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Ferreira RP, Duarte JA. Protein Turnover in Skeletal Muscle: Looking at Molecular Regulation towards an Active Lifestyle. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:763-777. [PMID: 36854391 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue, able to change its mass and functional properties in response to several stimuli. Skeletal muscle mass is influenced by the balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, which is regulated by several signaling pathways. The relative contribution of Akt/mTOR signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, autophagy among other signaling pathways to protein turnover and, therefore, to skeletal muscle mass, differs depending on the wasting or loading condition and muscle type. By modulating mitochondria biogenesis, PGC-1α has a major role in the cell's bioenergetic status and, thus, on protein turnover. In fact, rates of protein turnover regulate differently the levels of distinct protein classes in response to atrophic or hypertrophic stimuli. Mitochondrial protein turnover rates may be enhanced in wasting conditions, whereas the increased turnover of myofibrillar proteins triggers muscle mass gain. The present review aims to update the knowledge on the molecular pathways implicated in the regulation of protein turnover in skeletal muscle, focusing on how distinct muscle proteins may be modulated by lifestyle interventions with emphasis on exercise training. The comprehensive analysis of the anabolic effects of exercise programs will pave the way to the tailored management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinho Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Chen X, Ji Y, Liu R, Zhu X, Wang K, Yang X, Liu B, Gao Z, Huang Y, Shen Y, Liu H, Sun H. Mitochondrial dysfunction: roles in skeletal muscle atrophy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:503. [PMID: 37495991 PMCID: PMC10373380 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and skeletal muscle health, and damage to mitochondria can lead to a series of pathophysiological changes. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to skeletal muscle atrophy, and its molecular mechanism leading to skeletal muscle atrophy is complex. Understanding the pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction is useful for the prevention and treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy, and finding drugs and methods to target and modulate mitochondrial function are urgent tasks in the prevention and treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy. In this review, we first discussed the roles of normal mitochondria in skeletal muscle. Importantly, we described the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on skeletal muscle atrophy and the molecular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the regulatory roles of different signaling pathways (AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α, IGF-1-PI3K-Akt-mTOR, FoxOs, JAK-STAT3, TGF-β-Smad2/3 and NF-κB pathways, etc.) and the roles of mitochondrial factors were investigated in mitochondrial dysfunction. Next, we analyzed the manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle atrophy caused by different diseases. Finally, we summarized the preventive and therapeutic effects of targeted regulation of mitochondrial function on skeletal muscle atrophy, including drug therapy, exercise and diet, gene therapy, stem cell therapy and physical therapy. This review is of great significance for the holistic understanding of the important role of mitochondria in skeletal muscle, which is helpful for researchers to further understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy, and has an important inspiring role for the development of therapeutic strategies for muscle atrophy targeting mitochondria in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xucheng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Boya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 55 Ninghai Middle Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Uemichi K, Shirai T, Matsuno R, Iwata T, Tanimura R, Takemasa T. The role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in the regulation of mitochondrial adaptation during skeletal muscle atrophy under denervation or calorie restriction in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:241-255. [PMID: 36786420 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a protein complex that regulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy. mTORC1-mediated signaling activities are activated during denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and suppressed during calorie restriction-induced atrophy. Mitochondria control the qualitative plasticity of skeletal muscles primarily through biogenesis, fusion, and fission. We recently showed that mTORC1 activation contributes toward mitochondrial homeostasis. In this study, we examined the role of mTORC1 in mitochondrial adaptation during denervation- or calorie restriction-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Seven-week-old Institute of Cancer Research mice were subjected to 14 days of denervation or calorie restriction combined with the administration of the mTORC1 inhibitor-"rapamycin". Our results showed that although mTORC1 inhibition did not alter mitochondrial biogenesis, content and enzyme activity, it suppressed the activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a mitochondrial fission-related protein in denervated muscle, and reduced DRP1 expression in calorie-restricted muscle. Furthermore, calorie restriction-induced mitochondrial fragmentation was partially suppressed by mTORC1 inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate that mTORC1 activation upon denervation and inhibition upon calorie restriction contributes to qualitative changes in muscle plasticity by at least partially regulating the mitochondrial fission response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Uemichi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takanaga Shirai
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Matsuno
- School of Physical Education, Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iwata
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Riku Tanimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Mori R, Yokokawa T, Fujita S. Modified expression of vitamin D receptor and CYP27B1 in denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:733-739. [PMID: 32736700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D pathway is related to the mass and function of skeletal muscles. Several studies have demonstrated the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and CYP27B1 in skeletal muscles, suggesting that these proteins may regulate skeletal muscles and their function. However, it remains unclear whether the expression of VDR and CYP27B1 is modified in skeletal muscle atrophy. We investigated whether denervation-induced muscle atrophy is associated with altered expression of VDR and CYP27B1 in murine skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles were excised from C57BL/6J mice, 3 and 7 days after the mice underwent denervation surgery. Denervation induced muscle atrophy and enhanced the expression of MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 in the gastrocnemius and soleus. The protein expression of VDR was increased in the denervated gastrocnemius; in contrast, denervation decreased the protein expression of CYP27B1 in the gastrocnemius and soleus. These results suggest that denervation-induced muscle atrophy is associated with changes in the expression of vitamin D-related proteins in murine skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Mori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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