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Aldworth H, Hooper NM. Post-translational regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor provides new targets for cholesterol regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:431-440. [PMID: 38329179 PMCID: PMC10903450 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The amount of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) on the surface of hepatocytes is the primary determinant of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level. Although the synthesis and cellular trafficking of the LDLR have been well-documented, there is growing evidence of additional post-translational mechanisms that regulate or fine tune the surface availability of the LDLR, thus modulating its ability to bind and internalise LDL-cholesterol. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 both independently interact with the LDLR and direct it towards the lysosome for degradation. While ubiquitination by the E3 ligase inducible degrader of the LDLR also targets the receptor for lysosomal degradation, ubiquitination of the LDLR by a different E3 ligase, RNF130, redistributes the receptor away from the plasma membrane. The activity of the LDLR is also regulated by proteolysis. Proteolytic cleavage of the transmembrane region of the LDLR by γ-secretase destabilises the receptor, directing it to the lysosome for degradation. Shedding of the extracellular domain of the receptor by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease and cleavage of the receptor in its LDL-binding domain by bone morphogenetic protein-1 reduces the ability of the LDLR to bind and internalise LDL-cholesterol at the cell surface. A better understanding of how the activity of the LDLR is regulated will not only unravel the complex biological mechanisms controlling LDL-cholesterol metabolism but also could help inform the development of alternative pharmacological intervention strategies for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Aldworth
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Fang J, Guan H. γ-Secretase inhibitor alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial injury through regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:135-147. [PMID: 37671635 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic myocardial injury is one of the most life-threatening organ dysfunction. The γ-secretase-based approaches have been developed as potential strategies for diverse diseases management. Unfortunately, the role of γ-secretase inhibitor in septic myocardial injury is unclarified. The present study aims to investigate the effect of γ-secretase inhibitor in septic myocardial injury and reveal its mechanism. METHODS The mouse model of septic myocardial injury was established by intraperitoneally injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and γ-secretase inhibitor MW167 was applied in this model. RNA-sequencing analysis and further bioinformatics analyses were used to screen differential expressed genes (DEGs) and potentially enriched pathways between LPS and LPS + MW167 mice. Pathological examination was performed using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. SD-1029 was used to block JAK2/STAT3 signaling in H9C2 cells and western blot analysis quantified JAK2/STAT3-related proteins. RESULTS LPS induced myocardial injury accompanied with significant inflammatory infiltration and more apoptotic cells. Transcriptome sequencing screened 36 DEGs and bioinformatics identified JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was significantly enriched. Further in vitro experiments showed that γ-secretase inhibitor MW167 activated JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Additionally, MW167 restored cell viability, decreased myocardial injury markers including cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and reduced nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) release. Application of SD-1029 reversely deteriorated LPS-induced myocardial injury and inflammatory response in γ-secretase inhibitor-treated myocardial cells. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that γ-secretase inhibitor alleviates septic myocardial injury via activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling, and provide novel therapeutic direction for septic myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Fang
- Department of Emergency, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Huan Guan
- Department of Emergency, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
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Chen L, Wang Y. Interdisciplinary advances reshape the delivery tools for effective NASH treatment. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101730. [PMID: 37142161 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe systemic and inflammatory subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, eventually develops into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with few options for effective treatment. Currently potent small molecules identified in preclinical studies are confronted with adverse effects and long-term ineffectiveness in clinical trials. Nevertheless, highly specific delivery tools designed from interdisciplinary concepts may address the significant challenges by either effectively increasing the concentrations of drugs in target cell types, or selectively manipulating the gene expression in liver to resolve NASH. SCOPE OF REVIEW We focus on dissecting the detailed principles of the latest interdisciplinary advances and concepts that direct the design of future delivery tools to enhance the efficacy. Recent advances have indicated that cell and organelle-specific vehicles, non-coding RNA research (e.g. saRNA, hybrid miRNA) improve the specificity, while small extracellular vesicles and coacervates increase the cellular uptake of therapeutics. Moreover, strategies based on interdisciplinary advances drastically elevate drug loading capacity and delivery efficiency and ameliorate NASH and other liver diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The latest concepts and advances in chemistry, biochemistry and machine learning technology provide the framework and strategies for the design of more effective tools to treat NASH, other pivotal liver diseases and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health.
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Abulizi A, Simayi J, Nuermaimaiti M, Han M, Hailati S, Talihati Z, Maihemuti N, Nuer M, Khan N, Abudurousuli K, Dilimulati D, Nueraihemaiti N, Moore N, Zhou W, Wumaier A. Quince extract resists atherosclerosis in rats by down-regulating the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114330. [PMID: 36746094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified the effective components and the underlying mechanisms of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill, COM) extract against atherosclerosis. The effective components of COM extract were identified with UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Network pharmacology was performed. A rat model of atherosclerosis induced by high-fat emulsion combined with vitamin D3 was established. The anti-atherosclerosis effect of COM extract was evaluated from various aspects such as blood lipid regulation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory response, and vascular protection function. We identified 14 serum components of COM extract using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Through prediction, 573 targets were obtained, among which 224 targets were atherosclerosis specific targets. The key targets included GSK3β, ESR1, EGFR, and HSP90AA1. The key signaling pathway was PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Pharmacodynamics analysis showed that COM extract reduced the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C as well as ALT and AST, while increased the level of HDL-C. Mechanistically, COM extract significantly increased serum SOD and GSH-Px activities, but decreased MDA content in atherosclerosis rats, showing antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, COM extract significantly down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP, but up-regulated anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Additionally, COM extract increased the levels of NO, eNOS, and 6-keto-PGF1α; whereas, decreased the levels of ET-1 and TXB2. Furthermore, COM extract significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of EGFR, p-PI3K, p-AKT, GSK-3β, Bax, and Caspase-3 as well as the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Conclusively, COM extract exerts hypolipidemic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and vascular endothelium protective effects on atherosclerosis rat model, which may be related to the inhibition of EGFR/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulaiti Abulizi
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jimilihan Simayi
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | | | - Mengyuan Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Sendaer Hailati
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ziruo Talihati
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Nulibiya Maihemuti
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Muhadaisi Nuer
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Nawaz Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | | | - Dilihuma Dilimulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | | | - Nicholas Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wenting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Ainiwaer Wumaier
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Lu K, Fan Q, Zou X. Antisense oligonucleotide is a promising intervention for liver diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1061842. [PMID: 36569303 PMCID: PMC9780395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1061842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the body's critical metabolic organ, the liver plays an essential role in maintaining proper body homeostasis. However, as people's living standards have improved and the number of unhealthy lifestyles has increased, the liver has become overburdened. These have made liver disease one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Under the influence of adverse factors, liver disease progresses from simple steatosis to hepatitis, to liver fibrosis, and finally to cirrhosis and cancer, followed by increased mortality. Until now, there has been a lack of accepted effective treatments for liver disease. Based on current research, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), as an alternative intervention for liver diseases, is expected to be an effective treatment due to its high efficiency, low toxicity, low dosage, strong specificity, and additional positive characteristics. In this review, we will first introduce the design, modification, delivery, and the mechanisms of ASO, and then summarize the application of ASO in liver disease treatment, including in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives on the transfer of ASO drugs into clinical use. This review provides a current and comprehensive understanding of the integrative and systematic functions of ASO for its use in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Lu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qijing Fan
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoju Zou
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoju Zou,
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Sen S, Hallee L, Lam CK. The Potential of Gamma Secretase as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121294. [PMID: 34945766 PMCID: PMC8703931 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are some of the most common and pressing threats to human health worldwide. The American Heart Association and the National Institute of Health jointly work to annually update data on cardiac diseases. In 2018, 126.9 million Americans were reported as having some form of cardiac disorder, with an estimated direct and indirect total cost of USD 363.4 billion. This necessitates developing therapeutic interventions for heart diseases to improve human life expectancy and economic relief. In this review, we look into gamma-secretase as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac diseases. Gamma-secretase, an aspartyl protease enzyme, is responsible for the cleavage and activation of a number of substrates that are relevant to normal cardiac development and function as found in mutation studies. Some of these substrates are involved in downstream signaling processes and crosstalk with pathways relevant to heart diseases. Most of the substrates and signaling events we explored were found to be potentially beneficial to maintain cardiac function in diseased conditions. This review presents an updated overview of the current knowledge on gamma-secretase processing of cardiac-relevant substrates and seeks to understand if the modulation of gamma-secretase activity would be beneficial to combat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoita Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Logan Hallee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Chi Keung Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-3165
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Guo Y, Wang Q, Chen S, Xu C. Functions of amyloid precursor protein in metabolic diseases. Metabolism 2021; 115:154454. [PMID: 33248065 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane precursor protein that is widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues in the liver and pancreas, adipose tissue, and myotubes. APP can be cleaved by proteases in two different ways to produce a variety of short peptides, each with different physiological properties and functions. APP peptides generated by non-amyloidogenic processing can positively influence metabolism, while the peptides produced by amyloidogenic processing have the opposite effects. Here, we summarize the regulatory effects of APP and its cleavage peptides on metabolism in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. In addition, abnormal expression and function of APP and APP-derived peptides are associated with metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease, and cancers. Pharmacological intervention of APP function or reduction of the production of peptides derived from amyloidogenic processing may be effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and they may also provide new guidance for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qinqiu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shenghui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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