to protect retinal neurons. In this study, we established rat models of optic nerve-crush injury and injected valproate into the vitreous cavity immediately after modeling. We evaluated changes in the ultrastructure morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum of retinal ganglion cells over time via transmission electron microscope. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay revealed that valproate upregulated the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker glucose-regulated protein 78 and downregulated the expression of transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein, phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, and caspase-12 in the endoplasmic reticulum of retinal ganglion cells. These findings suggest that valproate reduces apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in the rat after optic nerve-crush injury by attenuating phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-C/EBP homologous protein signaling and caspase-12 activation during endoplasmic reticulum stress. These findings represent a newly discovered mechanism that regulates how valproate protects neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Chen H, Ma J, Ma X. Administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid attenuates dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 570:96-102. [PMID: 34274852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are known to induce skeletal muscle atrophy by suppressing protein synthesis and promoting protein degradation. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) has beneficial effects in several diseases, such as hepatobiliary disorders, hindlimb ischemia and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. However, the effects of TUDCA on glucocorticoid -induced skeletal muscle atrophy remains unknown. Therefore, in the present research, we explored the effects of TUDCA on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced loss and the potential mechanisms involved. We found TUDCA alleviated DEX-induced muscle wasting in C2C12 myotubes, identified by improved myotube differentiation index and expression of myogenin and MHC. And it showed that TUDCA activated the Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway and inhibited FoxO3a transcriptional activity to decreased expression of MuRF1 and Atrogin-1, while blocking Akt by MK2206 blocked these effects of TUDCA on myotubes. Besides, TUDCA also attenuated DEX-induced apoptosis of myotubes. Furthermore, TUDCA was administrated to the mouse model of DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. The results showed that TUDCA improved DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness (identified by increased grip strength and prolonged running exhaustive time) in mice by suppression of apoptosis, reduction of protein degradation and promotion of protein synthesis. Taken together, our research proved for the first time that TUDCA protected against DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy not only by improving myogenic differentiation and protein synthesis, but also through decreasing protein degradation and apoptosis of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengting Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jianxiong Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinlong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Li JJ, Liu HH, Wu NQ, Yeo KK, Tan K, Ako J, Krittayaphong R, Tan RS, Aylward PE, Baek SH, Dalal J, Fong AYY, Li YH, O'Brien RC, Lim TSE, Koh SYN, Scherer DJ, Tada H, Kang V, Butters J, Nicholls SJ. Statin intolerance: an updated, narrative review mainly focusing on muscle adverse effects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:837-851. [PMID: 32729743 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1802426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins have been established as the standard of care for dyslipidemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases while posing few safety concerns. However, misconceptions about statin intolerance lead to their underuse, indicating a need to improve the understanding of the safety of this treatment. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed and reviewed literatures related to statin intolerance published between February 2015 and February 2020. Important large-scale or landmark studies published before 2015 were also cited as key evidence. EXPERT OPINION Optimal lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with statins substantially reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. Muscle adverse events (AEs) were the most frequently reported AEs by statin users in clinical practice, but they usually occurred at a similar rate with statins and placebo in randomized controlled trials and had a spurious causal relationship with statin treatment. We proposed a rigorous definition for identifying true statin intolerance and present the criteria for defining different forms of muscle AEs and an algorithm for their management. True statin intolerance is uncommon, and every effort should be made to exclude false statin intolerance and ensure optimal use of statins. For the management of statin intolerance, statin-based approaches should be prioritized over non-statin approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Na-Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Khung Keong Yeo
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre and SingHealth Duke-NUS Cardiovascular Sciences , Singapore
| | - Kathryn Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University , Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rungroj Krittayaphong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ru San Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre and SingHealth Duke-NUS Cardiovascular Sciences , Singapore
| | - Philip E Aylward
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sang Hong Baek
- Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jamshed Dalal
- Centre for Cardiac Sciences, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital , Mumbai, India
| | - Alan Yean Yip Fong
- Department of Cardiology, Sarawak Heart Centre; and Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital , Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Heng Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital , Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Richard C O'Brien
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tien Siang Eric Lim
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre and SingHealth Duke-NUS Cardiovascular Sciences , Singapore
| | - Si Ya Natalie Koh
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre and SingHealth Duke-NUS Cardiovascular Sciences , Singapore
| | - Daniel J Scherer
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Julie Butters
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
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Nikolic D, Banach M, Chianetta R, Luzzu LM, Pantea Stoian A, Diaconu CC, Citarrella R, Montalto G, Rizzo M. An overview of statin-induced myopathy and perspectives for the future. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:601-615. [PMID: 32233708 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1747431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Statins remain the most commonly prescribed lipid-lowering drug class for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Their well-recognized side effects are known as statin-associated muscle symptom (SAMS). Some advances in this field have been made in recent years, but the understanding of the mechanisms has lagged. Investigating the specific role of the anti-HMGCR autoantibody, pharmacokinetic genetic variants, characterization of the known phenotypes of statin toxicity, in relation to clinical markers of disease, is of high importance.Areas covered: We summarized currently available findings (on PubMed) related to SAMS and discussed the therapeutic approaches, risk factors, drug interactions, potential novel systems, algorithms and biomarkers for SAMS detection. CoQ10 supplementation has been suggested as a complementary approach to manage SAMS, while vitamin D levels may be useful for both the diagnosis and management.Expert Opinion/Commentary: Further studies might help to understand the easiest way to diagnose SAMS, suitable prevention and an effective non-statin therapy. This review sheds new light on the future directions in both research and clinical practice, which will help with rapid risk assessment, identification of the SAMS risk factors in order to decrease the incidence of statins' adverse effects, and the most effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikolic
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,BELSS, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Roberta Chianetta
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,BELSS, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Marco Luzzu
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Cristina Diaconu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roberto Citarrella
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Yalcinkaya M, Kerksiek A, Gebert K, Annema W, Sibler R, Radosavljevic S, Lütjohann D, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. HDL inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in vitro by activation of Smoothened. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:492-504. [PMID: 31907205 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and function as a result of sustained ER stress is a core step in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. The complex control of β-cells and insulin production involves hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways as well as cholesterol-mediated effects. In fact, data from studies in humans and animal models suggest that HDL protects against the development of diabetes through inhibition of ER stress and β-cell apoptosis. We investigated the mechanism by which HDL inhibits ER stress and apoptosis induced by thapsigargin, a sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, in β-cells of a rat insulinoma cell line, INS1e. We further explored effects on the Hh signaling receptor Smoothened (SMO) with pharmacologic agonists and inhibitors. Interference with sterol synthesis or efflux enhanced β-cell apoptosis and abrogated the anti-apoptotic activity of HDL. During ER stress, HDL facilitated the efflux of specific oxysterols, including 24-hydroxycholesterol (OHC). Supplementation of reconstituted HDL with 24-OHC enhanced and, in cells lacking ABCG1 or the 24-OHC synthesizing enzyme CYP46A1, restored the protective activity of HDL. Inhibition of SMO countered the beneficial effects of HDL and also LDL, and SMO agonists decreased β-cell apoptosis in the absence of ABCG1 or CYP46A1. The translocation of the SMO-activated transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene GLI-1 was inhibited by ER stress but restored by both HDL and 24-OHC. In conclusion, the protective effect of HDL to counter ER stress and β-cell death involves the transport, generation, and mobilization of oxysterols for activation of the Hh signaling receptor SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Gebert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Sibler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvija Radosavljevic
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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