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Mosqueda-Martínez E, Chiquete-Félix N, Castañeda-Tamez P, Ricardez-García C, Gutiérrez-Aguilar M, Uribe-Carvajal S, Mendez-Romero O. In Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, active oxidative metabolism increases carotenoids to inactivate excess reactive oxygen species. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1378590. [PMID: 39309729 PMCID: PMC11412819 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1378590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids produced by bacteria, yeasts, algae and plants inactivate Free Radicals (FR). However, FR may inactivate carotenoids and even turn them into free radicals. Oxidative metabolism is a source of the highly motile Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). To evaluate carotenoid interactions with ROS, the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was grown in dextrose (YPD), a fermentative substrate where low rates of oxygen consumption and low carotenoid expression were observed, or in lactate (YPLac), a mitochondrial oxidative-phosphorylation (OxPhos) substrate, which supports high respiratory activity and carotenoid production. ROS were high in YPLac-grown cells and these were unmasked by the carotenoid production-inhibitor diphenylamine (DPA). In contrast, in YPD-grown cells ROS were almost absent. It is proposed that YPLac cells are under oxidative stress. In addition, YPLac-grown cells were more sensitive than YPD-grown cells to menadione (MD), a FR-releasing agent. To test whether carotenoids from cells grown in YPLac had been modified by ROS, carotenoids from each, YPD- and YPLac-grown cells were isolated and added back to cells, evaluating protection from MD. Remarkably, carotenoids extracted from cells grown in YPLac medium inhibited growth, while in contrast extracts from YPD-grown cells were innocuous or mildly protective. Results suggest that carotenoid-synthesis in YPLac-cells is a response to OxPhos-produced ROS. However, upon reacting with FR, carotenoids themselves may be inactivated or even become prooxidant themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Mosqueda-Martínez
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Chiquete-Félix
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paulina Castañeda-Tamez
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Ricardez-García
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Mendez-Romero
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Barreto JVDO, Casanova LM, Junior AN, Reis-Mansur MCPP, Vermelho AB. Microbial Pigments: Major Groups and Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2920. [PMID: 38138065 PMCID: PMC10745774 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pigments have many structures and functions with excellent characteristics, such as being biodegradable, non-toxic, and ecologically friendly, constituting an important source of pigments. Industrial production presents a bottleneck in production cost that restricts large-scale commercialization. However, microbial pigments are progressively gaining popularity because of their health advantages. The development of metabolic engineering and cost reduction of the bioprocess using industry by-products opened possibilities for cost and quality improvements in all production phases. We are thus addressing several points related to microbial pigments, including the major classes and structures found, the advantages of use, the biotechnological applications in different industrial sectors, their characteristics, and their impacts on the environment and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Bioinovar Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.O.B.); (L.M.C.); (A.N.J.); (M.C.P.P.R.-M.)
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Fallahi S, Habibi A, Abbasi S, Sharifi R. Optimized fed-batch cultivation of Rhodotorula toruloides in a bubble column bioreactor progressed the β-carotene production from corn steep liquor. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2719-2731. [PMID: 37783938 PMCID: PMC10689328 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new isolate yeast, namely Rhodotorula toruloides KP324973, was examined for β-carotene production from corn steep liquor (CSL) as a sole carbon source because CSL as the by-product of corn wet-milling process mainly enriched from the water-soluble carbohydrates. The studies were preliminary performed at the shaken flasks, and then developed at batch and fed-batch modes in a bubble column reactor (BCR). Application of the BCR improved the carotenogenesis of the cells in comparison with shaken flasks and the specific β-carotene production rate (Rp) and the yield of β-carotene production from the total reducing sugars (YP/TRS) reached 2.23 mg gcell-1 h-1 and 36.82 mg gTRS-1, respectively. Further studies were carried out to optimize the operational factors of the BCR for a fed-batch production by the response surface methodology. An optimal condition at a feed flow rate of 2.5 mL h-1, temperature 11.7°C, and initial pH of 6.1 obtained the highest Rp = 12.31 mg gcell-1 h-1 and YP/TRS = 97.18 mg gTRS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Fallahi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Habibi
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Saeed Abbasi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rouhallah Sharifi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Su Z, Zhao R, Zhou J. Low-temperature phenol-degrading microbial agent: construction and mechanism. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:193. [PMID: 37060452 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three cold-tolerant phenol-degrading strains, Pseudomonas veronii Ju-A1 (Ju-A1), Leifsonia naganoensis Ju-A4 (Ju-A4), and Rhodococcus qingshengii Ju-A6 (Ju-A6), were isolated. All three strains can produce cis, cis-muconic acid by ortho-cleavage of catechol at 12 ℃. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the proportional composition of low-temperature phenol-degrading microbiota. Degradation of phenol below 160 mg L-1 by low-temperature phenol-degrading microbiota followed first-order degradation kinetics. When the phenol concentration was greater than 200 mg L-1, the overall degradation trend was in accordance with the modified Gompertz model. The experiments showed that the microbial agent (three strains of low-temperature phenol-degrading bacteria were fermented separately and constructed in the optimal ratio) could completely degrade 200 mg L-1 phenol within 36 h. The above construction method is more advantageous in bio-enhanced treatment of actual wastewater. Through the construction of microbial agents to enhance the degradation effect of phenol, it provides a feasible scheme for the biodegradation of phenol wastewater at low temperature and shows good application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiti Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
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Mussagy CU, Gonzalez-Miquel M, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Pereira JFB. Microbial torularhodin – a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:540-558. [PMID: 35430937 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The demand for food, feed, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical supplements/additives from natural sources has been rapidly increasing, with expectations for a faster expansion than the growth of the global markets in the coming years. In this framework, a particular interest is given to carotenoids due to their outstanding antioxidant activities, particularly the xanthophylls class. Torularhodin is one of these carotenoids that stands out for its multifunctional role as: antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial, yet its commercial potential is still unexplored. Although most xanthophylls can be naturally found in: microbial, plant and animal sources, torularhodin is only produced by microbial species, especially red oleaginous yeast. The microbial production of xanthophylls has many advantages as compared to other natural sources, such as: the need for low production area, easier extraction, high yields (at optimum operating conditions), and low (or no) seasonal, climatic, and geographic variation dependency. Due to the importance of natural products and their relevance to the market, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the: properties, characteristics and potential health benefits of torularhodin. Moreover, the most promising developments in both upstream and downstream processing to obtain this colorant from microbial sources are considered. For this purpose, the main microorganisms used for torularhodin production are firstly reviewed, including biosynthesis pathway and torularhodin properties. Following, an overall analysis of the processing aspects related with its: extraction, separation and purification is provided. Lastly, current status and future trends of torularhodin-based processes and products such as therapeutic agents or biomaterials are discussed, indicating promising directions toward biorefinery and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo U. Mussagy
- Department of Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Miquel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineers, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria C. Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge F. B. Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Coimbra, Portugal
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Dyaa A, Soliman H, Abdelrazak A, Samra BN, Khojah E, Ahmed AF, El-Esawi MA, Elsayed A. Optimization of Carotenoids Production from Rhodotorula sp. Strain ATL72 for Enhancing Its Biotechnological Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020160. [PMID: 35205915 PMCID: PMC8877855 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodotorula yeasts which are known as carotenogenic yeasts have a great industrial value due to their ability to produce carotenoids. In particular, the isolated yeast Rhodotorula sp. (strain ATL72) has been reported to be a promising producer of high concentrations of carotenoids. A combination of central composite design (CCD) and Plackett–Burman (PB) design was used to optimize carotenoids produced by this yeast. The optimum production of carotenoids was completed when the yeast was grown in a production medium composed of 3.7 g/L malt extract, 7.7 g/L fructose, 9 g/L urea, 35 g/L NaCl, and 1 g/L yeast extract at 27.5 °C, pH 6.7, and 180 rpm. Two batch runs in 1 L and 7 L bioreactors were conducted which increased the productivity of carotenoid concentration from 21.5 mg/L after 98 h of incubation at the level of the shake flask to 229.9 mg/L after 47 h of incubation at the level of 7 L bioreactor. The carotenoid pigment was extracted in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), acetone, petroleum ether, and sodium chloride, and subsequently identified and characterized using UV-visible scanning, thin layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Dyaa
- Botany Departement, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.D.); (H.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Hoda Soliman
- Botany Departement, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.D.); (H.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Abdelrazak
- Botany Departement, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.D.); (H.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Bassem N. Samra
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.N.S.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Ebtihal Khojah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Atef F. Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.N.S.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. El-Esawi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.E.-E.); (A.E.)
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Departement, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.D.); (H.S.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.E.-E.); (A.E.)
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Rodrigues TA, Schueler TA, Silva AJRD, Sérvulo EFC, Oliveira FJS. VALORIZATION OF SOLID WASTES FROM THE BREWERY AND BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES FOR THE BIOPRODUCTION OF NATURAL DYES. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190361s20170608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
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Kot AM, Błażejak S, Gientka I, Kieliszek M, Bryś J. Torulene and torularhodin: "new" fungal carotenoids for industry? Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:49. [PMID: 29587755 PMCID: PMC5870927 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Torulene and torularhodin represent the group of carotenoids and are synthesized by yeasts and fungi. The most important producers of these two compounds include yeasts of Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces genera. The first reports confirming the presence of torulene and torularhodin in the cells of microorganisms date to the 1930s and 1940s; however, only in the past few years, the number of works describing the properties of these compounds increased. These compounds have strong anti-oxidative and anti-microbial properties, and thus may be successfully used as food, feedstock, and cosmetics additives. In addition, tests performed on rats and mice showed that both torulene and torularhodin have anti-cancerous properties. In order to commercialize the production of these two carotenoids, it is necessary to obtain highly efficient yeast strains, for example, via mutagenization and optimization of cultivation conditions. Further studies on the activity of torulene and torularhodin on the human body are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kot
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Gientka
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Taavoni S, Habibi A, Varmira K, Alipour S. Kinetics of continuous production of β-carotene in an airlift bioreactor. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoeib Taavoni
- Department of Chemical-Biotechnology Engineering, Kermanshah Branch; Islamic Azad University; Kermanshah Iran
| | - Alireza Habibi
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Razi University; Kermanshah Iran
| | - Kambiz Varmira
- Research Center of Oils and Fats; Kermanshah University of Medical Science; Kermanshah Iran
| | - Sajad Alipour
- Department of Chemical-Biotechnology Engineering, Kermanshah Branch; Islamic Azad University; Kermanshah Iran
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Dasgupta D, Sharma T, Bhatt A, Bandhu S, Ghosh D. Cultivation of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IIPL32 in split column airlift reactor and its influence on fuel properties. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Alipour S, Habibi A, Taavoni S, Varmira K. β-carotene production from soap stock by loofa-immobilized Rhodotorula rubra in an airlift photobioreactor. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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