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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38686544 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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2
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Wang Y, Pan H, Wang F, Shen C. Microbial P450 repertoire (P450ome) and its application feasibility in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and environmental protection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:7-25. [PMID: 37767638 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of C-H bonds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner. CYPs are widely present in the biological world. With the completion of more biological genome sequencing, the number and types of P450 enzymes have increased rapidly. P450 in microorganisms is easy to clone and express, rich in catalytic types, and strong in substrate adaptability, which has good application potential. Although the number of P450 enzymes found in microorganisms is huge, the function of most of the microorganism P450s has not been studied, and it contains a large number of excellent biocatalysts to be developed. This review is based on the P450 groups in microorganisms. First, it reviews the distribution of P450 groups in different microbial species, and then studies the application of microbial P450 enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry and environmental pollutant treatment in recent years. And focused on the application fields of P450 enzymes of different families to guide the selection of suitable P450s from the huge P450 library. In view of the current shortcomings of microbial P450 in the application process, the final solution is the most likely to assist the application of P450 enzymes in large-scale, that is, whole cell transformation combined with engineering, fusion P450 combined with immobilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Pan
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen Shen
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wohlgemuth R. Synthesis of Metabolites and Metabolite-like Compounds Using Biocatalytic Systems. Metabolites 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 37887422 PMCID: PMC10608848 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methodologies for the synthesis and purification of metabolites, which have been developed following their discovery, analysis, and structural identification, have been involved in numerous life science milestones. The renewed focus on the small molecule domain of biological cells has also created an increasing awareness of the rising gap between the metabolites identified and the metabolites which have been prepared as pure compounds. The design and engineering of resource-efficient and straightforward synthetic methodologies for the production of the diverse and numerous metabolites and metabolite-like compounds have attracted much interest. The variety of metabolic pathways in biological cells provides a wonderful blueprint for designing simplified and resource-efficient synthetic routes to desired metabolites. Therefore, biocatalytic systems have become key enabling tools for the synthesis of an increasing number of metabolites, which can then be utilized as standards, enzyme substrates, inhibitors, or other products, or for the discovery of novel biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- MITR, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- Swiss Coordination Committee Biotechnology (SKB), 8021 Zurich, Switzerland
- European Society of Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Daly A, Dunlop E, Dabos G, Adorno P, Black LJ. The Retention of Vitamin D2 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 in Pulse UV-Irradiated Dried Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) after 12 Months of Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071429. [PMID: 37048250 PMCID: PMC10093608 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation prior to drying generate high concentrations of vitamin D2. The aim of this study was to determine the retention of D vitamers in mushrooms that were pulse UV irradiated, then air dried, and stored for up to 12 months. Fresh button mushrooms (A. bisporus) were exposed to pulsed UV radiation (dose 200 mJ/cm2, peak of 17.5 W/cm2), air dried and vacuum sealed before being stored in the dark at room temperature. After storage, samples were freeze dried and quantified for D vitamers using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. After 3, 6 and 12 months of storage, there was 100% (11.0 ± 0.8 µg/g dry weight (DW), 93% (10.1 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) and 58% (5.5 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) retention of vitamin D2 and 88% (0.14 ± 0.01 µg/g DW), 71% (0.11 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) and 68% (0.1 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) retention of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2), respectively. Compared to the irradiated dried mushrooms that were not stored, the D vitamer concentration was statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) at 6 and 12 months for 25(OH)D2 and at 12 months for vitamin D2. Sufficient vitamin D2 (99 µg) remained after 12 months storage to provide at least 100% of daily dietary vitamin D requirements in a 20 g serving.
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Evolution of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Their Redox Partners in Archaea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044161. [PMID: 36835573 PMCID: PMC9962201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs/P450s) and their redox partners, ferredoxins, are ubiquitous in organisms. P450s have been studied in biology for over six decades owing to their distinct catalytic activities, including their role in drug metabolism. Ferredoxins are ancient proteins involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, such as transferring electrons to P450s. The evolution and diversification of P450s in various organisms have received little attention and no information is available for archaea. This study is aimed at addressing this research gap. Genome-wide analysis revealed 1204 P450s belonging to 34 P450 families and 112 P450 subfamilies, where some families and subfamilies are expanded in archaea. We also identified 353 ferredoxins belonging to the four types 2Fe-2S, 3Fe-4S, 7Fe-4S and 2[4Fe-4S] in 40 archaeal species. We found that bacteria and archaea shared the CYP109, CYP147 and CYP197 families, as well as several ferredoxin subtypes, and that these genes are co-present on archaeal plasmids and chromosomes, implying the plasmid-mediated lateral transfer of these genes from bacteria to archaea. The absence of ferredoxins and ferredoxin reductases in the P450 operons suggests that the lateral transfer of these genes is independent. We present different scenarios for the evolution and diversification of P450s and ferredoxins in archaea. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and high affinity to diverged P450s, we propose that archaeal P450s could have diverged from CYP109, CYP147 and CYP197. Based on this study's results, we propose that all archaeal P450s are bacterial in origin and that the original archaea had no P450s.
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Effect of air-drying on the generation of vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by pulsed UV irradiation in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Putkaradze N, Hartz P, Hutter MC, Zapp J, Thevis M, Bernhardt R. Metabolism of oral turinabol by the human brain cholesterol 24-hydroxylase CYP46A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105927. [PMID: 34089835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP46A1 plays a crucial role in cholesterol elimination from the brain. It performs a 24-hydroxylation of cholesterol and is of outstanding significance for memory and cognition. This study demonstrates the catalytic activity of human CYP46A1 towards an anabolic androgenic steroid, oral turinabol (dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, 4-chloro-17β-dihydroxy,17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one), which is a doping substance. CYP46A1 is the first human microsomal steroid-converting P450 showing activity towards this xenobiotic compound. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of oral turinabol on the cholesterol conversion has been investigated in vitro demonstrating competition of the two substrates on the active site of CYP46A1 which might be of importance for potential pathogenic effects of oral turinabol. The conversion of oral turinabol was found to be selective resulting in the formation of only one product, as shown by HPLC analysis. To produce sufficient amounts of this product for NMR analysis, a system expressing human full-length CYP46A1 and CPR on a bicistronic vector was successfully developed realizing the selective cholesterol 24-hydroxylation in E. coli in mg amounts. Using this novel whole-cell system, the conversion of oral turinabol was performed and the product of this conversion by CYP46A1 was isolated and identified as 16β-hydroxy oral turinabol by NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Putkaradze
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Philip Hartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Michael C Hutter
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, D-50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymkatalysierte späte Modifizierungen: Besser spät als nie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:16962-16993. [PMID: 38505660 PMCID: PMC10946893 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Enzymkatalyse gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Synthesechemie. Die durch Bioinformatik und Enzym‐Engineering stetig wachsende Zahl von Biokatalysatoren eröffnet eine große Vielfalt selektiver Reaktionen. Insbesondere für späte Funktionalisierungsreaktionen ist die Biokatalyse ein geeignetes Werkzeug, das oftmals der konventionellen De‐novo‐Synthese überlegen ist. Enzyme haben sich als nützlich erwiesen, um funktionelle Gruppen direkt in komplexe Molekülgerüste einzuführen sowie für die rasche Diversifizierung von Substanzbibliotheken. Biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierungen, Halogenierungen, Methylierungen, Reduktionen und Amidierungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da diese Strukturmotive häufig in Pharmazeutika vertreten sind. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Stärken und Schwächen der enzymkatalysierten späten Modifizierungen durch native und optimierte Enzyme in der Synthesechemie. Ebenso werden wichtige Beispiele in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hervorgehoben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymatic Late-Stage Modifications: Better Late Than Never. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16824-16855. [PMID: 33453143 PMCID: PMC8359417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is gaining increasing importance in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, the growing number of biocatalysts accessible by means of bioinformatics and enzyme engineering opens up an immense variety of selective reactions. Biocatalysis especially provides excellent opportunities for late-stage modification often superior to conventional de novo synthesis. Enzymes have proven to be useful for direct introduction of functional groups into complex scaffolds, as well as for rapid diversification of compound libraries. Particularly important and highly topical are enzyme-catalysed oxyfunctionalisations, halogenations, methylations, reductions, and amide bond formations due to the high prevalence of these motifs in pharmaceuticals. This Review gives an overview of the strengths and limitations of enzymatic late-stage modifications using native and engineered enzymes in synthesis while focusing on important examples in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
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Sushko T, Kavaleuski A, Grabovec I, Kavaleuskaya A, Vakhrameev D, Bukhdruker S, Marin E, Kuzikov A, Masamrekh R, Shumyantseva V, Tsumoto K, Borshchevskiy V, Gilep A, Strushkevich N. A new twist of rubredoxin function in M. tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104721. [PMID: 33618255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer mediated by metalloproteins drives many biological processes. Rubredoxins are a ubiquitous [1Fe-0S] class of electron carriers that play an important role in bacterial adaptation to changing environmental conditions. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, oxidative and acidic stresses as well as iron starvation induce rubredoxins expression. However, their functions during M. tuberculosis infection are unknown. In the present work, we show that rubredoxin B (RubB) is able to efficiently shuttle electrons from cognate reductases, FprA and FdR to support catalytic activity of cytochrome P450s, CYP124, CYP125, and CYP142, which are important for bacterial viability and pathogenicity. We solved the crystal structure of RubB and characterized the interaction between RubB and CYPs using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutations that not only neutralize single charge but also change the specific residues on the surface of RubB did not dramatically decrease activity of studied CYPs. Together with isothermal calorimetry (ITC) experiments, the obtained results suggest that interactions are transient and not highly specific. The redox potential of RubB is -264 mV vs. Ag/AgCl and the measured extinction coefficients are 9931 M-1cm-1 and 8371 M-1cm-1 at 380 nm and 490 nm, respectively. Characteristic parameters of RubB along with the discovered function might be useful for biotechnological applications. Our findings suggest that a switch from ferredoxins to rubredoxins might be crucial for M. tuberculosis to support CYPs activity during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Sushko
- The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anton Kavaleuski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Irina Grabovec
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Kavaleuskaya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Daniil Vakhrameev
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergey Bukhdruker
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Egor Marin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexey Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rami Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrei Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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