Long noncoding RNA SNHG14 promotes osteosarcoma progression via miR-433-3p/FBXO22 axis

Osteosarcoma in a ceRNET perspective

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent and fatal type of bone tumor. It is characterized by great heterogeneity of genomic aberrations, mutated genes, and cell types contribution, making therapy and patients management particularly challenging. A unifying picture of molecular mechanisms underlying the disease could help to transform those challenges into opportunities.This review deeply explores the occurrence in OS of large-scale RNA regulatory networks, denominated "competing endogenous RNA network" (ceRNET), wherein different RNA biotypes, such as long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and mRNAs can functionally interact each other by competitively binding to shared microRNAs. Here, we discuss how the unbalancing of any network component can derail the entire circuit, driving OS onset and progression by impacting on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis, and even chemotherapeutic resistance, as distilled from many studies. Intriguingly, the aberrant expression of the networks components in OS cells can be triggered also by the surroundings, through cytokines and vesicles, with their bioactive cargo of proteins and non-coding RNAs, highlighting the relevance of tumor microenvironment. A comprehensive picture of RNA regulatory networks underlying OS could pave the way for the development of innovative RNA-targeted and RNA-based therapies and new diagnostic tools, also in the perspective of precision oncology.

miR-584-5p Inhibits Osteosarcoma Progression by Targeting Connective Tissue Growth Factor

Background: miR-584-5p is a critical regulator in the progression of multiple cancers. However, its specific role and downstream targets in osteosarcoma are unclear. This research investigated the roles and underlying mechanisms of miR-769-5p and the Hippo pathway in osteosarcoma cells. Materials and Methods: RT-qPCR, CCK-8 and EdU and colony formation, wound-healing and transwell chamber, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay detected the expression of miR-584-5p and CTGF, cell proliferation, migration, invasion apoptosis and protein expression. Result: Their study illuminated that miR-584-5p overexpression repressed osteosarcoma cell migration/invasion and proliferation and facilitated apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-584-5p targets negatively regulated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). miR-584-5p inhibited osteosarcoma cell metastasis by regulating CTGF. In addition, miR-584-5p inactivated the Hippo pathway through CTGF in osteosarcoma. Conclusion: miR-584-5p inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promotes apoptosis by targeting CTGF, indicating that miR-584-5p acts as a promising diagnostic and predictive biomarker for osteosarcoma.

Circular RNA circ_0000119 promotes cervical cancer cell growth and migration via miR-433-3p/PAK2 axis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of circ_0000119 on CC progression and its molecular mechanism. The expression levels of circ_0000119, miR-433-3p, and p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) in CC tissues and cell lines were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation was assessed using 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and colony formation assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasive ability were examined by Transwell assays. Downstream binding targets of circ_0000119 were predicted by online bioinformatics tools and confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, and RNA pull-down assay. The role of circ_0000119/miR-433-3p/PAK2 axis in regulating the CC process was explored by rescue experiments. A xenograft model was constructed to further determine the effect of circ_0000119 on CC tumor growth in vivo. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was conducted for Ki67 expression. Circ_0000119 was aberrantly upregulated in CC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of circ_0000119 inhibited CC cell proliferation, cell cycle progress, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis of CC cells. MiR-433-3p was a binding target of circ_0000119, and PAK2 was a downstream gene of miR-433-3p. MiR-433-3p inhibition reversed the inhibitory effect of silencing circ_0000119 on CC progression. In addition, PAK2 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-433-3p on CC progression. PAK2 expression was regulated by circ_0000119 and miR-433-3p. Moreover, circ_0000119 knockdown reduced tumor growth of CC in vivo. Circ_0000119 was upregulated in CC, and circ_0000119 knockdown suppressed CC malignant development through the miR-433-3p/PAK2 axis.

Epigenetic Changes Associated with Osteosarcoma: A Comprehensive Review

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. While clinical outcomes have improved, the 5-year survival rate is only around 60% if discovered early and can require debilitating treatments, such as amputations. A better understanding of the disease could lead to better clinical outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma. One promising avenue of osteosarcoma research is in the field of epigenetics. This research investigates changes in genetic expression that occur above the genome rather than in the genetic code itself. The epigenetics of osteosarcoma is an active area of research that is still not fully understood. In a narrative review, we examine recent advances in the epigenetics of osteosarcoma by reporting biomarkers of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA associated with disease progression. We also show how cancer tumor epigenetic profiles are being used to predict and improve patient outcomes. The papers in this review cover a large range of epigenetic target genes and pathways that modulate many aspects of osteosarcoma, including but not limited to metastases and chemotherapy resistance. Ultimately, this review will shed light on the recent advances in the epigenetics of osteosarcoma and illustrate the clinical benefits of this field of research.

miR-433 Inhibits Glioblastoma Progression by Suppressing the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Through Direct Targeting of ERBB4

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor where new biomarkers and drug targets are much needed in the oncology clinic. miR-433 was identified as a tumor-suppressing miRNA in several different types of human cancer. However, the integrative biology of miR-433 in GBM is still largely unknown. By analyzing the expression profiles of miR-433 in 198 patients with glioma at The Cancer Genome Atlas, we found that the miR-433 expression was decreased in glioma whereas the low expression of miR-433 was significantly associated with shorter overall survival. We then conducted in vitro studies and demonstrated that increased expression of miR-433 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LN229 and T98G cells, two representative glioma cell lines. Further, using in vivo mouse model, we found that upregulation of miR-433 inhibited the tumor growth of glioma cells. To situate the integrative biology understanding of the action of miR-433 in glioma, we identified ERBB4 as a gene targeted directly by miR-433 in LN229 and T98G cells. Overexpressed ERBB4 rescued the phenotype caused by overexpression of miR-433. Finally, we showed that miR-433 suppressed the PI3K/Akt pathway in glioma cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that miR-433 could potentially act as a tumor suppressor for GBM and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GBM. Further integrative biology and clinical translational research are warranted to evaluate miR-433 in GBM.

Long Noncoding RNA PCGEM1 Facilitates Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Osteosarcoma by Sponging miR-433-3p and Targeting OMA1

OBJECTIVE

Osteosarcoma (OS) is regarded as one of the most common malignant bone tumors, mainly occurring in children and adolescents with high mortality. The dysregulation of lncRNAs is reported to regulate tumor development and be closely related to patient prognosis. Nevertheless, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) prostate-specific transcript 1 (PCGEM1) in OS remains uncharacterized. The current study aimed to explore the role of PCGEM1 in OS.

METHODS

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to examine the expression of PCGEM1 in OS cell lines. CCK-8, colony formation, Transwell, and western blotting analyses were applied to measure OS cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after PCGEM1 downregulation. Nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation, RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify the relationship among PCGEM1, miR-433-3p. and OMA1 in OS. The xenograft tumor models were established to evaluate the effect of PCGEM1 on tumor growth of OS.

RESULTS

In this study, we discovered that PCGEM1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in OS (P < 0.05). Additionally, PCGEM1 directly bound to miR-433-3p (P < 0.01). OMA1 was confirmed to be a target gene of miR-433-3p (P < 0.05), positively regulated by PCGEM1 but negatively regulated by miR-433-3p. Rescue assays further verified that overexpression of OMA1 reversed the PCGEM1 knockdown-mediated inhibitory effect on the malignant phenotype in OS cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, knockdown of PCGEM1 inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, PCGEM1 mediated tumor growth and metastasis of OS by sponging miR-433-3p and regulating OMA1, which might provide an innovative strategy for OS diagnosis or treatment.

CircRNA circ_POSTN promotes the malignancy of glioma by regulating the miR-433-3p/SPARC axis

Glioma is a common tumor in the brain. CircRNA hsa_circ_0030018, also termed as hsa_circPOSTN_001 (circ_POSTN), is reported to exert a promoting influence on the development of glioma. Our study intends to deeply explore its regulation mechanism of circ_POSTN. Expression of circ_POSTN, microRNA-433-3p (miR-433-3p) and Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) was detected by qRT-PCR or western blot assay. The function of circ_POSTN was analyzed by loss-of-function experiments. The targeting relationship between miR-433-3p and circ_POSTN or SPARC was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Xenograft modeling was employed to validate the function of circ_POSTN in glioma in vivo. circ_POSTN and SPARC were upregulated while miR-433-3p was downregulated in glioma tissues and cells. Both circ_POSTN and SPARC knockdown inhibited clonogenicity, migration, and promoted apoptosis of glioma cells. Circ_POSTN sponged miR-433-3p to regulate SPARC expression. Gain of SPARC largely attenuated circ_POSTN knockdown or miR-433-3p overexpression-mediated effects on glioma cell clonogenicity, migration, and apoptosis. Furthermore, silencing of circ_POSTN decreased xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Inhibition of circ_POSTN repressed glioma development, at least in part, via regulating the miR-433-3p/SPARC axis, providing evidence for circ_POSTN as a potential therapeutic target for glioma.

LncSNHG14 promotes nutlin3a resistance by inhibiting ferroptosis via the miR-206 /SLC7A11 axis in osteosarcoma cells

The most prevalent form of primary osseous malignant tumor in adolescents and children is osteosarcoma (OS). A combination of surgery and neoadjuvant/post-surgery chemotherapy is currently the standard therapy. While the chemoresistance associated with OS generally leads to poor efficacy of therapeutic agents, the relevant molecular interaction is still elusive. Here, the lncRNA (long non-coding RNA) SNHG14 was found to be significantly upregulated in the nutlin3a-resistant OS cell line NR-SJSA1 and contributes to treatment resistance by suppressing ferroptosis. In NR-SJSA1 cells, knockdown of LncRNA SNHG14 resulted in a reversal of drug resistance and activation of ferroptosis, which disappeared when ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, was added. Mechanistically, lncRNA SNHG14 targeted and down-regulated the expression of miR-206, further affecting the common ferroptosis inhibitor SLC7A11, and preventing NR-SJSA1 cells from undergoing ferroptosis. In conclusion, our findings highlight the involvement of lncRNA SNHG14 in ferroptosis and chemotherapy resistance of nutlin3a-resistant NR-SJSA1 cells, thus shedding new insight on how to overcome drug resistance in osteosarcoma cells and improve treatment efficacy.

Circ_0003489 facilitates multiple myeloma progression by targeting miR-433-3p/PBX3 axis

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a relatively common hematologic tumor, and the study of non-coding RNAs in MM is gradually increasing. Our study aimed to reveal the regulatory mechanism of circular RNA_0003489 (circ_0003489)/microRNA-433-3p (miR-433-3p)/Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 3 (PBX3) axis in MM.

METHODS

Circ_0003489, miR-433-3p and PBX3 contents were measured by real-time quantitative PCR or western blot. Functionally, MM cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry and EdU assays. Interaction between miR-433-3p and circ_0003489 or PBX3 was confirmed with the application of dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull down assay.

RESULTS

Circ_0003489 and PBX3 were upregulated, while miR-433-3p was downregulated in MM tissues. Circ_0003489 knockdown or miR-433-3p overexpression remarkably suppressed MM proliferation and increased apoptosis in vitro. In terms of mechanism, circ_0003489 could sponge miR-433-3p to regulate PBX3. Besides, miR-433-3p downregulation or PBX3 overexpression reversed the inhibition effect of circ_0003489 knockdown on MM progression.

CONCLUSION

Circ_0003489 facilitated MM progression by targeting miR-433-3p/PBX3 axis, suggesting that it might be a potential target for MM.

Overexpression of LncRNA SNHG14 as a biomarker of clinicopathological and prognosis value in human cancers: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis

Background: SNGH14 is a newly discovered long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) highly associated with tumorigenesis. However, whether the level of SNHG14 is related to the prognosis of patients with different cancer types is unclear.

Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched to identify eligible studies from inception to November 2021. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were utilized to analyze dichotomous variables, while the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI were used for survival outcomes. We also included trial sequential analysis (TSA) to assess whether the current evidence was sufficiently conclusive. Stata 15.0 and TSA 0.9 software were used for data analyses.

Results: A total of 21 studies involving 1,080 patients, mainly from China, were included. Our results revealed that high SNHG14 expression was associated significantly with poor overall survival (OS) [HR = 1.39; 95% CI: (1.06–1.83); p = 0.017]. In addition, elevated SNHG14 expression was related to tumor size (> 3.5 cm) [OR = 1.60; 95% CI: (1.20–2.14); p = 0.001], TNM staging [OR = 0.54; 95% CI: (0.40–0.71); p < 0.001], lymph node metastasis [OR = 1.86; 95% CI: (1.35–2.55); p < 0.001], differentiation grade [OR = 1.95; 95% CI: (1.36–2.80); p < 0.001], and distant metastasis [OR = 2.44; 95% CI: (1.30–4.58); p = 0.005]. However, no significant difference was observed between age [OR = 0.98; 95% CI: (0.72–1.35); p = 0.915] and gender [OR = 0.98; 95% CI: (0.72–1.35); p = 0.915] from the enhanced expression of SNHG14.

Conclusion: The current study revealed that overexpression of SNGH14 is associated with low OS rate and clinicopathological characteristics. SNGH14 can be a novel tumor marker that aids in tumor diagnosis, thereby improving patient prognosis.

The role of MiRNA ‐433 in malignant tumors of digestive tract as tumor suppressor

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non‐coding RNAs with a length of approximate 22 nuclei acids that can be expressed both as an oncogene and tumor suppressor gene in human cancers. MiRNAs can participate in the post‐ transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and regulate the several cancer‐related processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, etc.

Recent findings

Expression of miRNA‐433 has been reported to vary in different tumors and affected by various factors. We have summarized the different previous studies and found that miRNA‐433 can significantly inhibit the growth of the cancer cells not only in malignant tumors of the digestive tract, but also in lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, renal carcinoma, glioma, retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma.

Conclusion

When the expression of miRNA‐433 was up‐regulated, the proliferation, metastasis and invasion abilities of the malignant tumor cells were significantly inhibited. At the same time, the potential mechanisms through which miRNA‐433 can suppress the growth and metastasis of the cancer cells were found to be basically the same, and involved modulation of the specific signaling pathways or target genes in the malignant tumors. Overall, it can be concluded that miRNA‐433 can serve as potential and valuable therapeutic target.

Circ_0011292 knockdown mitigates progression and drug resistance in PTX-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer cells by regulating miR-433-3p/CHEK1 axis

BACKGROUND

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignant tumors on earth. Circular RNAs have been disclosed to be vital regulators in the chemoresistance and development of diverse cancers, including NSCLC. Here, we attempted to explore the function of circ_0011292 in paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant NSCLC cells.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot was performed to detect the expression of circ_0011292, microRNA-433-3p (miR-433-3p), and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1). Ribonuclease R (RNase R) assay was performed to assess the stability of circ_0011292. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was conducted to evaluate the half maximal inhibitory concentration of PTX and cell viability. Cell proliferation was monitored by Edu incorporation and colony formation assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Transwell assay was implemented to assess cell migration and invasion. Western blot assay was utilized to determine the protein levels. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was carried out to verify the targeted interaction between miR-433-3p and circ_0011292 or CHEK1. Xenograft tumor model was constructed for determining the effect of circ_0011292 in NSCLC growth in vivo.

RESULTS

Circ_0011292 was upregulated in PTX-resistant NSCLC tissues and cells. Circ_0011292 or CHEK1 knockdown enhanced PTX sensitivity and cell apoptosis, and repressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in PTX-resistant NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, circ_0011292 was a sponge of miR-433-3p and miR-433-3p directly targeted CHEK1. Meanwhile, silencing miR-433-3p or overexpressing CHEK1 respectively abrogated the impacts of circ_0011292 deletion or miR-433-3p introduction on PTX resistance and cell progression in PTX-resistant NSCLC cells in vitro. Moreover, circ_0011292 could positively modulate CHEK1 expression through sponging miR-433-3p. In addition, circ_0011292 knockdown retarded tumor growth of NSCLC in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Circ_0011292 could accelerate PTX resistance and cell malignant progression of NSCLC cells partially through the regulation of circ_0011292/miR-433-3p/CHEK1 axis.

LINC01006 regulates the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through regulating miR-433-3p/CBX3 axis

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

LINC01006 has been verified to be correlated with several cancer types, whereas its biological function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the specific regulatory mechanism of LINC01006 in the tumorigenesis of HCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The expression of LINC01006, miR-433-3p and CBX3 in HCC tissues and cells was assessed by qRT-PCR or Western blot. MTT, wound-healing, and transwell assays were used to evaluate the effects of LINC01006 on cell viability, migration, and invasion in vitro. A mouse xenograft model was established for in vivo assays. The relations among LINC01006, miR-433-3p, and CBX3 were analyzed by MS2-RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays.

RESULTS

The expression of LINC01006 was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cells. LINC01006 knockdown inhibited the viability, wound healing rate, and invasive cell number of HeP3B and SK-HeP-1 cells, and decreased the tumor volume and weight in a mouse xenograft model. MiR-433-3p was a target of LINC01006, and LINC01006 overexpression inhibited the viability, wound healing rate, and invasive cell number of HeP3B and SK-HeP-1 cells. In addition, CBX3 was a target of miR-433-3p, which was negatively regulated by miR-433-3p. CBX3 overexpression and miR-433-3p inhibition reversed the inhibiting effects of LINC01006 knockdown on the viability, migration, and invasion of HeP3B cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Silencing of LINC01006 inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of HCC cells through regulating miR-433-3p/CBX3 axis.

Circular RNA circZCCHC6 contributes to tumorigenesis by regulating LPCAT1 via miR-433-3p in non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Circular RNA (circRNA) circZCCHC6 has been reported to be upregulated in the plasma from NSCLC patients. This study is designed to explore the role and mechanism of circZCCHC6 in NSCLC. CircZCCHC6, microRNA-433-3p (miR-433-3p), and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) level were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays, severally. The binding relationship between miR-433-3p and circZCCHC6 or LPCAT1 was predicted by Circinteractome or Starbase, and then verified by a dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, or RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Protein levels of LPCAT1, Cyclin D1, E-cadherin, and Vimentin were examined by western blot assay. The biological role of circZCCHC6 on NSCLC tumor growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was examined by the xenograft tumor model in vivo. CircZCCHC6 was highly expressed in NSCLC serum, tissues, and cells. Moreover, circZCCHC6 knockdown could repress cell viability, cell cycle progression, migration, invasion, and EMT in NSCLC cells in vitro. The mechanical analysis suggested that circZCCHC6 acted as a sponge of miR-433-3p to regulate LPCAT1 expression. CircZCCHC6 silencing hindered cell growth and EMT of NSCLC in vivo. CircZCCHC6 inhibited the progression of NSCLC cells partly by regulating the miR-433-3p/LPCAT1 axis, implying a promising therapeutic target for the NSCLC treatment.

Long Non-coding RNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 14, a Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Malignancy

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) is a long non-coding RNA found to be overexpressed in various types of cancers. Moreover, the expression level of SNHG14 was closely associated with multiple clinicopathological characteristics such as prognosis, tumor differentiation, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function of SNHG14 revealed that overexpressed SNHG14 promoted cancer cell viability, invasion, and migration, whereas its down-regulation produced the opposite effect. Mechanistically, regulating its target gene expression by sponging distinct miRNAs might be the major mechanism underlying the oncogenic functions of SNHG14. Thus, SNHG14 might be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancers. In this review, we discuss the expression profile, biological function, and molecular mechanisms of SNHG14 in cancers to provide a molecular basis for the clinical utility of SNHG14 in the future.

Nano-Coated si-SNHG14 Regulated PD-L1 Expression and Decreased Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells

To investigate the expression characteristics of long non-coding RNA SNHG14 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and development of nano-coated si-SNHG14 as an anti-tumor agent. The SNHG14 expression in cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues was monitored using reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gain- and loss-of-function experiments tested the regulation of SNHG14, miR- 5590-3p, and ZEB1 on PD-L1. The binding association between the above three factors was verified using bioinformatics analysis. EMT-related E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin were tested using Western blot. Animal experiments in nude mice verified the function of SNHG14 in the EMT of NPC in vivo. The nano-coated si-SNHG14 was developed as an anti-tumor agent and was verified NPC cell in vitro. SNHG14 was upregulated in NPC tissues. Knocking down SNHG14 markedly inhibited the EMT of NPC. Additionally, the expression of ZEB1 was positively related to that of the SNHG14, while it was inversely correlated with that of miR-5590-3p. Moreover, ZEB1 transcription upregulated PD-L1 and promoted the EMT, while SNHG14 could accelerate the EMT of NPC in vivo by regulating the PD-1 and PD-L1. SNHG14-miR-5590- 3p-ZEB1 positively regulated PD-L1 and facilitate the EMT of NPC. Nano-coated si-SNHG14 significantly downregulated PD-L1 expression and decreased EMT.

FBXO22, ubiquitination degradation of PHLPP1, ameliorates rotenone induced neurotoxicity by activating AKT pathway

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the lacking of dopaminergic neurons. Many reports have illustrated that rotenone is applied to establish the experimental model of PD, which simulates PD-like symptoms. FBXO22 is a poorly understood protein that may be involved in neurological disorders. However, little is known about FBXO22 in PD. In this study, first, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with rotenone to construct PD model in vitro. It was discovered that the FBXO22 expression was down-regulated following rotenone treatment. Additionally, overexpression of FBXO22 reduced rotenone treatment-mediated cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. In view of the ubiquitination effect of FBXO22, our study uncovered that FBXO22 bound with and degraded PHLPP1 by ubiquitination. Next, the effects of PHLPP1 on AKT pathway in PD were further explored. It was demonstrated that PHLPP1 inactivated AKT pathway through down-regulating the pAKT/AKT and pmTOR/mTOR levels. Through rescue assays, the results showed that PHLPP1 overexpression partially reversed the reduction of rotenone induced neurotoxicity caused by FBXO22 overexpression. Finally, we found that overexpression of FBXO22 alleviated rotenone-induced PD symptoms in rat model. Moreover, it was discovered that l-dopa treatment could not affect the FBXO22 expression in PD. In conclusion, findings from our work proved that FBXO22 degraded PHLPP1 by ubiquitination to ameliorate rotenone induced neurotoxicity, which attributed to activate AKT pathway. This work suggested that FBXO22 may be an effective biological marker for PD treatment.

MiR-433-3p restrains the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells via targeting SMC4

OBJECTIVE

Glioma is a common primary malignant brain tumor characterized by high mortality and poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to explore the molecular mechanism underlying glioma, aiming to provide a new target for the treatment of glioma to improve the prognosis of patients.

METHODS

The differentially expressed genes and regulatory axis affecting the prognosis of glioma were identified with bioinformatics analysis, and the expression of miR-433-3p and SMC4 mRNA was detected with qRT-PCR. The expression of SMC4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins were detected with western blot. The targeting relationship between miR-433-3p and SMC4 was verified with dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The proliferative ability of glioma cells was detected with CCK-8 assay, while the migration and invasion of glioma cells were detected with Transwell assay.

RESULTS

We found that the expression of SMC4 was significantly up-regulated in glioma, showing that SMC4 was an unfavorable factor for prognosis and could promote the progression of cancer cells. Its upstream regulator miR-433-3p was significantly down-regulated in glioma, which inhibited the development of cancer cells. Moreover, miR-433-3p could target to inhibit the expression of SMC4. Rescue assay showed that miR-433-3p could affect the development of glioma by regulating the expression of SMC4.

CONCLUSION

Our data demonstrate for the first time that SMC4 is a direct target of miR-433-3p, and elucidate the molecular mechanism by which miR-433-3p inhibits the malignant progression of glioma by targeting and down-regulating the expression of SMC4.

LncRNA SNHG14 promotes cell proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer through modulating miR-519b-3p/DDX5 axis

Numbers of studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert an important role in cancer progression. It is reported that lncRNA SNHG14 (SNHG14) promotes cell proliferation and invasion in many cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of SNHG14 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. In our study, we found that SNHG14 is highly expressed in CRC tissues and cells, especially in SW480 and HT-29 cells. In addition, sh-SNHG14 inhibits cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion, promotes cell apoptosis in CRC cell lines. Furthermore, we found that SNHG14 functions as a sponge for miR-519b-3p, while the DEAD box protein 5 (DDX5) is a downstream target gene of miR-519b-3p, and the functions of miR-519b-3p inhibitors on the CRC progression could be rescued by downregulation of DDX5. Our findings suggest that SNHG14 promotes the CRC progression by miR-519b-3p/DDX5 axis, implying the promising therapeutic target of SNHG4 for CRC patients.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG14 aggravates LPS-induced acute kidney injury through regulating miR-495-3p/HIPK1

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex syndrome with an abrupt decrease of kidney function, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is the common cause of AKI. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the development and progression of sepsis-induced AKI. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the function and mechanism of lncRNA SNHG14 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI. We found that SNHG14 was highly expressed in the plasma of sepsis patients with AKI. SNHG14 inhibited cell proliferation and autophagy and promoted cell apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells. Functionally, SNHG14 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to negatively regulate miR-495-3p expression in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, we identified that HIPK1 is a direct target of miR-495-3p in HK-2 cells. We also revealed that the SNHG14/miR-495-3p/HIPK1 interaction network regulated HK-2 cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory cytokine production upon LPS stimulation. In addition, we demonstrated that the SNHG14/miR-495-3p/HIPK1 interaction network regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) via modulating NF-κB/p65 signaling in LPS-challenged HK-2 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggested a novel therapeutic axis of SNHG14/miR-495-3p/HIPK1 to treat sepsis-induced AKI.

Long Noncoding RNA Small Nucleolar Host Gene: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Urological Cancers

The incidence of urological cancer has been gradually increasing in the last few decades. However, current diagnostic tools and treatment strategies continue to have limitations. Substantial evidence shows that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in carcinogenesis and the progression, treatment response and prognosis of multiple human cancers, including urological cancers, gastrointestinal tumours, reproductive cancers and respiratory neoplasms. LncRNA small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs), a subgroup of lncRNAs, have been found to be dysregulated in tumour cell biology. In this review, we summarize the impacts of lncRNA SNHGs in urological malignancies and the underlying mechanisms.

Circ-MBOAT2 knockdown represses tumor progression and glutamine catabolism by miR-433-3p/GOT1 axis in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor and ranks the sixth in incidence among cancers. Circular RNA (circRNA) has been reported to regulate the progression of pancreatic cancer. However, the effects of circ-membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 2 (circ-MBOAT2) on regulating pancreatic cancer process were unclear.

METHODS

The expression levels of circ-MBOAT2, microRNA-433-3p (miR-433-3p) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1) mRNA were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). GOT1 protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was illustrated by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) and cell colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis was demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. Cell invasion and migration were investigated by transwell invasion and wound-healing assays. Glutamine catabolism was explained by detecting glutamine consumption, alpha ketoglutarate (α-KG) production and glutamate production. In vivo assay was performed to illustrate the impacts of circ-MBOAT2 silencing on tumor formation in vivo. The binding relationship between miR-433-3p and circ-MBOAT2 or GOT1 was predicted by circinteractome or starbase online databases, and identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Circ-MBOAT2 and GOT1 expression were significantly upregulated, while miR-433-3p expression was downregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells compared with normal pancreatic tissues or cells. Circ-MBOAT2 silencing repressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glutamine catabolism, whereas promoted cell apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Additionally, circ-MBOAT2 acted as a sponge of miR-433-3p, which was found to be associate with GOT1. MiR-433-3p inhibitors hindered circ-MBOAT2 silencing-mediated impacts on pancreatic cancer progression and glutamine catabolism. Furthermore, circ-MBOAT2 silencing repressed tumor formation in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Circ-MBOAT2 modulated tumor development and glutamine catabolism by miR-433-3p/GOT1 axis in pancreatic cancer. This finding suggests that circ-MBOAT2 may be a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.

Circular RNA circ_0002137 regulated the progression of osteosarcoma through regulating miR-433-3p/ IGF1R axis

Current clinical treatment targeting osteosarcoma (OS) are limited for OS patients with pulmonary metastasis or relapse, which led to high mortality (70%‐85%) for advanced osteosarcoma patients. Although ongoing efforts have been made to illustrate the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression in OS; however, it was far for us to learn a comprehensive molecular mechanism implies in OS development. In our study, we implicated a circRNA hsa_circ_0002137, which was higher expressed in osteosarcoma tumours compared with paracancerous tissue. The dysregulated expression pattern was also found in osteosarcoma cell lines. The role of circ_0002137 was explored via down‐ or up‐regulated experiments. It was proved that down‐regulation of circ_0002137 suppressed the progress of OS, including cell invasion, cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the correlation between circ_0002137 and miR‐433‐3p was predicted using bioinformatic tools and verified utilizing RNA pull‐down assay and luciferase reporter assay. Interestingly, we found that the inhibitory effect of circ_0002137 on OS was dependent of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF1R). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that circ_0002137 could restrain the progression of OS through regulating miR‐433‐3p/IGF1R axis, providing a comprehensive landscape of circ_0002137 in the generation and development of OS.

CircMED13L_012 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression by upregulation of MAPK8 mediated by miR-433-3p

Background

Metastasis and disease refractoriness remain as major challenges for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is of scientific and clinical value. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the effects of circMED13L_012 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and drug-resistance of NSCLC tumor cells.

Methods

In this study, we utilized clinical samples and NSCLC cell lines to explore the association between circMED13L_012 expressions and tumor cell metastasis and chemo resistance. CCK8 and transwell assay were conducted to explore the impact of circMED13_012 on NSCLC tumor proliferation and migrative capabilities. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to validate the circMED13L_012 interaction network.

Results

Our results demonstrated that circMED13L_012 exhibited significantly elevated average level in our clinical samples of NSCLC, compared with normal tissues. circMED13L_012 level was positively correlated with disease stage and metastatic status. Increased circMED13L_012 expression was associated with the enhanced migration, proliferation and chemo resistance of NSCLC cell lines. Further experiments indicated that circMED13L_012 promoted malignant behavior of NSCLC tumor cells by targeting MAPK8 through modulation miR-433-3p expression.

Conclusions

Our study for the first time demonstrated that circMED13L_012–miR-433-3p–MAPK8 axis played important role for NSCLC pathogenesis, which could be potential therapeutic target for the development of future NSCLC treatment.

LINC01410 accelerated the invasion and proliferation of osteosarcoma by sponging miR-3128

Increasing evidence has shown that lncRNAs are closely correlated with cell apoptosis, autophagy and progression. However, the role of LINC01410 in osteosarcoma has not been verified. We determined that LINC01410 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma specimens and cell lines. The expression of LINC01410 was upregulated in 22 osteosarcoma patients (22/30, 73%) compared to control normal samples. Ectopic expression of LINC01410 promoted the osteosarcoma cell cycle, proliferation and invasion. Overexpression of LINC01410 induced N-cadherin and Vimentin expression and inhibited E-cadherin expression in osteosarcoma cells. LINC01410 acted as a sponge for miR-3128. The results showed that miR-3128 overexpression decreased the luciferase activity of WT-LINC01410 but not mut-LINC01410 in MG-63 cells. Upregulation of LINC01410 expression suppressed miR-3128 expression in MG-63 cells. Moreover, LINC01410 overexpression increased osteosarcoma cell invasion and growth by modulating miR-3128. These data indicated that LINC01410 acted as an oncogene in osteosarcomagenesis and might be a potential new strategy for osteosarcoma treatment.

LncRNA ROR1-AS1 accelerates osteosarcoma invasion and proliferation through modulating miR-504

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play vital roles in the progression and development of tumors. However, the functional role of ROR1-AS1 in osteosarcoma has not been investigated. We found that ROR1-AS1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared to non-tumor samples. Elevated expression of ROR1-AS1 promoted cyclin D1, PCNA and ki-67 expression and increased cell cycle and growth in MG-63 cell. Moreover, overexpression of ROR1-AS1 induced cell migration in MG-63 cell, promoting N-cadherin and vimentin expression and inhibiting E-cadherin expression. Dual-luciferase assay proved that ROR1-AS1 served as one sponge for miR-504 and ROR1-AS1 overexpression suppressed miR-504 expression in MG-63 cell. ROR1-AS1 expression was lower in osteosarcoma tissues compared to non-tumor samples. Pearson's correlation assay showed a negative correlation between miR-504 and ROR1-AS1 expression. MiR-504 overexpression partly abrogated ROR1-AS1-induced effects on osteosarcoma cell migration and proliferation. These data implied that ROR1-AS1 played as an oncogene and might be a new treatment target for osteosarcoma.

Knockdown of SNHG14 Alleviates MPP+-Induced Injury in the Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease by Targeting the miR-214-3p/KLF4 Axis

Background

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) has been demonstrated as an important regulator in PD pathology. However, the functional mechanisms played by SNHG14 in PD remain largely unclear.

Methods

We used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) to establish PD mouse and cell models. The levels of SNHG14, miR-214-3p, and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) were gauged by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined using the Cell Counting-8 Kit (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. The relationships among SNHG14, miR-214-3p, and KLF4 were confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

Results

Our data indicated that SNHG14 was upregulated and miR-214-3p was downregulated in PD models. SNHG14 knockdown ameliorated MPP⁺-stimulated damage in SK-N-SH cells, as evidenced by the enhancement in cell viability and the suppression in cell apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, SNHG14 directly targeted miR-214-3p via binding to miR-214-3p, and SNHG14 knockdown protected SK-N-SH cell from MPP⁺-stimulated cytotoxicity by upregulating miR-214-3p. KLF4 was a direct target of miR-214-3p, and SNHG14 regulated KLF4 expression by acting as a miR-214-3p sponge. Furthermore, miR-214-3p overexpression alleviated MPP⁺-stimulated damage in SK-N-SH cells by downregulating KLF4.

Conclusion

Our current study first demonstrated the protective effect of SNHG14 knockdown on MPP⁺-stimulated cytotoxicity in SK-N-SH cells at least partially by targeting the miR-214-3p/KLF4 axis, illuminating a promising target for PD intervention and treatment.

LncRNA SNHG14 promotes OGD/R-induced neuron injury by inducing excessive mitophagy via miR-182-5p/BINP3 axis in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) is associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury. This work aims to explore the role of SNHG14 in CI/R injury.

METHODS

HT22 (mouse hippocampal neuronal cells) cell model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment. The interaction among SNHG14, miR-182-5p and BNIP3 was verified by luciferase reporter assay. Flow cytometry, western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to examine apoptosis, the expression of genes and proteins.

RESULTS

SNHG14 and BNIP3 were highly expressed, and miR-182-5p was down-regulated in the OGD/R-induced HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced HT22 cells exhibited an increase in apoptosis. SNHG14 overexpression promoted apoptosis and the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-9 in the OGD/R-induced HT22 cells. Moreover, SNHG14 up-regulation enhanced the expression of BNIP3, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I in the OGD/R-induced HT22 cells. Furthermore, SNHG14 regulated BNIP3 expression by sponging miR-182-5p. MiR-182-5p overexpression or BNIP3 knockdown repressed apoptosis in OGD/R-induced HT22 cells, which was abolished by SNHG14 up-regulation.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that lncRNA SNHG14 promotes OGD/R-induced neuron injury by inducing excessive mitophagy via miR-182-5p/BINP3 axis in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells. Thus, SNHG14/miR-182-5p/BINP3 axis may be a valuable target for CI/R injury therapies.

Emerging role of FBXO22 in carcinogenesis

The F-box protein 22 (FBXO22), one of F-box proteins, has been identified to be critically involved in carcinogenesis. FBXO22 promotes proliferation in breast cancer and lung cancer, but suppresses migration and metastasis. FBXO22 exerts oncogenetic functions via promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of its substrates, including KDM4A, KDM4B, methylated p53, p21, KLF4, LKB1, Snail, CD147, Bach1, PTEN, and HDM2. FBXO22 is also regulated by several regulatory factors such as p53, miR-155, SNHG14, and circ_0006282. In this review, we summarize the regulatory factors and downstream targets of FBXO22 in cancers, discuss its functions in tumorigenesis, and further highlight the alteration of FBXO22 expression in a variety of human malignancies. Finally, we provide novel insights for future perspectives on targeting FBXO22 as a promising strategy for cancer therapy.