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Koenis DS, de Matteis R, Rajeeve V, Cutillas P, Dalli J. Efferocyte-Derived MCTRs Metabolically Prime Macrophages for Continual Efferocytosis via Rac1-Mediated Activation of Glycolysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304690. [PMID: 38064171 PMCID: PMC10870015 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Clearance of multiple rounds of apoptotic cells (ACs) through continual efferocytosis is critical in the maintenance of organ function, the resolution of acute inflammation, and tissue repair. To date, little is known about the nature of mechanisms and factors that govern this fundamental process. Herein, the authors reported that breakdown of ACs leads to upregulation of 12-lipoxygenase in macrophages. This enzyme converts docosahexaenoic acid to maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTRs). The levels of these autacoids are elevated at sites of high apoptotic burden in vivo and in efferocytosing macrophages in vitro. Abrogation of MCTR production using genetic approaches limits the ability of macrophages to perform continual efferocytosis both in vivo and in vitro, an effect that is rescued by add-back of MCTRs. Mechanistically, MCTR-mediated priming of macrophages for continual efferocytosis is dependent on alterations in Rac1 signalling and glycolytic metabolism. Inhibition of Rac1 abolishes the ability of MCTRs to increase glucose uptake and efferocytosis in vitro, whereas inhibition of glycolysis limits the MCTR-mediated increases in efferocytosis and tissue repair. Together, these findings demonstrate that upregulation of MCTRs by efferocytosing macrophages plays a central role in the regulation of continual efferocytosis via the autocrine and paracrine modulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duco Steven Koenis
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Roberta de Matteis
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Centre for Genomics and Computational BiologyBarts Cancer InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Centre for Genomics and Computational BiologyBarts Cancer InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic InnovationQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
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Song Q, Geng H, Zhen H, Liu H, Deng H, Yuan Z, Zhang J, Cao Z, Pang Q, Zhao B. DjFARP Contributes to the Regeneration and Maintenance of the Brain through Activation of DjRac1 in Dugesia japonica. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6294-6306. [PMID: 37442859 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
FERM, RhoGEF, and Pleckstrin domain protein (FARP) mediated RhoGTPase pathways are involved in diverse biological processes, such as neuronal development and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about their role in neural regeneration. We uncovered for the first time that FARP-Rac1 signaling plays an important role in neural regeneration in Dugesia japonica, a planarian that possesses unparalleled regenerative capacities. The planarian FARP homolog DjFARP was primarily expressed in both intact and regenerating brain and pharynx tissue. Functional studies suggested that downregulation of DjFARP with dsRNA in Dugesia japonica led to smaller brain sizes, defects in brain lateral branches, and loss of cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic neurons in both intact and regenerating animals. Moreover, the Rho GTPase DjRac1 was shown to play a similar role in neural regeneration and maintenance. Rac1 activation assay showed that DjFARP acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for DjRac1. Together, these findings indicate that the brain defects seen in DjFARP knockdown animals may be attributable to DjRac1 inactivation. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that DjFARP-DjRac1 signaling was required for the maintenance and proper regeneration of the brain in Dugesia japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Song
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhi Geng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Hui Zhen
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjin Liu
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Zhonghong Cao
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China.
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China.
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Genotoxicity Evaluation of Metformin in Freshwater Planarian Dugesia japonica by the Comet Assay and RAPD Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2822605. [PMID: 36033573 PMCID: PMC9403254 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2822605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the genotoxicity of metformin on planarian with different concentrations and exposure times. Methods The planarians were treated, respectively, with 10 mmol/L and 50 mmol/L metformin for 1, 3, and 5 days, and then, the comet assay and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were performed. 13 random primers were used for PCR amplification with the genomic DNAs as templates. Planarians cultured in clear water were used as the control. Genomic template stability (GTS) was calculated by comparing and analyzing the RAPD patterns of the control group and the treatment groups. Results In the comet assay, DNA damage of planarians treated with 10 mmol/L metformin for 1, 3, and 5 days was 10.2%, 25.4%, and 36.8%, respectively, and that of planarians treated with 50 mmol/L metformin was 40.6%, 62.8%, and 65.4%, respectively. GTS values of planarians exposed to 10 mmol/L metformin for 1, 3, and 5 days were 64.1%, 62.8%, and 52.6%, respectively, and those of planarians exposed to 50 mmol/L metformin for 1, 3, and 5 days were 52.6%, 51.3%, and 50%, respectively. DNA damage increased and GTS values decreased with the increasing metformin exposure concentration and exposure time. Conclusion Metformin has certain genotoxicity on planarian in a dose- and time-related manner. The comet assay and RAPD analysis are highly sensitive methods for detecting genotoxicity with drugs.
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Gao T, Sun B, Xu Z, Chen Q, Yang M, Wan Q, Song L, Chen G, Jing C, Zeng EY, Yang G. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics reduces regeneration and growth in planarians. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128673. [PMID: 35303662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse effects of microplastics (MPs) on ecosystems and human health have received much attention in recent years. However, only limited data are available on the mechanisms for the uptake, distribution, and effects of MPs in freshwater organisms, especially with respect to tissue repair, regeneration and impairment of stem cell functions. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted exposure experiments in which planarians (Dugesia japonica) were exposed to polystyrene (PS)-MPs mixed in liver homogenate and examined the tissue growth and regeneration, stem cell functions, and oxidative stress. The body and blastema areas decreased upon exposure to PS-MPs, indicating that the growth and regeneration of planarians were delayed. The proliferation and differentiation processes of stem cells were inhibited, and the proportion of mitotic stem cells decreased, which may be related to the activation of the TGFβ/SMAD4 and Notch signaling pathways. The enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde on the first day of exposure to PS-MPs confirmed the oxidative stress response of planarians to PS-MPs. The present study demonstrated the likelihood of biotoxicity induced by PS-MPs. These results will provide clues for further investigations into the potential risks of PS-MPs to human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhenbiao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qinli Wan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Linxia Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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A novel RhoA-related gene, DjRhoA, contributes to the regeneration of brain and intestine in planarian Dugesia japonica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1359-1365. [PMID: 33059921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A small GTPase, RhoA, plays a variety of functions in the regulation of cellular and developmental events via its downstream effectors, including cytokinesis, cell migration, and phagocytosis. In this study, a novel RhoA-related gene from the planarian Dugesia japonica, DjRhoA, was cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA of DjRhoA is 869 bp, and the open reading frame encodes a poly-peptide of 194 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that DjRhoA clustered with another RhoA-related protein, DjRho2, and located on the base of phylogenetic tree. Whole-mount in situ hybridization results indicated that DjRhoA was expressed in the brain primordia and intestine during regeneration. Knockdown of DjRhoA induces defects in the brain and intestine. These results suggested that DjRhoA was responsible for the regeneration of brain and intestine in Dugesia japonica.
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