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Minakawa T, Yamashita JK. Versatile extracellular vesicle-mediated information transfer: intercellular synchronization of differentiation and of cellular phenotypes, and future perspectives. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:4. [PMID: 38225584 PMCID: PMC10789073 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted significant attention as carriers in intercellular communication. The vast array of information contained within EVs is critical for various cellular activities, such as proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types. Moreover, EVs are being employed in disease diagnostics, implicated in disease etiology, and have shown promise in tissue repair. Recently, a phenomenon has been discovered in which cellular phenotypes, including the progression of differentiation, are synchronized among cells via EVs. This synchronization could be prevalent in widespread different situations in embryogenesis and tissue organization and maintenance. Given the increasing research on multi-cellular tissues and organoids, the role of EV-mediated intercellular communication has become increasingly crucial. This review begins with fundamental knowledge of EVs and then discusses recent findings, various modes of information transfer via EVs, and synchronization of cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Minakawa
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Souza BK, Freire NH, Monteiro TS, Herlinger AL, Jaeger M, Dalmolin MGS, de Farias CB, Gregianin L, Brunetto AT, Brunetto AL, Thiele CJ, Roesler R. Histone Methyltransferases G9a/ Ehmt2 and GLP/ Ehmt1 Are Associated with Cell Viability and Poorer Prognosis in Neuroblastoma and Ewing Sarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15242. [PMID: 37894922 PMCID: PMC10607632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in epigenetic programming have been proposed as being key events in the initiation and progression of childhood cancers. HMT euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (G9a, EHMT2), which is encoded by the G9a (Ehmt2) gene, as well as its related protein GLP, which is encoded by the GLP/Ehmt1 gene, participate in epigenetic regulation by contributing to a transcriptionally repressed chromatin state. G9a/GLP activation has been reported in several cancer types. Herein, we evaluated the role of G9a in two solid pediatric tumors: neuroblastoma (NB) and Ewing sarcoma (ES). Our results show that G9a/Ehmt2 and GLP/Ehmt1 expression is higher in tumors with poorer prognosis, including St4 International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage, MYCN amplified NB, and metastatic ES. Importantly, higher G9a and GLP levels were associated with shorter patient overall survival (OS) in both NB and ES. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of G9a/GLP reduced cell viability in NB and ES cells. These findings suggest that G9a and GLP are associated with more aggressive NB and ES tumors and should be further investigated as being epigenetic targets in pediatric solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kunzler Souza
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Epigenica Biosciences, Canoas 92035-000, Brazil;
| | - Natalia Hogetop Freire
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Mariane Jaeger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Matheus G. S. Dalmolin
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Lauro Gregianin
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André T. Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Algemir L. Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Carol J. Thiele
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil (A.T.B.)
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
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Minakawa T, Matoba T, Ishidate F, Fujiwara TK, Takehana S, Tabata Y, Yamashita JK. Extracellular vesicles synchronize cellular phenotypes of differentiating cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12147. [PMID: 34533283 PMCID: PMC8447227 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, cells differentiate in a coordinated manner, aligning their fate decisions and differentiation stages with those of surrounding cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate this synchrony. Here we show that cells in close proximity synchronize their differentiation stages and cellular phenotypes with each other via extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated cellular communication. We previously established a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) line harbouring an inducible constitutively active protein kinase A (CA-PKA) gene and found that the ESCs rapidly differentiated into mesoderm after PKA activation. In the present study, we performed a co-culture of Control-ESCs and PKA-ESCs, finding that both ESC types rapidly differentiated in synchrony even when PKA was activated only in PKA-ESCs, a phenomenon we named 'Phenotypic Synchrony of Cells (PSyC)'. We further demonstrated PSyC was mediated by EVs containing miR-132. PKA-ESC-derived EVs and miR-132-containing artificial nano-vesicles similarly enhanced mesoderm and cardiomyocyte differentiation in ESCs and ex vivo embryos, respectively. PSyC is a new form of cell-cell communication mediated by the EV regulation of neighbouring cells and could be broadly involved in tissue development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Minakawa
- Department of Cell Growth and DifferentiationCentre for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineKyushu University Graduate School of Medical SciencesFukuokaJapan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ishidate
- iCeMS Analysis CentreInstitute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (WPI‐iCeMS)Kyoto University Institute for Advanced StudyKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Takahiro K. Fujiwara
- iCeMS Analysis CentreInstitute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (WPI‐iCeMS)Kyoto University Institute for Advanced StudyKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Sho Takehana
- Laboratory of BiomaterialsInstitute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of BiomaterialsInstitute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Jun K. Yamashita
- Department of Cell Growth and DifferentiationCentre for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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Kim N. pH variation impacts molecular pathways associated with somatic cell reprogramming and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:20-26. [PMID: 33488280 PMCID: PMC7812493 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The study of somatic cell reprogramming and cell differentiation is essential for the application of recent techniques in regenerative medicine. It is, specifically, necessary to determine the appropriate conditions required for the induction of reprogramming and cell differentiation. METHODS Based on a comprehensive literature review, the effects of pH fluctuation on alternative splicing, mitochondria, plasma membrane, and phase separation, in several cell types are discussed. Additionally, the associated molecular pathways important for the induction of differentiation and reprogramming are reviewed. RESULTS While cells change their state, several factors such as cytokines and physical parameters affect cellular reprogramming and differentiation. As the extracellular and intracellular pH affects biophysical phenomena in a cell, the effects of pH fluctuation can ultimately decide the cell fate through molecular pathways. Though few studies have reported on the direct effects of culture pH on cell state, there is substantial information on the pathways related to stem cell differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming that can be stimulated by environmental pH. CONCLUSION Environmental pH fluctuations may decide cell fate through the molecular pathways associated with somatic cell reprogramming and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Kim
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and EngineeringOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
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