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Kumawat R, Tomar RS. Dissecting the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1 in yeast flocculation. FEBS J 2024; 291:3080-3103. [PMID: 38648231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms are frequently exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stress forms during their lifetime. Organisms cope with stress conditions by regulating their gene expression programs. In response to different environmental stress conditions, yeast cells activate different tolerance mechanisms, many of which share common signaling pathways. Flocculation is one of the key mechanisms underlying yeast survival under unfavorable environmental conditions, and the Tup1-Cyc8 corepressor complex is a major regulator of this process. Additionally, yeast cells can utilize different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to modulate gene expression during stress conditions. Here, we show that the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathway is involved in the regulation of yeast flocculation. We observed that the HOG MAPK pathway was constitutively activated in flocculating cells, and found that the interaction between phosphorylated Hog1 and the FLO genes promoter region increased significantly upon sodium chloride exposure. We found that treatment of cells with cantharidin decreased Hog1 phosphorylation, causing a sharp reduction in the expression of FLO genes and the flocculation phenotype. Similarly, deletion of HOG1 in yeast cells reduced flocculation. Altogether, our results suggest a role for HOG MAPK signaling in the regulation of FLO genes and yeast flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumawat
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
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Inclán M, Torres Hernández N, Martínez Serra A, Torrijos Jabón G, Blasco S, Andreu C, del Olmo ML, Jávega B, O’Connor JE, García-España E. Antimicrobial Properties of New Polyamines Conjugated with Oxygen-Containing Aromatic Functional Groups. Molecules 2023; 28:7678. [PMID: 38005400 PMCID: PMC10675077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is now a first-order health problem, which makes the development of new families of antimicrobials imperative. These compounds should ideally be inexpensive, readily available, highly active, and non-toxic. Here, we present the results of our investigation regarding the antimicrobial activity of a series of natural and synthetic polyamines with different architectures (linear, tripodal, and macrocyclic) and their derivatives with the oxygen-containing aromatic functional groups 1,3-benzodioxol, ortho/para phenol, or 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran. The new compounds were prepared through an inexpensive process, and their activity was tested against selected strains of yeast, as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In all cases, the conjugated derivatives showed antimicrobial activity higher than the unsubstituted polyamines. Several factors, such as the overall charge at physiological pH, lipophilicity, and the topology of the polyamine scaffold were relevant to their activity. The nature of the lipophilic moiety was also a determinant of human cell toxicity. The lead compounds were found to be bactericidal and fungistatic, and they were synergic with the commercial antifungals fluconazole, cycloheximide, and amphotericin B against the yeast strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Inclán
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (N.T.H.); (A.M.S.); (S.B.); (E.G.-E.)
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Ciencia y Tecnología, International University of Valencia—VIU, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Neus Torres Hernández
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (N.T.H.); (A.M.S.); (S.B.); (E.G.-E.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez Serra
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (N.T.H.); (A.M.S.); (S.B.); (E.G.-E.)
| | - Gonzalo Torrijos Jabón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (G.T.J.); (M.l.d.O.)
| | - Salvador Blasco
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (N.T.H.); (A.M.S.); (S.B.); (E.G.-E.)
| | - Cecilia Andreu
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcel lí del Olmo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (G.T.J.); (M.l.d.O.)
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.J.); (J.-E.O.)
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.J.); (J.-E.O.)
| | - Enrique García-España
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (N.T.H.); (A.M.S.); (S.B.); (E.G.-E.)
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UME6 Is Involved in the Suppression of Basal Transcription of ABC Transporters and Drug Resistance in the ρ+ Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030601. [PMID: 35336175 PMCID: PMC8953597 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomycescerevisiae, the Rpd3L complex contains a histone deacetylase, Rpd3, and the DNA binding proteins, Ume6 and Ash1, and acts as a transcriptional repressor or activator. We previously showed that RPD3 and UME6 are required for the activation of PDR5, which encodes a major efflux pump, and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) in ρ0/− cells, which lack mitochondrial DNA. However, there are inconsistent reports regarding whether RPD3 and UME6 are required for Pdr5-mediated PDR in ρ+ cells with mitochondrial DNA. Since PDR5 expression or PDR in the ρ+ cells of the rpd3Δ and ume6Δ mutants have primarily been examined using fermentable media, mixed cultures of ρ+ and ρ0/− cells could be used. Therefore, we examined whether RPD3 and UME6 are required for basal and drug-induced PDR5 transcription and PDR in ρ+ cells using fermentable and nonfermentable media. UME6 suppresses the basal transcription levels of the ABC transporters, including PDR5, and drug resistance in ρ+ cells independent of the carbon source used in the growth medium. In contrast, RPD3 is required for drug resistance but did not interfere with the basal PDR5 mRNA levels. UME6 is also required for the cycloheximide-induced transcription of PDR5 in nonfermentable media but not in fermentable media.
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