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Wang Z, Xiao Z, Xu H, Pan T, Liao J, Tian Y. A near-infrared lysosomal probe for dynamic sulfur dioxide monitoring in inflammation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124647. [PMID: 38880075 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex physiological response involving various cellular and molecular events. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), recognized as both an endogenous signaling molecule and anti-inflammatory agent, plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. To gain deeper insights into the dynamics of inflammation-related processes, real-time monitoring of SO2 concentrations within cellular organelles is imperative. Here, we developed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, R2, equipped with lysosomal targeting features. R2 effectively monitors dynamic SO2 concentration changes during inflammation. The fluorescence intensity at 703 nm of R2 shows a strong linear correlation with the concentration of SO2, displaying a rapid response time to SO2 within 10 s and maintaining excellent photostability. The successful application of R2 in elucidating dynamic SO2 concentration changes in lysosomal during cellular and rat inflammatory processes underscores its significant potential as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziyu Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hanyu Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road, Shenzhen 518038, China.
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road, Shenzhen 518038, China.
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Li J, Chi H, Wu Y, Peng K, Wang J, Lin W. Sulfur dioxide-triggered visualization tool for auxiliary diagnosis of alcohol-induced "anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory" development process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134685. [PMID: 38797075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is the most common disease in humans. Alcohol has been part of human culture throughout history. To avoid alcohol prompting inflammation to develop into a more serious disease, it is important for human health to explore the effects of alcohol on the development of inflammation.Endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) is considered an important regulator of the development of inflammation and is involved in the entire development process of inflammation. Taken together, it is of great significance to explore the impact of alcohol on the development process of inflammation through changes in SO2 concentration in the inflammatory microenvironment. Herein, we report the development of a molecular tool (Nu-SO2) with rapid (5 s) response to the important inflammatory modulator sulfur dioxide (SO2) for the diagnosis of inflammation, assessment of therapeutic effects, and evaluation of the development process of alcohol-induced inflammation. The rationality of Nu-SO2 was confirmed through molecular docking calculations, density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations, DNA/RNA titration experiments and co-localization experiments. Furthermore, Nu-SO2 was effectively applied for specific response and highly sensitive visualization imaging of SO2 in solution, cells and mice. Importantly, Nu-SO2 was successfully used to diagnose lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in cells and mice and evaluate the efficacy of dexamethasone in treating inflammation. More significantly, based on the excellent performance of Nu-SO2 in dynamically reporting the further development of inflammation in mice triggered by alcohol, we successfully elucidated the "anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory" trend in the development of inflammation caused by alcohol stimulation. Thus, this work not only advances the research on the relationship between alcohol, inflammation and SO2, but also provides a new non-invasive assessment method for the development mechanism of inflammation induced by external stimuli and the precise diagnosis and treatment of drug efficacy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Li
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Chi
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Kanghui Peng
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyan Wang
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
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Song J, Zheng J, Li Z, Fu L, Yang J, Li K, Yu X, Lv B, Du J, Huang Y, Jin H. Sulfur dioxide inhibits mast cell degranulation by sulphenylation of galectin-9 at cysteine 74. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369326. [PMID: 38953022 PMCID: PMC11215078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mast cell (MC) degranulation is a key process in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses. Aspartate aminotransferase 1 (AAT1)-derived endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important regulator of MC function. However, the mechanism underlying its role in MC degranulation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which endogenous SO2 controlled MC degranulation. Methods HMC-1 and Rat basophilic leukemia cell MC line (RBL-2H3) were used in the cell experiments. SO2 content was detected by in situ fluorescent probe. MC degranulation represented by the release rate of MC β-hexosaminidase was determined using a colorimetric assay. Sulfenylation of galectin-9 (Gal-9) in MCs and purified protein was detected using a biotin switch assay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the exact sulfenylation sites of Gal-9 by SO2. Animal models of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and hypoxia-driven pulmonary vascular remodeling were used to investigate the effect of SO2 on mast cell activation in vivo. Site-directed mutation of Gal-9 was conducted to confirm the exact site of SO2 and support the significance of SO2/Gal-9 signal axis in the regulation of MC degranulation. Results Degranulation was increased in AAT1-knockdowned MCs, and SO2 supplementation reversed the increase in MC degranulation. Furthermore, deficiency of endogenous SO2 contributed to IgE-mediated degranulation in vitro. Besides, SO2 inhibited IgE-mediated and hypoxia-driven MC degranulation in vivo. Mechanistically, LC-MS/MS analysis and site-directed mutation results showed that SO2 sulfenylated Gal-9 at cysteine 74. Sulfenylation of the 74th cysteine of Gal-9 protein was required in the SO2-inhibited MC degranulation under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Conclusion These findings elucidated that SO2 inhibited MC degranulation via sulfenylating Gal-9 under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, which might provide a novel treatment approach for MC activation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Science Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Science Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Boyang Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Li W, Zong X, He YS, Liu X, Zhao C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Pan HF. The effect of air pollution exposure on the risk of outpatient visits for periodontitis: a time-series study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2418-2429. [PMID: 37652674 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2253738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if air pollution affected the risk of periodontitis outpatient visits. We collected the records of 56,456 periodontitis outpatient visits in Hefei, China, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2021. The relationship between air pollution and periodontitis outpatient visits was evaluated using distributed lag nonlinear and generalized linear models. Additional analyses were performed, stratifying the data by age, season, and sex. Subgroup analyses showed a significantly higher risk of periodontitis outpatient visits due to NO2 exposure during the warm season compared with the cold season. Moreover, O3 exposure was associated with a lower risk of periodontitis outpatient visits in the cold season. The findings suggest that NO2 exposure is associated with an increased risk of periodontitis outpatient visits, whereas O3 exposure is associated with a decreased risk of periodontitis outpatient visits. Season is found to be an effect modifier in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuli Li
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xirun Zong
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Sheng He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinpai Liu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Liu X, Zhou H, Zhang H, Jin H, He Y. Advances in the research of sulfur dioxide and pulmonary hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1282403. [PMID: 37900169 PMCID: PMC10602757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease caused by progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR). Currently, the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of PVR remain unclear, and effective therapeutic approaches to reverse PVR and PH are lacking. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2)/aspartate transaminase system has emerged as a novel research focus in the fields of PH and PVR. As a gaseous signaling molecule, SO2 metabolism is tightly regulated in the pulmonary vasculature and is associated with the development of PH as it is involved in the regulation of pathological and physiological activities, such as pulmonary vascular cellular inflammation, proliferation and collagen metabolism, to exert a protective effect against PH. In this review, we present an overview of the studies conducted to date that have provided a theoretical basis for the development of SO2-related drug to inhibit or reverse PVR and effectively treat PH-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhou
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yang P, Chen Z, Huang W, Zhang J, Zou L, Wang H. Communications between macrophages and cardiomyocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:206. [PMID: 37587464 PMCID: PMC10428630 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body and is one of the most vital organs in human body. While cardiomyocytes are essential for maintaining the normal function of the heart, a variety of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery occlusion, arrhythmia, and myocarditis can lead to cardiomyocyte death, resulting in deterioration of heart function. The adult mammalian heart is incapable of regenerating sufficient cardiomyocytes following cardiac injuries, eventually leading to heart failure and death. Cardiac macrophages are ubiquitously distributed in the healthy heart and accumulated at the site of injury. Macrophages play essential roles in regulating homeostasis and proliferation of cardiomyocyte, promoting electrical conduction, and removing dead cardiomyocytes and debris through direct and indirect cell-cell crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the role of macrophages in maintaining cardiac homeostasis and the macrophage-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in both healthy and injured scenarios. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zhu Y, Wang J, Ni Y, Rao Q, Zhu X, Yu J, Wang S, Zhou H. A multifunctionally reversible detector: Photoacoustic and dual-channel fluorescence sensing for SO 2/H 2O 2. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341181. [PMID: 37225328 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the phenothiazine fragment with powerful electron-donating ability was specifically selected to construct a multifunctional detector (noted as T1) in double-organelle with near-infrared region I (NIR-I) absorption. The changes of SO2/H2O2 content in mitochondria and lipid droplets were observed through red/green channels respectively, which was due to the reaction between benzopyrylium fragment of T1 and SO2/H2O2 to achieve red/green fluorescence conversion. Additionally, T1 was endowed with photoacoustic properties deriving from NIR-I absorption to reversibly monitor SO2/H2O2in vivo. This work was significant for more accurately deciphering the physiological and pathological processes in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Junjun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Yingyong Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Rao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Jianhua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Sen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China.
| | - Hongping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230601, PR China.
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Li T, Chen X, Wang K, Hu Z. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Sulfite. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1326. [PMID: 36355496 PMCID: PMC9699022 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfite is widely used as an antioxidant additive and preservative in food and beverages. Abnormal levels of sulfite in the body is related to a variety of diseases. There are strict rules for sulfite intake. Therefore, to monitor the sulfite level in physiological and pathological events, there is in urgent need to develop a rapid, accurate, sensitive, and non-invasive approach, which can also be of great significance for the improvement of the corresponding clinical diagnosis. With the development of fluorescent probes, many advantages of fluorescent probes for sulfite detection, such as real time imaging, simple operation, economy, fast response, non-invasive, and so on, have been gradually highlighted. In this review, we enumerated almost all the sulfite fluorescent probes over nearly a decade and summarized their respective characteristics, in order to provide a unified platform for their standardized evaluation. Meanwhile, we tried to systematically review the research progress of sulfite small-molecule fluorescent probes. Logically, we focused on the structures, reaction mechanisms, and applications of sulfite fluorescent probes. We hope that this review will be helpful for the investigators who are interested in sulfite-associated biological procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Medical Laboratory of Wuxi Children’s Hospital, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Qingyang Road 299, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Medical Laboratory of Wuxi Children’s Hospital, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Qingyang Road 299, Wuxi 214023, China
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Zhang Z, Tu L, Zhang D, Li Z, Huang W. Comparative studies on the absorption and fluorescence responses of hemicyanine to HSO 3-, CN -, HS - and ClO . SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120781. [PMID: 34968839 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe Hcy-Im bearing an indolium-hemicyanine structure was designed and synthesized to compare its responses to four anions, namely HSO3-, CN-, HS- and ClO-. The results disclosed that Hcy-Im reacted with all these four anions in 5% DMSO-PBS buffer with different speeds and spectral changes. Hcy-Im responded to HSO3- markedly quicker than CN- and HS-, and it responded to CN- a little quicker than HS- while the response to ClO- was much slower than the other three anions. The detection limits for these four anions were calculated to be 0.15 μM, 1.32 μM, 2.07 μM and 2.29 μM, respectively. The characteristic conjugated CN+ and CC bonds in Hcy-Im were responsible for the responses towards these four anions via a Michael addition-rearrangement reaction, a 1, 2-addition reaction or an oxidation reaction. These different sensing mechanisms were verified by 1HNMR and HRMS. Thus, it could be inferred that hemicyanine-based fluorescent probe could detect HSO3- sensitively and selectively while the interference of HSO3- should not be neglected when it was used for the detection of CN-, HS- and ClO-. Moreover, as HSO3-, HS- and ClO- are anions endogenously generated in human bodies, enough attention should be paid to the presence of physiological level of these three anions in certain tissues when hemicyanine-based fluorescent probe is applied for the detection of biorelevant analytes in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Liangping Tu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Zicheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Wencai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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10
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Huang Y, Zhang H, Lv B, Tang C, Du J, Jin H. Sulfur Dioxide: Endogenous Generation, Biological Effects, Detection, and Therapeutic Potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:256-274. [PMID: 34538110 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Previously, sulfur dioxide (SO2) was recognized as an air pollutant. However, it is found to be endogenously produced in mammalian tissues. As a new gasotransmitter, SO2 is involved in regulating the structure and function of blood vessels, heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, etc.Recent Advances: Increasing evidence showed that endogenous SO2 regulates cardiovascular physiological processes, such as blood pressure control, vasodilation, maintenance of the normal vascular structure, and cardiac negative inotropy. Under pathological conditions including hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, aging endothelial dysfunction, myocardial injury, myocardial hypertrophy, diabetic myocardial fibrosis, sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, colitis, epilepsy-related brain injury, depression and anxiety, and addictive drug reward memory consolidation, endogenous SO2 protects against the pathological changes via different molecular mechanisms and the disturbed SO2/aspartate aminotransferase pathway is likely involved in the mechanisms for the earlier mentioned pathologic processes. Critical Issues: A comprehensive understanding of the biological effects of endogenous SO2 is extremely important for the development of novel SO2 therapy. In this review, we summarized the biological effects, mechanism of action, SO2 detection methods, and its related prodrugs. Future Directions: Further studies should be conducted to understand the effects of endogenous SO2 in various physiological and pathophysiological processes and clarify its underlying mechanisms. More efficient and accurate SO2 detection methods, as well as specific and effective SO2-releasing systems should be designed for the treatment and prevention of clinical related diseases. The translation from SO2 basic medical research to its clinical application is also worthy of further study. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 256-274.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoshu Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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An exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis alleviates airway inflammatory responses via the NF-κB and STAT6 pathways in asthmatic mice. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230674. [PMID: 35040955 PMCID: PMC8799920 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is an intestinal probiotic for immune homeostasis and its exopolysaccharide (EPS) is known to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the EPS (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) on airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. Our results showed that EPS treatment of asthmatic mice significantly alleviated pathological damage in the lungs, remarkably decreased the counts of total inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and reduced indexes of oxidative damage. Moreover, the expression of type II T-helper cell (Th2) cytokines (interleukin- (IL)4 and -5) subsequent to EPS treatment was found to be dramatically down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the EPS treatment reduced JAK1, STAT6 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression in the lungs of asthmatic mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the EPS from B. subtilis alleviates asthmatic airway inflammation, which involves the reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the down-regulation of the STAT6 and NF-κB inflammatory pathways, which can further reduce Th2 cytokine expression and eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, our findings provide a potential mechanism through which the EPS mitigates asthma, suggesting that the EPS could be a potential source of an anti-asthmatic drug.
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Zhang L, Yi H, Sang N. Sulfur dioxide-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation via reactive oxygen species production and the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway in asthmatic mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:564-572. [PMID: 34448417 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211033136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common air pollutant that can exacerbate asthmatic airway inflammation. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of SO2 exposure (10 mg/m3) on asthmatic airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. Our results showed that SO2 exposure alone induced slight airway injury, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression in the lungs of mice. Moreover, SO2 exposure in asthmatic mice induced marked pathological damage, significantly increased the counts of inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and significantly enhanced malondialdehyde and glutathione levels in the lungs. Moreover, the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6), and type II T-helper cell (Th2) cytokines was found to be elevated in the mice exposed to SO2 and ovalbumin compared to those exposed to ovalbumin alone. These results suggest that SO2 amplifies Th2-mediated inflammatory responses, which involve reactive oxygen species and TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation; these can further enhance Th2 cytokine expression and eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, our findings provide important evidence to understand a potential mechanism through which SO2 may exacerbate airway asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiu Zhang
- School of Life Science, 12441Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,College of Environment and Resource Sciences, 12441Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Biology, 66353Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, China
| | - Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, 12441Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, 12441Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Jiang Y, Wang J, Zheng X, Du J. Plasma Endogenous Sulfur Dioxide: A Novel Biomarker to Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2127-2136. [PMID: 34093033 PMCID: PMC8169086 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s312058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a novel gaseous signaling molecule that plays an important role in inflammation, which contributes the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to explore the predictive value of plasma SO2 for AKI in high-risk patients. Patients and Methods A prospective cohort of 167 patients who underwent major noncardiac surgery was enrolled in the study. Plasma SO2, urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) levels were detected immediately after the operation. The primary endpoint was new-onset AKI within 72 h after admission. The ability of biomarkers including SO2 and a clinical risk model to predict AKI was compared by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and decision curve analysis (DCA), additional contributions were evaluated by integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) analyses. Results A total of 61 (36.5%) patients developed AKI within 72 h of surgery. Compared to NGAL and [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7], SO2 showed better predictive ability for new-onset AKI with an area under the ROC curve of 0.771 (95% confidence interval: 0.700–0.832, p<0.001). The improvement in predictive value by including SO2 in the clinical risk model was supported by NRI (0.28; P=0.04) and IDI (0.15; P<0.001) analyses. The net benefit of the combination of SO2 and clinical variables was the max in DCA. Conclusion Plasma SO2 shows a useful value for predicting new-onset AKI, and improved AKI prediction based on clinical variables, which can guide the implementation of preventive measures for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jiang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Endothelial Cell-Derived SO 2 Controls Endothelial Cell Inflammation, Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, and Collagen Synthesis to Inhibit Hypoxic Pulmonary Vascular Remodelling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5577634. [PMID: 33953829 PMCID: PMC8068783 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5577634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodelling (PVR) is the major pathological basis of aging-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) inflammation, and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation, hypertrophy and collagen remodelling are the important pathophysiological components of PVR. Endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) was found to be a novel gasotransmitter in the cardiovascular system with its unique biological properties. The study was aimed to investigate the role of endothelial cell- (EC-) derived SO2 in the progression of PAEC inflammation, PASMC proliferation, hypertrophy and collagen remodelling in PVR and the possible mechanisms. EC-specific aspartic aminotransferase 1 transgenic (EC-AAT1-Tg) mice were constructed in vivo. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by hypoxia. Right heart catheterization and echocardiography were used to detect mouse hemodynamic changes. Pathologic analysis was performed in the pulmonary arteries. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed to detect the SO2 content. Human PAECs (HPAECs) with lentiviruses containing AAT1 cDNA or shRNA and cocultured human PASMCs (HPASMCs) were applied in vitro. SO2 probe and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the SO2 content and determine p50 activity, respectively. Hypoxia caused a significant reduction in SO2 content in the mouse lung and HPAECs and increases in right ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary artery wall thickness, muscularization, and the expression of PAEC ICAM-1 and MCP-1 and of PASMC Ki-67, collagen I, and α-SMA (p < 0.05). However, EC-AAT1-Tg with sufficient SO2 content prevented the above increases induced by hypoxia (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, EC-derived SO2 deficiency promoted HPAEC ICAM-1 and MCP-1 and the cocultured HPASMC Ki-67 and collagen I expression, which was abolished by andrographolide, an inhibitor of p50 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, EC-derived SO2 deficiency increased the expression of cocultured HPASMC α-SMA (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings revealed that EC-derived SO2 inhibited p50 activation to control PAEC inflammation in an autocrine manner and PASMC proliferation, hypertrophy, and collagen synthesis in a paracrine manner, thereby inhibiting hypoxic PVR.
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Hu L, Huang B, Bai S, Tan J, Liu Y, Chen H, Liu Y, Zhu L, Zhang J, Chen H. SO 2 derivatives induce dysfunction in human trophoblasts via inhibiting ROS/IL-6/STAT3 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111872. [PMID: 33388592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have revealed that sulfur dioxides (SO2) can increase the risk of pregnancy complications such as missed abortion in the first trimester, stillbirth, preterm birth, small for gestational age, gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia, but the mechanisms underlying these findings remains unknown. What is known, however, is that trophoblasts, a type of fetal cell exerting vital immunologic functions to maintain a successful pregnancy, are usually involved in the pathogenic mechanism of pregnancy complications. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of SO2 derivatives (bisulfite and sulfite, 1:3 M/M) on the function of trophoblasts. METHODS Swan.71 trophoblast cells were treated with various concentrations of SO2 derivatives to determine the effect of SO2 derivatives on cellular viability by CKK8. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the effect of SO2 derivatives on apoptosis, cell cycle and intracellular ROS. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were conducted to examine the migration and invasion of Swan.71 cells. Inflammation-related cytokines in the supernatant (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α) were measured by IMMULITE®1000 Systems (SIEMENS). The expression level of NLRP3, Caspase1, MMP9, MMP2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 were evaluated by Western Blotting. RESULTS Exposure to SO2 derivatives significantly decreased cellular viability, arrested cell cycle at S/G2/M phase and induced cell apoptosis of Swan.71 trophoblasts. In addition, the migration and invasion of Swan.71 cell were significantly inhibited. SO2 derivatives also significantly increased IL-1β secretion while it is NLRP3/Caspase1 independent. IL-6 secretion was significant inhibited accompanied by decreased STAT3 phosphorylation and expression of MMP2 and MMP9. The intracellular ROS level was significantly suppressed by SO2 derivatives. CONCLUSION SO2 derivatives exert toxic effects on trophoblasts which results in: suppressing cellular viability and intracellular ROS level, interfering with cell proliferation through arresting cell cycle, inducing cell apoptosis, disturbing inflammation-related cytokines secretion and inhibiting motility. Decreased ROS/IL-6/STAT3 levels play a role in inhibited cell viability, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and defective motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingqian Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailie Chen
- Hematologic Lab of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hematologic Lab of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cai H, Wang X. Effect of sulfur dioxide on vascular biology. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:505-514. [PMID: 33319344 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters, such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, can be generated endogenously. These gasotransmitters play important roles in vascular biology, including vasorelaxation and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. In recent years, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) has been considered as a fourth gasotransmitter. SO₂ is present in air pollution. Moreover, SO₂ toxicity, including oxidative stress and DNA damage, has been extensively reported in previous studies. Recent studies have shown that SO₂ can be endogenously generated in various organs and vascular tissues, where it regulates vascular tone, vascular smooth cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. SO₂ can decrease blood pressure in rats, inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen accumulation and promote collagen degradation, and improve vascular remodelling. SO₂ can decrease cardiovascular atherosclerotic plaques by enhancing the antioxidant effect and upregulating nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase and hydrogen sulfide/cystathionine-γ-lyase pathways. SO₂ can also ameliorate vascular calcification via the transforming growth factor - β1/Smad pathway. The effect of SO₂ on vascular regulation has attracted great interest. SO₂ may be a novel mediator in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Cai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinbao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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