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Huang J, Jia P, Zhong X, Guan X, Zhang H, Gao Z. Ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis mutant L3 NB-LRR receptor gene in Nicotiana benthamiana cells leads to cell death. Gene 2024; 906:148256. [PMID: 38341003 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) act as critical intracellular immune receptors. Previous studies reported an Arabidopsis-resistant gene L3 (AT1G15890), which encoded a coiled-coil (CC) NLR that conferred cell death in bacteria; however, its function in planta remains unclear. This study describes a comprehensive structure-function analysis of L3 in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results of the transient assay showed that the L3 CC domain is sufficient for cell-death induction. The first 140 amino acid segment constituted the minimal function region that could cause cell death. The YFP-labeled L3 CC domain was localized to the plasma membrane, which was considered crucial for the function and self-interaction of the L3 CC domain. The results of point mutations analysis showed that L3 CC domain function is affected by mutations in some specific residues, and loss-of-function mutations in the CC domain affected the function of full-length L3. These study results offered considerable evidence to understand the activation mechanism of L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Xiuying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Chen K, Chen J, Pi X, Huang LJ, Li N. Isolation, Purification, and Application of Protoplasts and Transient Expression Systems in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16892. [PMID: 38069215 PMCID: PMC10706244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protoplasts, derived from plant cells, exhibit remarkable totipotency and hold significant value across a wide spectrum of biological and biotechnological applications. These versatile applications encompass protein subcellular localization and interaction analysis, gene expression regulation, functional characterization, gene editing techniques, and single-cell sequencing. Protoplasts' usability stems from their inherent accessibility and their ability to efficiently incorporate exogenous genes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview, including details on isolation procedures and influencing factors, purification and viability assessment methodologies, and the utilization of the protoplast transient expression system. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of current applications and offer valuable insights into protoplast isolation and the establishment of transient expression systems in a diverse range of plant species, thereby serving as a valuable resource for the plant science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xin Pi
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Huang J, Wu X, Gao Z. The RING-type protein BOI negatively regulates the protein level of a CC-NBS-LRR in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 578:104-109. [PMID: 34560579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play pivotal roles in plant immunity. The regulation of NLR stability is essential to ensure effective immunity, whereas the exact mechanism is largely unclear. The Arabidopsis CC-NBS-LRR protein L5 (At1g12290) can induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in Arabidopsis thaliana. We screened the interactors of L5 by yeast two-hybrid, and found that the BOI can interact with the CC domain of L5. Transiently expressed BOI reduced the protein level of L5, and suppressed the auoactivity of L5 in N. benthamiana. BOI can interact and ubiquitinate L5 in vitro, and mediate the proteasomal degradation of L5 in N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. The Lys425 in the NBS domain of L5 is the critical unbiquitin site for the degradation. In conclusion, our results reveal a mechanism for the control of the stability of L5 protein and for the suppressed of L5-triggered cell death by a RING-type E3 ligase through the ubiquitin proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Huang
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Wu X, Huang J, Cao Y, Gao Z. The resistance associated protein RIN4 promotes the extracellular transport of AtEXO70E2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:40-45. [PMID: 33812057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RIN4 is an important immunomodulator in Arabidopsis, which is targeted by multiple pathogenic effectors, and consequently guarded by different immune receptors. Although RIN4 plays a significant role in plant immunity, its molecular function is not fully understood. We found that RIN4 interacts with the exocyst subunit EXO70E2. Transiently expressed RIN4 can recruits EXO70E2 vesicles to the plasma membrane, and promote the transport of the vesicles to the extracellular matrix. RIN4 also can decrease the protein level of EXO70E2. Base on the fact that EXO70 proteins positively mediates plant immunity, the function of RIN4 is to promote the extracellular export of defense related vesicles. Pathogens will secret effectors to modify or cleavage it to interfere this exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yajun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Huang J, Wu X, Sun K, Gao Z. Structure and function analysis of a CC-NBS-LRR protein AT1G12290. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:206-211. [PMID: 33272575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) play important roles in plant immunity. The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains about 150 genes encoding NLR proteins, but few of them have been studied. We transiently expressed a series of NBS-LRR proteins in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, and found that the CC-NBS-LRR protein (AT1G12290) was able to trigger cell death, a characterized function for the activation of an NLR protein. We observed that the YFP-tagged AT1G12290 was localized on the plasma membrane (PM), and the predicted myristoylation site Gly2 is required for the localization and function of the protein. Further structure dissection revealed that the CC domain was enough to activate cell death, and the N-terminal 1-100 amino acid fragment was the minimal region to induce cell death and self-association. Our research provides important clues to elucidate the activation mechanism of AT1G12290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaiting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Liu X, Liu H, He J, Zhang S, Han H, Wang Z, Liu WC, Liang YK, Gao Z. RIN13-mediated disease resistance depends on the SNC1-EDS1/PAD4 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7393-7404. [PMID: 32937656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an innate immune system to protect themselves from pathogen invasion with the help of intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, though the mechanisms remain largely undefined. RIN13 (RPM1-interacting protein 13) was previously reported to enhance disease resistance, and suppress RPM1 (a CNL-type NLR)-mediated hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis via an as yet unknown mechanism. Here, we show that RIN13 is a nuclear-localized protein, and functions therein. Overexpression of RIN13 leads to autoimmunity with high accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes, enhanced resistance to a virulent pathogen, and dwarfism. In addition, genetic and transcriptome analyses show that SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways are both required for RIN13-mediated disease resistance, with the EDS1/PAD4 complex as an integration point. RIN13-induced dwarfism was rescued completely by either the pad4-1 or the eds1-2 mutant but partially by snc1-r1, a mutant of the TNL gene SNC1, suggesting the involvement of EDS1/PAD4 and SNC1 in RIN13 functioning. Furthermore, transient expression assays indicated that RIN13 promotes the nuclear accumulation of PAD4. Collectively, our study uncovered a signaling pathway whereby SNC1 and EDS1/PAD4 act together to modulate RIN13-triggered plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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