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Sahebi K, Foroozand H, Amirsoleymani M, Eslamzadeh S, Negahdaripour M, Tajbakhsh A, Rahimi Jaberi A, Savardashtaki A. Advancing stroke recovery: unlocking the potential of cellular dynamics in stroke recovery. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:321. [PMID: 38992073 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke stands as a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and there is a pressing need for effective therapies to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for stroke survivors. In this line, effective efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, plays a crucial role in neuroprotection and immunoregulation. This process involves specialized phagocytes known as "professional phagocytes" and consists of four steps: "Find-Me," "Eat-Me," engulfment/digestion, and anti-inflammatory responses. Impaired efferocytosis can lead to secondary necrosis and inflammation, resulting in adverse outcomes following brain pathologies. Enhancing efferocytosis presents a potential avenue for improving post-stroke recovery. Several therapeutic targets have been identified, including osteopontin, cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor, the µ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine, and PPARγ and RXR agonists. Ferroptosis, defined as iron-dependent cell death, is now emerging as a novel target to attenuate post-stroke tissue damage and neuronal loss. Additionally, several biomarkers, most importantly CD163, may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke, aiding in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Non-pharmacological approaches involve physical rehabilitation, hypoxia, and hypothermia. Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a major contributor to the poor outcomes of brain stroke, and medications targeting mitochondria may exhibit beneficial effects. These strategies aim to polarize efferocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, limit the ingestion of distressed but viable neurons, and stimulate efferocytosis in the late phase of stroke to enhance post-stroke recovery. These findings highlight promising directions for future research and development of effective stroke recovery therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Sahebi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Foroozand
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saghi Eslamzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi Jaberi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Weng Y, Lu F, Li P, Jian Y, Xu J, Zhong T, Guo Q, Yang Y. Osteopontin Promotes Angiogenesis in the Spinal Cord and Exerts a Protective Role Against Motor Function Impairment and Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2024; 49:E142-E151. [PMID: 38329420 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic science study using a hemisection spinal cord injury (SCI) model. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the effect of blocking osteopontin (OPN) upregulation on motor function recovery and pain behavior after SCI and to further investigate the possible downstream target of OPN in the injured spinal cord. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA OPN is a noncollagenous extracellular matrix protein widely expressed across different tissues. Its expression substantially increases following SCI. A previous study suggested that this protein might contribute to locomotor function recovery after SCI. However, its neuroprotective potential was not fully explored, nor were the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed a SCI mouse model and analyzed the expression of OPN at different time points and the particular cell distribution in the injured spinal cord. Then, we blocked OPN upregulation with lentivirus-delivering siRNA targeting OPN specifically and examined its effect on motor function impairment and neuropathic pain after SCI. The underlying mechanisms were explored in the OPN-knockdown mice model and cultured vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS The proteome study revealed that OPN was the most dramatically increased protein following SCI. OPN in the spinal cord was significantly increased three weeks after SCI. Suppressing OPN upregulation through siRNA exacerbated motor function impairment and neuropathic pain. In addition, SCI resulted in an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AKT phosphorylation, and angiogenesis within the spinal cord, all of which were curbed by OPN reduction. Similarly, OPN knockdown suppressed VEGF expression, AKT phosphorylation, cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in cultured vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSION OPN demonstrates a protective influence against motor function impairment and neuropathic pain following SCI. This phenomenon may result from the proangiogenetic effect of OPN, possibly due to activation of the VEGF and/or AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Maternity, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanping Jian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sun C, Rahman MSU, Enkhjargal B, Peng J, Zhou K, Xie Z, Wu L, Zhang T, Zhu Q, Tang J, Zeng Y, Zhang JH, Xu S. Osteopontin modulates microglial activation states and attenuates inflammatory responses after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114585. [PMID: 37884185 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Osteopontin (OPN) has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in various stroke models. Its role in neuroinflammation after brain injury remains to be elucidated. This study aims to clarify the effect of OPN on neuroinflammation, particularly on the functional states of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS 77 rats were randomly divided into the following groups: Sham, SAH 24 h, SAH + rOPN, SAH + Vehicle (PBS), SAH + OPN siRNA, and SAH + Scr siRNA, SAH + rOPN+Fib-14 and SAH + rOPN+DMSO. Modified Garcia and beam balance tests were used to evaluate neurobehavioral outcomes. Semi-quantitative immunofluorescence staining was performed to measure expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and microglia activation state markers CD16, CD206 after SAH and recombinant OPN treatment. The quantification of microglia activation and functional markers CD16, CD206, TNF-α and IL-10 were further evaluated using Western-blotting. RESULTS Nasal administration of rOPN improved neurological dysfunction, attenuated neutrophil infiltration, and decreased expression of phenotypic and functional markers of pro-inflammatory microglia CD16 and TNF-α. It also promoted an anti-inflammatory microglial state, as evidenced by increased expression of CD206 and IL-10. Furthermore, after blocking the phosphorylation of FAK signaling, the effects of rOPN on microglial activation states were partially reversed. The downstream pathways of STAT3 and NF-κB also exhibited consistent changes, suggesting the involvement of the STAT3 and NF-κB pathways in OPN's modulation of microglial activation via integrin-FAK signaling. CONCLUSION OPN attenuates inflammatory responses after SAH by promoting an anti-inflammatory microglial state, potentially mediated through the integrin-FAK-STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rahman
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Zhiyi Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Qiquan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yujia Zeng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Hu HJ, Xiao XR, Li T, Liu DM, Geng X, Han M, Cui W. Integrin beta 3-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells display enhanced homing and can reduce atherosclerotic plaque. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:931-946. [PMID: 37900938 PMCID: PMC10600744 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i9.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord (UC) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a potential therapeutic intervention for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) promotes cell migration in several cell types. However, whether ITGB-modified MSCs can migrate to plaque sites in vivo and play an anti-atherosclerotic role remains unclear. AIM To investigate whether ITGB3-overexpressing MSCs (MSCsITGB3) would exhibit improved homing efficacy in atherosclerosis. METHODS UC MSCs were isolated and expanded. Lentiviral vectors encoding ITGB3 or green fluorescent protein (GFP) as control were transfected into MSCs. Sixty male apolipoprotein E-/- mice were acquired from Beijing Vital River Lab Animal Technology Co., Ltd and fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 wk to induce the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. These HFD-fed mice were randomly separated into three clusters. GFP-labeled MSCs (MSCsGFP) or MSCsITGB3 were transplanted into the mice intravenously via the tail vein. Immunofluorescence staining, Oil red O staining, histological analyses, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used for the analyses. RESULTS ITGB3 modified MSCs successfully differentiated into the "osteocyte" and "adipocyte" phenotypes and were characterized by positive expression (> 91.3%) of CD29, CD73, and CD105 and negative expression (< 1.35%) of CD34 and Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR. In a transwell assay, MSCsITGB3 showed significantly faster migration than MSCsGFP. ITGB3 overexpression had no effects on MSC viability, differentiation, and secretion. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that ITGB3 overexpression substantially enhanced the homing of MSCs to plaque sites. Oil red O staining and histological analyses further confirmed the therapeutic effects of MSCsITGB3, significantly reducing the plaque area. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that MSCITGB3 transplantation considerably decreased the inflammatory response in pathological tissues by improving the dynamic equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION These results showed that ITGB3 overexpression enhanced the MSC homing ability, providing a potential approach for MSC delivery to plaque sites, thereby optimizing their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Juan Hu
- First Division, Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xue-Ru Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050030, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tong Li
- First Division, Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - De-Min Liu
- First Division, Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xue Geng
- First Division, Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mei Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Cui
- First Division, Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China.
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Drug-induced microglial phagocytosis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the underlying mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:749-759. [PMID: 36309614 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays a significant role in immune surveillance under physiological conditions. On stimulation by pathogens, microglia change their phenotypes, phagocytize toxic molecules, secrete pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory factors, promotes tissue repair, and maintain the homeostasis in CNS. Accumulation of myelin debris in multiple sclerosis (MS)/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) inhibits remyelination by decreasing the phagocytosis by microglia and prevent the recovery of MS/EAE. Drug induced microglia phagocytosis could be a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of MS/EAE. But the abnormal phagocytosis of neurons and synapses by activated microglia will lead to neuronal damage and degeneration. It indicates that the phagocytosis of microglia has many beneficial and harmful effects in central neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, simply promoting or inhibiting the phagocytic activity of microglia may not achieve ideal therapeutic results. However, limited reports are available to elucidate the microglia mediated phagocytosis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. On this basis, the present review describes microglia-mediated phagocytosis, drug-induced microglia phagocytosis, molecular mechanism, and novel approach for MS/EAE treatment.
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Davaanyam D, Kim ID, Lee JK. Intranasal Delivery of RGD-Containing Osteopontin Heptamer Peptide Confers Neuroprotection in the Ischemic Brain and Augments Microglia M2 Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189999. [PMID: 34576163 PMCID: PMC8466884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a phosphorylated glycoprotein, is induced in response to tissue damage and inflammation in various organs, including the brain. In our previous studies, we reported the robust neuroprotective effects of the icosamer OPN peptide OPNpt20, containing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) and serine-leucine-alanine-tyrosine (SLAY) motifs, in an animal model of transient focal ischemia and demonstrated that its anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and phagocytosis inducing functions are responsible for the neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we truncated OPNpt20 to 13 or 7 amino acid peptides containing RGD (R) and/or SLAY (S) motifs (OPNpt13RS, OPNpt7R, OPNpt7RS, and OPNpt7S), and their neuroprotective efficacy was examined in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Intranasal administration of all four peptides significantly reduced infarct volume; OPNpt7R (VPNGRGD), the 7-amino-acid peptide containing an RGD motif, was determined to be the most potent, with efficacy comparable to that of OPNpt20. Additionally, sensory–motor functional deficits of OPNpt7R-administered MCAO animals were significantly improved, as indicated by the modified neurological severity scores and rotarod test. Notably, the expression of M1 markers was suppressed, whereas that of M2 markers (Arginase 1, CD206, and VEGF) was significantly enhanced in OPNpt7R-treated primary microglia cultures. Inflammation resolution by OPNpt7R was further confirmed in MCAO animals, in which upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (Arg1, IL-10, IL-4, and CD36) and enhanced efferocytosis were detected. Moreover, studies using three mutant peptides (OPNpt7R-RAA or OPNpt7R-RAD, where RGD was replaced with RAA or RAD, respectively, and OPNpt7R-sc containing scrambled sequences) revealed that the RGD motif plays a vital role in conferring neuroprotection. In conclusion, the RGD-containing OPN heptamer OPNpt7R exhibits neuroprotective effects in the post-ischemic brain by suppressing M1 markers and augmenting M2 polarization of microglia and the RGD motif plays a critical role in these activities.
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