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Jensen AMG, Raska J, Fojtik P, Monti G, Lunding M, Bartova S, Pospisilova V, van der Lee SJ, Van Dongen J, Bossaerts L, Van Broeckhoven C, Dols-Icardo O, Lléo A, Bellini S, Ghidoni R, Hulsman M, Petsko GA, Sleegers K, Bohaciakova D, Holstege H, Andersen OM. The SORL1 p.Y1816C variant causes impaired endosomal dimerization and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2408262121. [PMID: 39226352 PMCID: PMC11406263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408262121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Truncating genetic variants of SORL1, encoding the endosome recycling receptor SORLA, have been accepted as causal of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most genetic variants observed in SORL1 are missense variants, for which it is complicated to determine the pathogenicity level because carriers come from pedigrees too small to be informative for penetrance estimations. Here, we describe three unrelated families in which the SORL1 coding missense variant rs772677709, that leads to a p.Y1816C substitution, segregates with Alzheimer's disease. Further, we investigate the effect of SORLA p.Y1816C on receptor maturation, cellular localization, and trafficking in cell-based assays. Under physiological circumstances, SORLA dimerizes within the endosome, allowing retromer-dependent trafficking from the endosome to the cell surface, where the luminal part is shed into the extracellular space (sSORLA). Our results showed that the p.Y1816C mutant impairs SORLA homodimerization in the endosome, leading to decreased trafficking to the cell surface and less sSORLA shedding. These trafficking defects of the mutant receptor can be rescued by the expression of the SORLA 3Fn-minireceptor. Finally, we find that iPSC-derived neurons with the engineered p.Y1816C mutation have enlarged endosomes, a defining cytopathology of AD. Our studies provide genetic as well as functional evidence that the SORL1 p.Y1816C variant is causal for AD. The partial penetrance of the mutation suggests this mutation should be considered in clinical genetic screening of multiplex early-onset AD families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Fojtik
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK8000, Denmark
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Monti
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK8000, Denmark
| | - Melanie Lunding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK8000, Denmark
| | - Simona Bartova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Van Dongen
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liene Bossaerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau-Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lléo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau-Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli 25125, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli 25125, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marc Hulsman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK8000, Denmark
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Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
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