1
|
Warnet XL, Bakke Krog H, Sevillano-Quispe OG, Poulsen H, Kjaergaard M. The C-terminal domains of the NMDA receptor: How intrinsically disordered tails affect signalling, plasticity and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6713-6739. [PMID: 32464691 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are part of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, and are crucial for neurotransmission and memory. At the cellular level, the effects of activating these receptors include long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). The NMDA receptor is a stringently gated cation channel permeable to Ca2+ , and it shares the molecular architecture of a tetrameric ligand-gated ion channel with the other family members. Its subunits, however, have uniquely long cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs). While the molecular gymnastics of the extracellular domains have been described in exquisite detail, much less is known about the structure and function of these CTDs. The CTDs vary dramatically in length and sequence between receptor subunits, but they all have a composition characteristic of intrinsically disordered proteins. The CTDs affect channel properties, trafficking and downstream signalling output from the receptor, and these functions are regulated by alternative splicing, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and palmitoylation. Here, we review the roles of the CTDs in synaptic plasticity with a focus on biochemical mechanisms. In total, the CTDs play a multifaceted role as a modifier of channel function, a regulator of cellular location and abundance, and signalling scaffold control the downstream signalling output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier L Warnet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Bakke Krog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Oscar G Sevillano-Quispe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Magnus Kjaergaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vieira M, Yong XLH, Roche KW, Anggono V. Regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor functions by the GluN2 subunits. J Neurochem 2020; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31978252 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate the flux of calcium (Ca2+ ) into the post-synaptic compartment. Ca2+ influx subsequently triggers the activation of various intracellular signalling cascades that underpin multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. Functional NMDARs are assembled as heterotetramers composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. Four different GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D) are present throughout the central nervous system; however, they are differentially expressed, both developmentally and spatially, in a cell- and synapse-specific manner. Each GluN2 subunit confers NMDARs with distinct ion channel properties and intracellular trafficking pathways. Regulated membrane trafficking of NMDARs is a dynamic process that ultimately determines the number of NMDARs at synapses, and is controlled by subunit-specific interactions with various intracellular regulatory proteins. Here we review recent progress made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the trafficking of GluN2-containing NMDARs, focusing on the roles of several key synaptic proteins that interact with NMDARs via their carboxyl termini.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vieira
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuan Ling Hilary Yong
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|