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Wang T, Ma X, Feng F, Zheng F, Zheng Q, Zhang J, Zhang M, Ma C, Deng J, Guo X, Chu M, La Y, Bao P, Pan H, Liang C, Yan P. Study on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of LAP3 Gene and Its Correlation with Dairy Quality Traits of Gannan Yak. Foods 2024; 13:2953. [PMID: 39335882 PMCID: PMC11431709 DOI: 10.3390/foods13182953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the polymorphism of the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP3) gene and its relationship with milk quality characteristics in Gannan yak. A cohort of 162 Gannan yak was genotyped utilizing the Illumina Yak cGPS 7K BeadChip, and the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated for their association with milk protein, casein, lactose, and fat concentrations. The results showed that four SNPs (g.4494G > A, g.5919A > G, g.8033G > C, and g.15,615A > G) in the LAP3 gene exhibited polymorphism with information content values of 0.267, 0.267, 0.293, and 0.114, respectively. All four SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). The g.4494G > A and g.5919A > G SNPs were significantly associated with protein content (p < 0.05), with homozygous genotypes showing significantly higher protein content than heterozygous genotypes (p < 0.05). The g.8033G > C SNP was significantly associated with casein content, protein content, non-fat solids, and acidity (p < 0.05), with the CC genotype having significantly higher casein, protein, and non-fat solids content than the GG and GC genotypes (p < 0.05). The g.15,615A > G SNP was significantly associated with average fat globule diameter (p < 0.05). In general, the mutations within the LAP3 gene demonstrated a positive impact on milk quality traits in Gannan yak, with mutated genotypes correlating with enhanced milk quality. These results indicate that the LAP3 gene could be a significant or candidate gene affecting milk quality traits in Gannan yak and offer potential genetic markers for molecular breeding programs in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Qingbo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juanxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaofan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Jingying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongfu La
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Heping Pan
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 931100, China
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Osana S, Kitajima Y, Naoki S, Murayama K, Takada H, Tabuchi A, Kano Y, Nagatomi R. The aminopeptidase LAP3 suppression accelerates myogenic differentiation via the AKT-TFE3 pathway in C2C12 myoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2103-2119. [PMID: 37435895 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle maintenance depends largely on muscle stem cells (satellite cells) that supply myoblasts required for muscle regeneration and growth. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major intracellular protein degradation pathway. We previously reported that proteasome dysfunction in skeletal muscle significantly impairs muscle growth and development. Furthermore, the inhibition of aminopeptidase, a proteolytic enzyme that removes amino acids from the termini of peptides derived from proteasomal proteolysis, impairs the proliferation and differentiation ability of C2C12 myoblasts. However, no evidence has been reported on the role of aminopeptidases with different substrate specificities on myogenesis. In this study, therefore, we investigated whether the knockdown of aminopeptidases in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts affects myogenesis. The knockdown of the X-prolyl aminopeptidase 1, aspartyl aminopeptidase, leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase, methionyl aminopeptidase 1, methionyl aminopeptidase 2, puromycine-sensitive aminopeptidase, and arginyl aminopeptidase like 1 gene in C2C12 myoblasts resulted in defective myogenic differentiation. Surprisingly, the knockdown of leucine aminopeptidase 3 (LAP3) in C2C12 myoblasts promoted myogenic differentiation. We also found that suppression of LAP3 expression in C2C12 myoblasts resulted in the inhibition of proteasomal proteolysis, decreased intracellular branched-chain amino acid levels, and enhanced mTORC2-mediated AKT phosphorylation (S473). Furthermore, phosphorylated AKT induced the translocation of TFE3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, promoting myogenic differentiation through increased expression of myogenin. Overall, our study highlights the association of aminopeptidases with myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion Osana
- Department of Sports and Medical Science, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Suzuki Naoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takada
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tabuchi
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
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Osana S, Kitajima Y, Naoki S, Takada H, Murayama K, Kano Y, Nagatomi R. Little involvement of recycled-amino acids from proteasomal proteolysis in de novo protein synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 634:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li L, Li F, Hu X, Wu Z, Ren W, Wang T, Ji Z, Li N, Gu J, Sun C, Feng X, Han W, Huang J, Lei L. LAP3 contributes to IFN-γ-induced arginine depletion and malignant transformation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:864. [PMID: 35941558 PMCID: PMC9358085 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IFN-γ has been traditionally recognized as an inflammatory cytokine that involves in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Previously we have shown that sustained IFN-γ induced malignant transformation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) via arginine depletion. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this is still unknown. Methods In this study, the amino acids contents in BMECs were quantified by a targeted metabolomics method. The acquisition of differentially expressed genes was mined from RNA-seq dataset and analyzed bioinformatically. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay were performed to detect gene mRNA and protein expression levels. CCK-8 and would healing assays were used to detect cell proliferation and migration abilities, respectively. Cell cycle phase alternations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results The targeted metabolomics analysis specifically discovered IFN-γ induced arginine depletion through accelerating arginine catabolism and inhibiting arginine anabolism in BMECs. Transcriptome analysis identified leucine aminopeptidase 3 (LAP3), which was regulated by p38 and ERK MAPKs, to downregulate arginine level through interfering with argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) as IFN-γ stimulated. Moreover, LAP3 also contributed to IFN-γ-induced malignant transformation of BMECs by upregulation of HDAC2 (histone deacetylase 2) expression and promotion of cell cycle proteins cyclin A1 and D1 expressions. Arginine supplementation did not affect LAP3 and HDAC2 expressions, but slowed down cell cycle process of malignant BMECs. In clinical samples of patients with breast cancer, LAP3 was confirmed to be upregulated, while ASS1 was downregulated compared with healthy control. Conclusions These results demonstrated that LAP3 mediated IFN-γ-induced arginine depletion to malignant transformation of BMECs. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer both in humans and dairy cows. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09963-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuhong Hu
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China.,Shannan Hospital, Shannan, China
| | - Zengshuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengchao Ji
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China.
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Horiike M, Ogawa Y, Kawada S. Effects of hyperoxia and hypoxia on the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R572-R587. [PMID: 34431403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00269.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxic conditions are known to accelerate skeletal muscle regeneration after injuries. In the early phase of regeneration, macrophages invade the injured area and subsequently secrete various growth factors, which regulate myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Although hyperoxic conditions accelerate muscle regeneration, it is unknown whether this effect is indirectly mediated by macrophages. Here, using C2C12 cells, we show that not only hyperoxia but also hypoxia enhance myoblast proliferation directly, without accelerating differentiation into myotubes. Under hyperoxic conditions (95% O2 + 5% CO2), the cell membrane was damaged because of lipid oxidization, and a disrupted cytoskeletal structure, resulting in suppressed cell proliferation. However, a culture medium containing vitamin C (VC), an antioxidant, prevented this lipid oxidization and cytoskeletal disruption, resulting in enhanced proliferation in response to hyperoxia exposure of ≤4 h/day. In contrast, exposure to hypoxic conditions (95% N2 + 5% CO2) for ≤8 h/day enhanced cell proliferation. Hyperoxia did not promote cell differentiation into myotubes, regardless of whether the culture medium contained VC. Similarly, hypoxia did not accelerate cell differentiation. These results suggest that regardless of hyperoxia or hypoxia, changes in oxygen tension can enhance cell proliferation directly, but do not influence differentiation efficiency in C2C12 cells. Moreover, excess oxidative stress abrogated the enhancement of myoblast proliferation induced by hyperoxia. This research will contribute to basic data for applying the effects of hyperoxia or hypoxia to muscle regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Horiike
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ogawa
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kawada
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Osana S, Kitajima Y, Suzuki N, Nunomiya A, Takada H, Kubota T, Murayama K, Nagatomi R. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is required for C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5293-5305. [PMID: 33378552 PMCID: PMC8049066 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a major protein degradation pathway in the cell. Proteasomes produce several peptides that are rapidly degraded to free amino acids by intracellular aminopeptidases. Our previous studies reported that proteolysis via proteasomes and aminopeptidases is required for myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the role of intracellular aminopeptidases in myoblast proliferation and differentiation had not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) on C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by knocking down PSA. Aminopeptidase enzymatic activity was reduced in PSA-knockdown myoblasts. Knockdown of PSA induced impaired cell cycle progression in C2C12 myoblasts and accumulation of cells at the G2/M phase. Additionally, after the induction of myogenic differentiation in PSA-knockdown myoblasts, multinucleated circular-shaped myotubes with impaired cell polarity were frequently identified. Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) knockdown in myoblasts resulted in a loss of cell polarity and the formation of multinucleated circular-shaped myotubes, which were similar to PSA-knockdown myoblasts. These data suggest that PSA is required for the proliferation of myoblasts in the growth phase and for the determination of cell polarity and elongation of myotubes in the differentiation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion Osana
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Division of Developmental Regulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aki Nunomiya
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Hiroaki Takada
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kubota
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Osana S, Kitajima Y, Suzuki N, Xu Y, Murayama K, Nagatomi R. siRNA knockdown of alanine aminopeptidase impairs myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112337. [PMID: 33091420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A large number of intracellular proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, one of the major protein degradation pathways. It produces peptides of several different sizes through protein degradation, and these peptides are rapidly degraded into free amino acids by various intracellular aminopeptidases. Previously, we reported that the activity of proteasomes and aminopeptidases in the proteolysis pathway are necessary for myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the detailed function of intracellular aminopeptidases in myoblast proliferation and differentiation has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we focused on alanine aminopeptidase (APN) and investigated the function of APN in C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. In myoblasts and myotubes, APN was mainly localized in the cell membrane as well as expressed at low levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The reduction of the APN enzymatic activity impaired the cell cycle progression in C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, apoptosis was induced after APN-knockdown. Finally, myogenic differentiation was also delayed in the APN-suppressed myoblasts. These findings indicate that APN is required for myoblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion Osana
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Division of Developmental Regulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yidan Xu
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan; Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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