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Xue Y, Zhang L, Chu L, Song Z, Zhang B, Su X, Liu W, Li X. JAK2/STAT3 Pathway Inhibition by AG490 Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Regulation of Th17 Cells and Autophagy. Neuroscience 2024; 552:65-75. [PMID: 38885894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory condition affecting the central nervous system, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models have been extensively used to study it. T-helper 17 cells, which produce interleukin-17(IL-17), play crucial roles in MS pathogenesis, and the JAK2/STAT3 pathway has an essential function in their differentiation from naive CD4 + T cells. This study investigated the effects of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor AG490 on EAE in vivo and in vitro, as well as the underlying mechanisms. AG490 ameliorated EAE severity and attenuated its typical symptoms by downregulating proteins associated with the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, it decreased T-helper 17 cell differentiation from naive CD4 + T cells by inactivating STAT3. In addition, it conferred protective effects against EAE by restoring autophagy. These findings indicate the potential of AG490 as a candidate anti-MS therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Xue
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lifang Chu
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wanhu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Shadab A, Abbasi-Kolli M, Saharkhiz M, Ahadi SH, Shokouhi B, Nahand JS. The interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic implications and animal model studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116673. [PMID: 38713947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that impacts the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a multiprotein complex of the innate immune system, serves an essential role in the pathogenesis of MS by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β & IL-18) and the induction of pyroptotic cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main potential factors that can trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lead to inflammation and axonal damage in MS. This highlights the importance of understanding how mitochondrial dynamics modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity and contribute to the inflammatory and neurodegenerative features of MS. The lack of a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of MS and the urge for the introduction of new therapeutic strategies led us to review the therapeutic potential of targeting the interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and the NLRP3 inflammasome in MS. This paper also evaluates the natural and synthetic compounds that can improve mitochondrial function and/or inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby providing neuroprotection. Moreover, it summarizes the evidence from animal models of MS that demonstrate the beneficial effects of these compounds on reducing inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Finally, this review advocates for a deeper investigation into the molecular crosstalk between mitochondrial dynamics and the NLRP3 inflammasome as a means to refine therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shadab
- Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoore Saharkhiz
- Department of immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Cellular and molecular research center, Birjand University of medical sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Behrooz Shokouhi
- Pathology Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ren W, Sun Y, Zhao L, Shi X. NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in autoimmune diseases: A promising therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116679. [PMID: 38701567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex that regulates innate immune responses by activating caspase-1 and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Numerous studies have highlighted its crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and other autoimmune diseases. Therefore, investigating the underlying mechanisms of NLRP3 in disease and targeted drug therapies holds clinical significance. This review summarizes the structure, assembly, and activation mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome, focusing on its role and involvement in various autoimmune diseases. This review also identifies studies where the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the disease mechanism within the same disease appears contradictory, as well as differences in NLRP3-related gene polymorphisms among different ethnic groups. Additionally, the latest therapeutic advances in targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome for autoimmune diseases are outlined, and novel clinical perspectives are discussed. Conclusively, this review provides a consolidated source of information on the NLRP3 inflammasome and may guide future research efforts that have the potential to positively impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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Xie Y, Lei X, Zhao G, Guo R, Cui N. mTOR in programmed cell death and its therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:66-81. [PMID: 37380596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, is involved in cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) assists in eliminating aging, damaged, or neoplastic cells, and is indispensable for sustaining normal growth, fighting pathogenic microorganisms, and maintaining body homeostasis. mTOR has crucial functions in the intricate signaling pathway network of multiple forms of PCD. mTOR can inhibit autophagy, which is part of PCD regulation. Cell survival is affected by mTOR through autophagy to control reactive oxygen species production and the degradation of pertinent proteins. Additionally, mTOR can regulate PCD in an autophagy-independent manner by affecting the expression levels of related genes and phosphorylating proteins. Therefore, mTOR acts through both autophagy-dependent and -independent pathways to regulate PCD. It is conceivable that mTOR exerts bidirectional regulation of PCD, such as ferroptosis, according to the complexity of signaling pathway networks, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding mTOR-mediated regulatory mechanisms in PCD. Rigorous investigations into PCD-related signaling pathways have provided prospective therapeutic targets that may be clinically beneficial for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Jiang X, Song Y, Fang J, Yang X, Mu S, Zhang J. Neuroprotective effect of Vesatolimod in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109717. [PMID: 36738672 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease accompanied by inflammation and loss of axons and neurons. Toll-like receptors play crucial roles in the innate immune system and inflammation. However, few studies have explored the specific effects of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis. To explore underlying effects to develop a new therapeutic target, we use Vesatolimod, a safe and well-tolerated agonist of toll-like receptor 7, to assess the possible effects in Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. METHODS EAE animal model was induced by injection of MOG35-55 and monitored daily for clinical symptoms, and the treatment group was given Vesatolimod at the onset of illness. The therapeutic effects of Vesatolimod on EAE inflammation, demyelination, CD107b cells and T cells infiltration, and microglia activation was evaluated. Autophagy within the spinal cords of EAE mice was also preliminarily assessed. RESULTS Treatment with Vesatolimod significantly alleviated clinical symptoms of EAE from day 18 post-immunization and decreased the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, particularly Eotaxin and IL-12 (P40), in peripheral blood. It also inhibited demyelination in spinal cords. Moreover, VES treatment reduced activation of microglia, infiltration of CD3 + T cells and CD107b + cells, as well as inhibited the autophagy-related proteins expression in the spinal cords of EAE mice. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Vesatolimod exhibits protective effects on EAE mice and is promising for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Mu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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The mTOR Signaling Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis; from Animal Models to Human Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158077. [PMID: 35897651 PMCID: PMC9332053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article recapitulates the evidence on the role of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) complex pathways in multiple sclerosis (MS). Key biological processes that intersect with mTOR signaling cascades include autophagy, inflammasome activation, innate (e.g., microglial) and adaptive (B and T cell) immune responses, and axonal and neuronal toxicity/degeneration. There is robust evidence that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, ameliorate the clinical course of the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). New, evolving data unravel mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect on EAE, which include balance among T-effector and T-regulatory cells, and mTOR effects on myeloid cell function, polarization, and antigen presentation, with relevance to MS pathogenesis. Radiologic and preliminary clinical data from a phase 2 randomized, controlled trial of temsirolimus (a rapamycin analogue) in MS show moderate efficacy, with significant adverse effects. Large clinical trials of indirect mTOR inhibitors (metformin) in MS are lacking; however, a smaller prospective, non-randomized study shows some potentially promising radiological results in combination with ex vivo beneficial effects on immune cells that might warrant further investigation. Importantly, the study of mTOR pathway contributions to autoimmune inflammatory demyelination and multiple sclerosis illustrates the difficulties in the clinical application of animal model results. Nevertheless, it is not inconceivable that targeting metabolism in the future with cell-selective mTOR inhibitors (compared to the broad inhibitors tried to date) could be developed to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
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Li C, Wang J, Ma R, Li L, Wu W, Cai D, Lu Q. Natural-derived alkaloids exhibit great potential in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105972. [PMID: 34758401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of colon and rectum with unknown etiology, and the lesions are mainly confined to the mucosa and submucosa of large intestine. The main clinical features of UC include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody purulent stool and tenesmus, which seriously affect patients' quality of life. Most of UC patients would receive drug therapy with the exception of surgery for some severe cases. However, current drugs for the treatment of UC have certain limitations including difficulty of radical treatment, adverse reactions and drug resistance after long-term use and exorbitant price of some drugs. The research and development of new drugs for the treatment of UC is urgent, and natural alkaloids are an important source. This research paid close attention to the progress of natural alkaloids from diverse medicinal plants for treating UC in the last twenty years. The potential mechanisms for the natural alkaloids in the treatment of UC was closely related to its modulation of oxidative stress, immune response, intestinal flora and improvement of the gut barrier function. Remarkable effectiveness and safety of natural-derived alkaloids make them potential candidates of UC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Runfang Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Luhao Li
- Health Service Center of Dengfeng Street Community, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510091, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Wu
- Laboratory of Herbal Pharmacology, GuangDong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou 510095, PR China
| | - Dake Cai
- Laboratory of Herbal Pharmacology, GuangDong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou 510095, PR China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China.
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