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Molecular Aspects Implicated in Dantrolene Selectivity with Respect to Ryanodine Receptor Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065409. [PMID: 36982484 PMCID: PMC10049336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dantrolene is an intra-cellularly acting skeletal muscle relaxant used for the treatment of the rare genetic disorder, malignant hyperthermia (MH). In most cases, MH susceptibility is caused by dysfunction of the skeletal ryanodine receptor (RyR1) harboring one of nearly 230 single-point MH mutations. The therapeutic effect of dantrolene is the result of a direct inhibitory action on the RyR1 channel, thus suppressing aberrant Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite the almost identical dantrolene-binding sequence exits in all three mammalian RyR isoforms, dantrolene appears to be an isoform-selective inhibitor. Whereas RyR1 and RyR3 channels are competent to bind dantrolene, the RyR2 channel, predominantly expressed in the heart, is unresponsive. However, a large body of evidence suggests that the RyR2 channel becomes sensitive to dantrolene-mediated inhibition under certain pathological conditions. Although a consistent picture of the dantrolene effect emerges from in vivo studies, in vitro results are often contradictory. Hence, our goal in this perspective is to provide the best possible clues to the molecular mechanism of dantrolene’s action on RyR isoforms by identifying and discussing potential sources of conflicting results, mainly coming from cell-free experiments. Moreover, we propose that, specifically in the case of the RyR2 channel, its phosphorylation could be implicated in acquiring the channel responsiveness to dantrolene inhibition, interpreting functional findings in the structural context.
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Nawata T, Sakai H, Honda T, Otsuka M, Fujita H, Uchinoumi H, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto T, Asagiri M, Yano M. Dantrolene, a stabilizer of the ryanodine receptor, prevents collagen-induced arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 624:141-145. [PMID: 35940127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dantrolene inhibits Ca2+ leakage from destabilized ryanodine receptors and therefore may serve as a therapeutic agent against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated diseases. However, its effectiveness in treating autoimmune diseases remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of dantrolene on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Oral administration of dantrolene resulted in significantly lower arthritic scores in both male and female CIA mice than in the control mice. Micro-computed tomographic and histological analyses showed that dantrolene suppressed bone and chondral destruction. The serum levels of anti-type II collagen (CII) IgG were positively correlated with the arthritic scores (r = 0.704, p < 0.01). In addition, the serum levels of anti-CII IgG were significantly lower in the dantrolene group than in the control group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that oral administration of dantrolene to CIA mice inhibits the production of serum anti-CII IgG and consequently prevents arthritis. Therefore, dantrolene may be a potential anti-rheumatic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nawata
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Honda
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Marina Otsuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hina Fujita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uchinoumi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masataka Asagiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
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Rebbeck R, Ginsburg KS, Ko CY, Fasoli A, Rusch K, Cai GF, Dong X, Thomas DD, Bers DM, Cornea RL. Synergistic FRET assays for drug discovery targeting RyR2 channels. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 168:13-23. [PMID: 35405106 PMCID: PMC10088286 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A key therapeutic target for heart failure and arrhythmia is the deleterious leak through sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) calcium release channels. We have previously developed methods to detect the pathologically leaky state of RyR2 in adult cardiomyocytes by monitoring RyR2 binding to either calmodulin (CaM) or a biosensor peptide (DPc10). Here, we test whether these complementary binding measurements are effective as high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to discover small molecules that target leaky RyR2. Using FRET, we developed and validated HTS procedures under conditions that mimic a pathological state, to screen the library of 1280 pharmaceutically active compounds (LOPAC) for modulators of RyR2 in cardiac SR membrane preparations. Complementary FRET assays with acceptor-labeled CaM and DPc10 were used for Hit prioritization based on the opposing binding properties of CaM vs. DPc10. This approach narrowed the Hit list to one compound, Ro 90-7501, which altered FRET to suggest increased RyR2-CaM binding and decreased DPc10 binding. Follow-up studies revealed that Ro 90-7501 does not detrimentally affect myocyte Ca2+ transients. Moreover, Ro 90-7501 partially inhibits overall Ca2+ leak, as assessed by Ca2+ sparks in permeabilized rat cardiomyocytes. Together, these results demonstrate (1) the effectiveness of our HTS approach where two complementary assays synergize for Hit ranking and (2) a drug discovery process that combines high-throughput, high-precision in vitro structural assays with in situ myocyte assays of the pathologic RyR2 leak. These provide a drug discovery platform compatible with large-scale HTS campaigns, to identify agents that inhibit RyR2 for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- RobynT Rebbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | | | - Christopher Y Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Fasoli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Rusch
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - George F Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA; Photonic Pharma LLC, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Razvan L Cornea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA; Photonic Pharma LLC, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Hua Y, Qian J, Cao J, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang J. Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Regulation by Inhibitor of Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Alleviates Necroptosis in Glycation End Products-Induced Cardiomyocytes Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136988. [PMID: 35805993 PMCID: PMC9266390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosisis a regulatory programmed form of necrosis. Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a robust indicator of necroptosis. RIPK3 mediates myocardial necroptosis through activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure. However, the exact mechanism of RIPK3 in advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced cardiomyocytes necroptosis is not clear. In this study, cardiomyocytes were subjected to AGEs stimulation for 24 h. RIPK3 expression, CaMKII expression, and necroptosis were determined in cardiomyocytes after AGEs stimulation. Then, cardiomyocytes were transfected with RIPK3 siRNA to downregulate RIPK3 followed by AGEs stimulation for 24 h. CaMKIIδ alternative splicing, CaMKII activity, oxidative stress, necroptosis, and cell damage were detected again. Next, cardiomyocytes were pretreated with GSK′872, a specific RIPK3 inhibitor to assess whether it could protect cardiomyocytes against AGEs stimulation. We found that AGEs increased the expression of RIPK3, aggravated the disorder of CaMKII δ alternative splicing, promoted CaMKII activation, enhanced oxidative stress, induced necroptosis, and damaged cardiomyocytes. RIPK3 downregulation or RIPK3 inhibitor GSK′872 corrected CaMKIIδ alternative splicing disorder, inhibited CaMKII activation, reduced oxidative stress, attenuated necroptosis, and improved cell damage in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.H.); (J.Q.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Jianan Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.H.); (J.Q.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Ji Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.H.); (J.Q.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.H.); (J.Q.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.H.); (J.Q.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-513-8505-1726 (J.Z.); Fax: +86-513-8505-1728 (J.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.H.); (J.Q.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-513-8505-1726 (J.Z.); Fax: +86-513-8505-1728 (J.Z.)
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Tanaka S, Yamamoto T, Mikawa M, Nawata J, Fujii S, Nakamura Y, Kato T, Fukuda M, Suetomi T, Uchinoumi H, Oda T, Okuda S, Okamura T, Kobayashi S, Yano. M. Stabilization of RyR2 maintains right ventricular function, reduces the development of ventricular arrhythmias, and improves prognosis in pulmonary hypertension. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:986-997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Azam MA, Chakraborty P, Bokhari MM, Dadson K, Du B, Massé S, Si D, Niri A, Aggarwal AK, Lai PF, Riazi S, Billia F, Nanthakumar K. Cardioprotective effects of dantrolene in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in mice. Heart Rhythm O2 2021; 2:733-741. [PMID: 34988524 PMCID: PMC8710625 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent, but its usage is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Intracellular calcium dysregulation has been reported to be involved in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DICM). The cardioprotective role of RyR stabilizer dantrolene (Dan) on the calcium dynamics of DICM has not yet been explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of dantrolene on intracellular calcium dysregulation and cardiac contractile function in a DICM model. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into 4 groups: (1) Control, (2) Dox Only, (3) Dan Only, and (4) Dan + Dox. Fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were assessed by echocardiography. In addition, mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after doxorubicin injection for optical mapping of the heart in a Langendorff setup. RESULTS Treatment with Dox was associated with a reduction in both FS and LVEF at 2 weeks (P < .0001) and 4 weeks (P < .006). Dox treatment was also associated with prolongation of calcium transient durations CaTD50 (P = .0005) and CaTD80 (P < .0001) and reduction of calcium amplitude alternans ratio (P < .0001). Concomitant treatment with Dan prevented the Dox-induced decline in FS and LVEF (P < .002 at both 2 and 4 weeks). Dan also prevented Dox-induced prolongation of CaTD50 and CaTD80 and improved the CaT alternans ratio (P < .0001). Finally, calcium transient rise time was increased in the doxorubicin-treated group, indicating RyR2 dyssynchrony, and dantrolene prevented this prolongation (P = .02). CONCLUSION Dantrolene prevents cardiac contractile dysfunction following doxorubicin treatment by mitigating dysregulation of calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Azam
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Praloy Chakraborty
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M. Bokhari
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith Dadson
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Beibei Du
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stéphane Massé
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daoyuan Si
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahmed Niri
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjun K. Aggarwal
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick F.H. Lai
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Enhancing calmodulin binding to ryanodine receptor is crucial to limit neuronal cell loss in Alzheimer disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7289. [PMID: 33790404 PMCID: PMC8012710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal cell loss. Recently, dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis has been suggested as a common proximal cause of neural dysfunction in AD. Here, we investigated (1) the pathogenic role of destabilization of ryanodine receptor (RyR2) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) upon development of AD phenotypes in AppNL-G-F mice, which harbor three familial AD mutations (Swedish, Beyreuther/Iberian, and Arctic), and (2) the therapeutic effect of enhanced calmodulin (CaM) binding to RyR2. In the neuronal cells from AppNL-G-F mice, CaM dissociation from RyR2 was associated with AD-related phenotypes, i.e. Aβ accumulation, TAU phosphorylation, ER stress, neuronal cell loss, and cognitive dysfunction. Surprisingly, either genetic (by V3599K substitution in RyR2) or pharmacological (by dantrolene) enhancement of CaM binding to RyR2 reversed almost completely the aforementioned AD-related phenotypes, except for Aβ accumulation. Thus, destabilization of RyR2 due to CaM dissociation is most likely an early and fundamental pathogenic mechanism involved in the development of AD. The discovery that neuronal cell loss can be fully prevented simply by stabilizing RyR2 sheds new light on the treatment of AD.
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Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:1859-1885. [PMID: 32677679 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known risk of cardiotoxicity, anthracyclines are widely prescribed chemotherapeutic agents. They are broadly characterized as being a robust effector of cellular apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cells through its actions in the nucleus and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). And, despite the early use of dexrazoxane, no effective treatment strategy has emerged to prevent the development of cardiomyopathy, despite decades of study, suggesting that much more insight into the underlying mechanism of the development of cardiomyopathy is needed. In this review, we detail the specific intracellular activities of anthracyclines, from the cell membrane to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and highlight potential therapeutic windows that represent the forefront of research into the underlying causes of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Multisite phosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor: a random or coordinated event? Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1793-1807. [PMID: 33078311 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are phosphorylated at more than one phosphorylation site to achieve precise tuning of protein function and/or integrate a multitude of signals into the activity of one protein. Increasing the number of phosphorylation sites significantly broadens the complexity of molecular mechanisms involved in processing multiple phosphorylation sites by one or more distinct kinases. The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RYR2) is a well-established multiple phospho-target of kinases activated in response to β-adrenergic stimulation because this Ca2+ channel is a critical component of Ca2+ handling machinery which is responsible for β-adrenergic enhancement of cardiac contractility. Our review presents a selective overview of the extensive, often conflicting, literature which focuses on identifying reliable lines of evidence to establish if multiple RYR2 phosphorylation is achieved randomly or in a specific sequence, and whether phosphorylation at individual sites is functionally specific and additive or similar and can therefore be substituted.
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Tamitani M, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto N, Fujisawa K, Tanaka S, Nakamura Y, Uchinoumi H, Oda T, Okuda S, Takami T, Kobayashi S, Sakaida I, Yano M. Dantrolene prevents hepatic steatosis by reducing cytoplasmic Ca2+ level and ER stress. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 23:100787. [PMID: 32715106 PMCID: PMC7374254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our previous studies demonstrated that dantrolene, a ryanodine receptor stabilizer, prevents endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the heart. ER stress is a strong mediator of impaired lipid metabolism in the liver, thereby contributing to fatty liver disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of dantrolene on fatty liver disease in mice and ER stress in hepatocytes. Methods and results Eight weeks old C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks with or without the oral administration of dantrolene (100 mg/kg/day). The livers of mice without dantrolene (HFD group) showed severe fatty liver, whereas the livers of the mice treated with dantrolene (HFD + DAN group) only showed slightly fatty liver. To address the preventive effects of dantrolene, primary hepatocytes were cultured with palmitate in the presence or absence of dantrolene. Dantrolene reduced lipid load and prevents palmitate-induced increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and ER stress. Based on these findings, we propose that dantrolene is a potential new therapeutic agent against fatty liver disease. Oral dantrolene prevents fatty liver disease in mice. Dantrolene reduced the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level in hepatocytes. Dantrolene reduced the GRP78 protein level in hepatocytes.
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Shahrbaf MA, Akbarzadeh MA, Tabary M, Khaheshi I. Air Pollution and Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100649. [PMID: 32839041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is the mixture of some chemical and environmental agents including dust, fumes, gases, particulate matters, and biological materials which can be harmful for the environment and the human body. The increasing trend of the air pollution, especially in developing countries, may exert its detrimental effects on human health. The potentially harmful effects of air pollution on the human health have been recognized and many epidemiological studies have clearly suggested the strong association between air pollution exposure and increased morbidities and mortalities. Air pollutants are classified into gaseous pollutants including carbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and sulfur dioxide, and particulate matters (PMs). All air pollutants have destructive effects on the health systems including cardiovascular system. Many studies have demonstrated the effect of air pollutant on the occurrence of ST elevation myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, cardiac arrythmias, and peripheral arterial disease. Recently, some studies suggested that air pollution may be associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively review the last evidences related to the association of air pollutant and cardiac arrythmias. We found that particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5, and UFP) and gaseous air pollutants can exert undesirable effects on cardiac rhythms. Short-term and long-term exposure to the air pollutants can interact with the cardiac rhythms through oxidative stress, autonomic dysfunction, coagulation dysfunction, and inflammation. It seems that particulate matters, especially PM2.5 have stronger association with cardiac arrhythmias among all air pollutants. However, future studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Author's reply: The RyR2 - Targeting therapy against lethal arrhythmia. J Cardiol 2020; 76:323-324. [PMID: 32307305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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