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Monschein M, Ioannou E, Koitto T, Al Amin LAKM, Varis JJ, Wagner ER, Mikkonen KS, Cosgrove DJ, Master ER. Loosenin-Like Proteins from Phanerochaete carnosa Impact Both Cellulose and Chitin Fiber Networks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0186322. [PMID: 36645281 PMCID: PMC9888185 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01863-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial expansin-related proteins are ubiquitous across bacterial and fungal organisms and reportedly play a role in the modification and deconstruction of cell wall polysaccharides, including lignocellulose. So far, very few microbial expansin-related proteins, including loosenins and loosenin-like (LOOL) proteins, have been functionally characterized. Herein, four LOOLs encoded by Phanerochaete carnosa and belonging to different subfamilies (i.e., PcaLOOL7 and PcaLOOL9 from subfamily A and PcaLOOL2 and PcaLOOL12 from subfamily B) were recombinantly produced and the purified proteins were characterized using diverse cellulose and chitin substrates. The purified PcaLOOLs weakened cellulose filter paper and cellulose nanofibril networks (CNF); however, none significantly boosted cellulase activity on the selected cellulose substrates (Avicel and Whatman paper). Although fusing the family 63 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM63) of BsEXLX1 encoded by Bacillus subtilis to PcaLOOLs increased their binding to cellulose, the CBM63 fusion appeared to reduce the cellulose filter paper weakening observed using wild-type proteins. Binding of PcaLOOLs to alpha-chitin was considerably higher than that to cellulose (Avicel) and was pH dependent, with the highest binding at pH 5.0. Amendment of certain PcaLOOLs in fungal liquid cultivations also impacted the density of the cultivated mycelia. The present study reveals the potential of fungal expansin-related proteins to impact both cellulose and chitin networks and points to a possible biological role in fungal cell wall processing. IMPORTANCE The present study deepens investigations of microbial expansin-related proteins and their applied significance by (i) reporting a detailed comparison of diverse loosenins encoded by the same organism, (ii) considering both cellulosic and chitin-containing materials as targeted substrates, and (iii) investigating the impact of the C-terminal carbohydrate binding module (CBM) present in other expansin-related proteins on loosenin function. By revealing the potential of fungal loosenins to impact both cellulose and chitin-containing networks, our study reveals a possible biological and applied role of loosenins in fungal cell wall processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Monschein
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eleni Ioannou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Taru Koitto
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Jutta J. Varis
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward R. Wagner
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emma R. Master
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xu J, Xu R, Jia M, Su Y, Zhu W. Metatranscriptomic analysis of colonic microbiota's functional response to different dietary fibers in growing pigs. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:45. [PMID: 34217374 PMCID: PMC8254964 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fibers are widely considered to be beneficial to health as they produce nutrients through gut microbial fermentation while facilitating weight management and boosting gut health. To date, the gene expression profiles of the carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) that respond to different types of fibers (raw potato starch, RPS; inulin, INU; pectin, PEC) in the gut microbes of pigs are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the functional response of colonic microbiota to different dietary fibers in pigs through metatranscriptomic analysis. Results The results showed that the microbial composition and CAZyme structure of the three experimental groups changed significantly compared with the control group (CON). Based on a comparative analysis with the control diet, RPS increased the abundance of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and Alloprevotella but decreased Sutterella; INU increased the relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Rhodococcus but decreased Bacillus; and PEC increased the relative abundance of the Streptococcus and Bacteroidetes groups but decreased Clostridium, Clostridioides, Intestinibacter, Gemmiger, Muribaculum and Vibrio. The gene expression of CAZymes GH8, GH14, GH24, GH38, GT14, GT31, GT77 and GT91 downregulated but that of GH77, GH97, GT3, GT10 and GT27 upregulated in the RPS diet group; the gene expression of AA4, AA7, GH14, GH15, GH24, GH26, GH27, GH38, GH101, GT26, GT27 and GT38 downregulated in the INU group; and the gene expression of PL4, AA1, GT32, GH18, GH37, GH101 and GH112 downregulated but that of CE14, AA3, AA12, GH5, GH102 and GH103 upregulated in the PEC group. Compared with the RPS and INU groups, the composition of colonic microbiota in the PEC group exhibited more diverse changes with the variation of CAZymes and Streptococcus as the main contributor to CBM61, which greatly promoted the digestion of pectin. Conclusion The results of this exploratory study provided a comprehensive overview of the effects of different fibers on nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota and CAZymes in pig colon, which will furnish new insights into the impacts of the use of dietary fibers on animal and human health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00108-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongying Xu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Menglan Jia
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong Su
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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So BR, Yeo HJ, Lee JJ, Jung YH, Jung SK. Cellulose nanocrystal preparation from Gelidium amansii and analysis of its anti-inflammatory effect on the skin in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117315. [PMID: 33357878 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treated Gelidium amansii cellulose nanocrystal (TGa CNC) was prepared from treated Gelidium amansii (TGa) and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect on human keratinocytes and mice skin. Using three independent cell lines, TGa CNC showed no cytotoxicity in HaCaT, Beas-2B, and Raw 264.7 cells. A non-toxic dose of TGa CNC suppressed ultraviolet (UV) B-induced AP (activated protein)-1, and subsequent cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene and protein expression in HaCaT cells. TGa CNC suppressed translocation of c-Jun from the cytosol to the nucleus responds to UVB irradiation. Additionally, TGa CNC suppressed UVB-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)1/2/MEK/2/B-Raf, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2/MKK4/7, Akt, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in HaCaT cells. Dorsal treatment of TGa CNC significantly suppressed acute UVB-induced increase in epidermal thickness and COX-2 expression in mice skin. Overall, these results indicate that TGa CNC exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of abnormal COX-2 expression and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)s signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram So
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Yeo
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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