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Klymiuk MC, Balz N, Elashry MI, Wenisch S, Arnhold S. Effect of storage conditions on the quality of equine and canine mesenchymal stem cell derived nanoparticles including extracellular vesicles for research and therapy. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:80. [PMID: 38700790 PMCID: PMC11068712 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles including extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells are of increasing interest for research and clinical use in regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including also previously named exosomes, provide a promising cell-free tool for therapeutic applications, which is probably a safer approach to achieve sufficient healing. Storage of EVs may be necessary for clinical applications as well as for further experiments, as the preparation is sometimes laborious and larger quantities tend to be gained. For this purpose, nanoparticles were obtained from mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (AdMSC) of horses and dogs. The EVs were then stored for 7 days under different conditions (- 20 °C, 4 °C, 37 °C) and with the addition of various additives (5 mM EDTA, 25-250 µM trehalose). Afterwards, the size and number of EVs was determined using the nano tracking analyzing method. With our investigations, we were able to show that storage of EVs for up to 7 days at 4 °C does not require the addition of supplements. For the other storage conditions, in particular freezing and storage at room temperature, the addition of EDTA was found to be suitable for preventing aggregation of the particles. Contrary to previous publications, trehalose seems not to be a suitable cryoprotectant for AdMSC-derived EVs. The data are useful for processing and storage of isolated EVs for further experiments or clinical approaches in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Christian Klymiuk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Natalie Balz
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mohamed I Elashry
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Wenisch
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Kikuchi T, Nishimura M, Shirakawa C, Fujita Y, Otoi T. Avoiding aggregation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells stored in cell preservation solutions. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:123-127. [PMID: 38363434 PMCID: PMC10917824 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikuchi
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan.
| | - Masuhiro Nishimura
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Chikage Shirakawa
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Fujita
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, 2272-2 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, 779-3233, Japan
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Data K, Kulus M, Ziemak H, Chwarzyński M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Bukowska D, Antosik P, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B. Decellularization of Dense Regular Connective Tissue-Cellular and Molecular Modification with Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2023; 12:2293. [PMID: 37759515 PMCID: PMC10528602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing of dense regular connective tissue, due to a high fiber-to-cell ratio and low metabolic activity and regeneration potential, frequently requires surgical implantation or reconstruction with high risk of reinjury. An alternative to synthetic implants is using bioscaffolds obtained through decellularization, a process where the aim is to extract cells from the tissue while preserving the tissue-specific native molecular structure of the ECM. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other various extracellular molecules are largely involved in differentiation, proliferation, vascularization and collagen fibers deposit, making them the crucial processes in tissue regeneration. Because of the multiple possible forms of cell extraction, there is no standardized protocol in dense regular connective tissue (DRCT). Many modifications of the structure, shape and composition of the bioscaffold have also been described to improve the therapeutic result following the implantation of decellularized connective tissue. The available data provide a valuable source of crucial information. However, the wide spectrum of decellularization makes it important to understand the key aspects of bioscaffolds relative to their potential use in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Data
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Ziemak
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Chwarzyński
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiolgy Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Physiolgy Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
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Xia P, Yan S, Li G, Yin J. Preparation of Assemblable Chondral and Subchondral Bone Microtissues for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12089-12105. [PMID: 35244384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microtissues exhibit great advantages in injecting with minimum invasiveness, mimicking natural tissues, and promoting tissue regeneration. However, very few studies have focused on the construction of osteochondral microtissues that could simultaneously support hyaline-like cartilage and bone tissue regeneration. In this study, chondral microtissues that could favor the formation of hyaline-like cartilages and subchondral bone microtissues that could repair subchondral defects to support the neo-generated cartilages were successfully constructed for osteochondral tissue engineering. For chondral repair, the developed chondral microgels with high porosity and hydrophilicity could make cells spherical, favor the formation of cell aggregates, and show an excellent differentiation effect toward hyaline-like cartilage, thus contributing to the production of chondral microtissues. For subchondral bone repair, the fabricated subchondral microgels realize cell adhesion and proliferation and support the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, thus favoring the formation of subchondral bone microtissues. The injectable chondral and subchondral bone microtissues could be stably assembled by Michael addition reaction between sulfhydryl groups of microtissues and double bonds of hydrophilic macromolecular cross-linker. At 12 weeks postimplantation, osteochondral microtissues could support the reconstruction of osteochondral-like tissues. The present study provides new insight into the microtissues for repair of osteochondral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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Ishihara K, Narita Y, Teramura Y, Fukazawa K. Preparation of Magnetic Hydrogel Microparticles with Cationic Surfaces and Their Cell-Assembling Performance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5107-5117. [PMID: 34677934 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cationic magnetic hydrogel microparticles with high retention on cell surfaces were prepared using a two-step procedure. Using these magnetic hydrogel microparticles, cells were clustered with each other, and cell aggregates were prepared effectively. Cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel microparticles containing iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared. The diameter of the microparticles was in the range of 200-500 nm. Water-soluble cationic polymers containing both trimethyl ammonium (TMA) groups and phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups were synthesized for the surface modification of the microparticles. To regulate the composition, electrically neutral phosphorylcholine groups were introduced into the polymer. Covalent bonds were formed between the hydroxy groups of PVA microparticles and PBA groups in the polymer. The surface zeta potential of the microparticles reflected the composition of the TMA groups. The particles responded to an external magnetic field and clustered rapidly. Microparticles were adsorbed on the floating cell surface and induced cell aggregation quickly when a magnetic field was applied. Under the most effective conditions, the diameter of the cell aggregates increased to approximately 1 mm after 30 min. Denser cell aggregates were formed by the synergistic effects of the magnetic field and the properties of the microparticles. The formed cell aggregates continued to grow for more than 4 days under an applied magnetic field, indicating that the ability of the cells in the aggregate to proliferate was well maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yusuke Narita
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fukazawa
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Li Q, Xu S, Feng Q, Dai Q, Yao L, Zhang Y, Gao H, Dong H, Chen D, Cao X. 3D printed silk-gelatin hydrogel scaffold with different porous structure and cell seeding strategy for cartilage regeneration. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3396-3410. [PMID: 33842736 PMCID: PMC8010633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds are attractive for tissue defect repair and reorganization because of their human tissue-like characteristics. However, most hydrogels offer limited cell growth and tissue formation ability due to their submicron- or nano-sized gel networks, which restrict the supply of oxygen, nutrients and inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated cells. In recent years, 3D printed hydrogels have shown great potential to overcome this problem by introducing macro-pores within scaffolds. In this study, we fabricated a macroporous hydrogel scaffold through horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated crosslinking of silk fibroin (SF) and tyramine-substituted gelatin (GT) by extrusion-based low-temperature 3D printing. Through physicochemical characterization, we found that this hydrogel has excellent structural stability, suitable mechanical properties, and an adjustable degradation rate, thus satisfying the requirements for cartilage reconstruction. Cell suspension and aggregate seeding methods were developed to assess the inoculation efficiency of the hydrogel. Moreover, the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells was explored. Stem cells in the hydrogel differentiated into hyaline cartilage when the cell aggregate seeding method was used and into fibrocartilage when the cell suspension was used. Finally, the effect of the hydrogel and stem cells were investigated in a rabbit cartilage defect model. After implantation for 12 and 16 weeks, histological evaluation of the sections was performed. We found that the enzymatic cross-linked and methanol treatment SF5GT15 hydrogel combined with cell aggregates promoted articular cartilage regeneration. In summary, this 3D printed macroporous SF-GT hydrogel combined with stem cell aggregates possesses excellent potential for application in cartilage tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Modern Industrial Technology of SCUT, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528437, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Qi Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Qiyuan Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Longtao Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Huichang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Hua Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Research Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510641, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Modern Industrial Technology of SCUT, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528437, China
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PKN2 is involved in aggregation and spheroid formation of fibroblasts in suspension culture by regulating cell motility and N-cadherin expression. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100895. [PMID: 33437883 PMCID: PMC7787963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Protein Kinase N2 (PKN2, also known as PRK2/PKNγ) in cell aggregate/spheroid formation in suspension culture was investigated using immortalized fibroblasts established from PKN2flox/flox mouse embryos. PKN2flox/flox cells formed cell aggregates in flat bottom low attachment well plates, such as 2% agar and poly-2-hydroxyethymethacrylate coated plates, however, Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells in which PKN2 was depleted by the introduction of Cre-recombinase rarely formed aggregates. Time-lapse analysis revealed that the velocity of Cre;PKN2flox/flox cell motility was significantly lower than that of PKN2flox/flox in a low attachment flat-bottom plate, which likely resulted in a lower cell-cell contact frequency among Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells. Conversely, Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells could form initial cell aggregates in U-bottom low attachment well plates, however, the succeeding compaction process was delayed in Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells with decreased roundness, although PKN2flox/flox cells underwent compaction in a round shape spheroid within 24 h. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the preparation of the cell suspension from adherent conditions using trypsin/EDTA treatment significantly decreased the expression of N-cadherin in both PKN2flox/flox and Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells. The N-cadherin expression level recovered time-dependently; however, the recovery of N-cadherin was significantly delayed in Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells compared to PKN2flox/flox cells. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR revealed that N-cadherin mRNA in Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells was significantly lower than that of PKN2flox/flox cells. These results suggest that PKN2 controls the velocity of cell motility and the transcription of N-cadherin in fibroblasts, leading to cell aggregation and compaction for spheroid formation in suspension culture. PKN2 is involved in initial fibroblast aggregation by regulating cell motility. PKN2 is involved in compaction of fibroblasts in suspension. N-cadherin protein level seems to be a key element for compaction of fibroblasts. PKN2 controls transcription of N-cadherin mRNA in fibroblasts.
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Mehruba M, Siddique SM, Mukai H. PKN1 controls the aggregation, spheroid formation, and viability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in suspension culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:398-404. [PMID: 31870546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of protein kinase N1 (PKN1) in cell aggregation and spheroid formation was investigated using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in kinase activity caused by a point mutation (T778A) in the activation loop. Wild type (WT) MEFs formed cell aggregates within a few hours in suspension cultures placed in poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (poly-HEMA) coated flat-bottom dishes. By contrast, PKN1[T778A] (PKN1 T778A/T778A homozygous knock-in) MEFs showed significantly delayed aggregate formation and higher susceptibility to cell death. Video analysis of suspension cultures revealed decreased cell motility and lesser frequency of cell-cell contact in PKN1[T778A] MEFs compared to that in WT MEFs. Aggregate formation of PKN1[T778A] MEFs was compensated by shaking the cell suspension. When cultured in U-shaped ultra-low attachment well plates, initially larger-sized and loosely packed aggregates of WT MEFs underwent compaction resulting in a single round spheroid. On the other hand, image-based quantitative analysis of PKN1[T778A] MEFs revealed irregular compaction with decreased roundness, solidity, and sphericity within 24 h. Flow cytometry of PKN1[T778A] MEFs revealed decreased surface-expression of N-cadherin and integrins α5 and αV. These results suggest that kinase activity of PKN1 controls cell aggregation and spheroid compaction in MEF suspension culture, possibly by regulating the cell migration and cell-surface expression of N-cadherin and integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Sialomucin and phosphorylated-ERM are inhibitors for cadherin-mediated aggregate formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:159-165. [PMID: 31582216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is mediated by adhesion molecules, but also regulated by adhesion inhibitory molecules. Molecules such as leukocyte sialomucin and phosphorylated-Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) inhibit cell-substratum adhesion. Here we show that these adhesion inhibitory molecules also inhibit aggregate formation of adherent cells in suspension culture. Expression of sialomucin, CD43 or CD34, inhibited formation of packed aggregates in HEK293T cells. Deletion mutant analysis and enzymatic cleavage indicated the significance of the extracellular sialomucin domain for this inhibition. Meanwhile, phosphorylated-ERM were decreased coincidently with aggregate formation. Combined with the inhibition of aggregate formation by the expression of phospho-mimetic Moesin mutant (Moesin-T558D), phosphorylated-ERM are inhibitors for aggregate formation. Increase of phosphorylated-ERM by CD43 and sialomucin-dependence of Moesin-T558D's inhibition indicate that sialomucin and phosphorylated-ERM collaborate to inhibit aggregate formation. Because aggregate formation of HEK293T cells is mediated by N-cadherin, sialomucin and phosphorylated-ERM inhibit cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Thus, sialomucin and phosphorylated-ERM are inhibitors for both cell-cell adhesion and cell-substratum adhesion, and regulation of these inhibitory molecules is essential for cell adhesion.
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