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El-Mergawy R, Chafin L, Ovando-Ricardez JA, Rosas L, Tsai M, Rojas M, Mora AL, Mallampalli RK. FOXK2 targeting by the SCF-E3 ligase subunit FBXO24 for ubiquitin mediated degradation modulates mitochondrial respiration. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107359. [PMID: 38735474 PMCID: PMC11209018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
FOXK2 is a crucial transcription factor implicated in a wide array of biological activities and yet understanding of its molecular regulation at the level of protein turnover is limited. Here, we identify that FOXK2 undergoes degradation in lung epithelia in the presence of the virulent pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae through ubiquitin-proteasomal processing. FOXK2 through its carboxyl terminus (aa 428-478) binds the Skp-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin E3 ligase subunit FBXO24 that mediates multisite polyubiquitylation of the transcription factor resulting in its nuclear degradation. FOXK2 was detected within the mitochondria and targeted depletion of the transcription factor or cellular expression of FOXK2 mutants devoid of key carboxy terminal domains significantly impaired mitochondrial function. In experimental bacterial pneumonia, Fbxo24 heterozygous mice exhibited preserved mitochondrial function and Foxk2 protein levels compared to WT littermates. The results suggest a new mode of regulatory control of mitochondrial energetics through modulation of FOXK2 cellular abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab El-Mergawy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lexie Chafin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose A Ovando-Ricardez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - MuChun Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ana L Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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2
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Stein WD. Orthologs at the Base of the Olfactores Clade. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:657. [PMID: 38927593 PMCID: PMC11203038 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunicate orthologs in the human genome comprise just 84 genes of the 19,872 protein-coding genes and 23 of the 16,528 non-coding genes, yet they stand at the base of the Olfactores clade, which radiated to generate thousands of tunicate and vertebrate species. What were the powerful drivers among these genes that enabled this process? Many of these orthologs are present in gene families. We discuss the biological role of each family and the orthologs' quantitative contribution to the family. Most important was the evolution of a second type of cadherin. This, a Type II cadherin, had the property of detaching the cell containing that cadherin from cells that expressed the Type I class. The set of such Type II cadherins could now detach and move away from their Type I neighbours, a process which would eventually evolve into the formation of the neural crest, "the fourth germ layer", providing a wide range of possibilities for further evolutionary invention. A second important contribution were key additions to the broad development of the muscle and nerve protein and visual perception toolkits. These developments in mobility and vision provided the basis for the development of the efficient predatory capabilities of the Vertebrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred D Stein
- Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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3
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Gerstner M, Heller V, Fechner J, Hermann B, Wang L, Lausen J. Prmt6 represses the pro-adipogenic Ppar-gamma-C/ebp-alpha transcription factor loop. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6656. [PMID: 38509237 PMCID: PMC10954715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The feed-forward loop between the transcription factors Ppar-gamma and C/ebp-alpha is critical for lineage commitment during adipocytic differentiation. Ppar-gamma interacts with epigenetic cofactors to activate C/ebp-alpha and the downstream adipocytic gene expression program. Therefore, knowledge of the epigenetic cofactors associated with Ppar-gamma, is central to understanding adipocyte differentiation in normal differentiation and disease. We found that Prmt6 is present with Ppar-gamma on the Ppar-gamma and C/ebp-alpha promoter. It contributes to the repression of C/ebp-alpha expression, in part through its ability to induce H3R2me2a. During adipocyte differentiation, Prmt6 expression is reduced and the methyltransferase leaves the promoters. As a result, the expression of Ppar-gamma and C/ebp-alpha is upregulated and the adipocytic gene expression program is established. Inhibition of Prmt6 by a small molecule enhances adipogenesis, opening up the possibility of epigenetic manipulation of differentiation. Our data provide detailed information on the molecular mechanism controlling the Ppar-gamma-C/ebp-alpha feed-forward loop. Thus, they advance our understanding of adipogenesis in normal and aberrant adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Gerstner
- Department of Eukaryotic Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vivien Heller
- Department of Eukaryotic Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Fechner
- Department of Eukaryotic Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hermann
- Department of Eukaryotic Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Eukaryotic Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joern Lausen
- Department of Eukaryotic Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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4
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Li Z, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhou L, Yuan S. FBXO24 modulates mRNA alternative splicing and MIWI degradation and is required for normal sperm formation and male fertility. eLife 2024; 12:RP91666. [PMID: 38470475 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spermiogenesis is a critical, post-meiotic phase of male gametogenesis, in which the proper gene expression is essential for sperm maturation. However, the underFlying molecular mechanism that controls mRNA expression in the round spermatids remains elusive. Here, we identify that FBXO24, an orphan F-box protein, is highly expressed in the testis of humans and mice and interacts with the splicing factors (SRSF2, SRSF3, and SRSF9) to modulate the gene alternative splicing in the round spermatids. Genetic mutation of FBXO24 in mice causes many abnormal splicing events in round spermatids, thus affecting a large number of critical genes related to sperm formation that were dysregulated. Further molecular and phenotypical analyses revealed that FBXO24 deficiency results in aberrant histone retention, incomplete axonemes, oversized chromatoid body, and abnormal mitochondrial coiling along sperm flagella, ultimately leading to male sterility. In addition, we discovered that FBXO24 interacts with MIWI and SCF subunits and mediates the degradation of MIWI via K48-linked polyubiquitination. Furthermore, we show that FBXO24 depletion could lead to aberrant piRNA production in testes, which suggests FBXO24 is required for normal piRNA counts. Collectively, these data demonstrate that FBXO24 is essential for sperm formation by regulating mRNA alternative splicing and MIWI degradation during spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingping Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liquan Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuiqiao Yuan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Animal Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Gao Y, Feng C, Ma J, Yan Q. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs): Orchestrators of cancer pathogenesis, immunotherapy dynamics, and drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116048. [PMID: 38346542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes regulating protein arginine methylation, which is a post-translational modification crucial for various cellular processes. Recent studies have highlighted the mechanistic role of PRMTs in cancer pathogenesis, immunotherapy, and drug resistance. PRMTs are involved in diverse oncogenic processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. They exert their effects by methylation of histones, transcription factors, and other regulatory proteins, resulting in altered gene expression patterns. PRMT-mediated histone methylation can lead to aberrant chromatin remodeling and epigenetic changes that drive oncogenesis. Additionally, PRMTs can directly interact with key signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, thereby modulating cell survival and proliferation. In the context of cancer immunotherapy, PRMTs have emerged as critical regulators of immune responses. They modulate immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), through arginine methylation. Drug resistance is a significant challenge in cancer treatment, and PRMTs have been implicated in this phenomenon. PRMTs can contribute to drug resistance through multiple mechanisms, including the epigenetic regulation of drug efflux pumps, altered DNA damage repair, and modulation of cell survival pathways. In conclusion, PRMTs play critical roles in cancer pathogenesis, immunotherapy, and drug resistance. In this overview, we have endeavored to illuminate the mechanistic intricacies of PRMT-mediated processes. Shedding light on these aspects will offer valuable insights into the fundamental biology of cancer and establish PRMTs as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Chongchong Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Jingru Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Qingzhu Yan
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
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6
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Dong B, Song X, Wang X, Dai T, Wang J, Zhiyong Y, Deng J, Evers BM, Wu Y. FBXO24 Suppresses Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis by Targeting LSD1 for Ubiquitination. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:1303-1316. [PMID: 37540490 PMCID: PMC10840093 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a critical chromatin modulator, functions as an oncogene by demethylation of H3K4me1/2. The stability of LSD1 is governed by a complex and intricate process involving ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Several deubiquitinases preserve LSD1 protein levels. However, the precise mechanism underlying the degradation of LSD1, which could mitigate its oncogenic function, remains unknown. To gain a better understanding of LSD1 degradation, we conducted an unbiased siRNA screening targeting all the human SCF family E3 ligases. Our screening identified FBXO24 as a genuine E3 ligase that ubiquitinates and degrades LSD1. As a result, FBXO24 inhibits LSD1-induced tumorigenesis and functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells. Moreover, FBXO24 exhibits an inverse correlation with LSD1 and is associated with a favorable prognosis in breast cancer patient samples. Taken together, our study uncovers the significant role of FBXO24 in impeding breast tumor progression by targeting LSD1 for degradation. IMPLICATIONS Our study provides comprehensive characterization of the significant role of FBXO24 in impeding breast tumor progression by targeting LSD1 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Xiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinzhao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Tao Dai
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Yu Zhiyong
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Medical Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
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7
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Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer: A 2022 Update. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122032. [PMID: 36556253 PMCID: PMC9783673 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is ranked fifth among the most commonly diagnosed cancers, and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The majority of gastric cancers are sporadic, while only a small percentage, less than 1%, are hereditary. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a rare malignancy, characterized by early-onset, highly-penetrant autosomal dominant inheritance mainly of the germline alterations in the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) and β-catenin (CTNNA1). In the present study, we provide an overview on the molecular basis of HDGC and outline the essential elements of genetic counseling and surveillance. We further provide a practical summary of current guidelines on clinical management and treatment of individuals at risk and patients with early disease.
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8
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Camilleri M, Zhernakova A, Bozzarelli I, D'Amato M. Genetics of irritable bowel syndrome: shifting gear via biobank-scale studies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:689-702. [PMID: 35948782 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial and probably involves genetic predisposition and the effect of environmental factors. Unlike other gastrointestinal diseases with a heritable component, genetic research in IBS has been scarce and mostly characterized by small underpowered studies, leading to inconclusive results. The availability of genomic and health-related data from large international cohorts and population-based biobanks offers unprecedented opportunities for long-awaited, well-powered genetic studies in IBS. This Review focuses on the latest advances that provide compelling evidence for the importance of genes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, ion channel function, neurotransmitters and their receptors, neuronal pathways and the control of gut motility. These discoveries have generated novel information that might be further refined for the identification of predisposed individuals and selection of management strategies for patients. This Review presents a conceptual framework, the advantages and potential limitations of modern genetic research in IBS, and a summary of available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mauro D'Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Derio, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy.
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Structure, Activity and Function of the Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090951. [PMID: 34575100 PMCID: PMC8470942 DOI: 10.3390/life11090951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family methylate the arginine residue(s) of several proteins and regulate a broad spectrum of cellular functions. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) is a type I PRMT that asymmetrically dimethylates the arginine residues of numerous substrate proteins. PRMT6 introduces asymmetric dimethylation modification in the histone 3 at arginine 2 (H3R2me2a) and facilitates epigenetic regulation of global gene expression. In addition to histones, PRMT6 methylates a wide range of cellular proteins and regulates their functions. Here, we discuss (i) the biochemical aspects of enzyme kinetics, (ii) the structural features of PRMT6 and (iii) the diverse functional outcomes of PRMT6 mediated arginine methylation. Finally, we highlight how dysregulation of PRMT6 is implicated in various types of cancers and response to viral infections.
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10
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Samuel SF, Barry A, Greenman J, Beltran-Alvarez P. Arginine methylation: the promise of a 'silver bullet' for brain tumours? Amino Acids 2021; 53:489-506. [PMID: 33404912 PMCID: PMC8107164 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense research efforts, our pharmaceutical repertoire against high-grade brain tumours has not been able to increase patient survival for a decade and life expectancy remains at less than 16 months after diagnosis, on average. Inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) have been developed and investigated over the past 15 years and have now entered oncology clinical trials, including for brain tumours. This review collates recent advances in the understanding of the role of PRMTs and arginine methylation in brain tumours. We provide an up-to-date literature review on the mechanisms for PRMT regulation. These include endogenous modulators such as alternative splicing, miRNA, post-translational modifications and PRMT-protein interactions, and synthetic inhibitors. We discuss the relevance of PRMTs in brain tumours with a particular focus on PRMT1, -2, -5 and -8. Finally, we include a future perspective where we discuss possible routes for further research on arginine methylation and on the use of PRMT inhibitors in the context of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Barry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - John Greenman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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