Influence of cultivation Rhizopus oryzae on rice bran on lipid fraction: Fatty acids and phospholipids

Rice Bran and Its Potential To Complement the Nutritional Needs of Children and Elderly

Rice bran is an agro-industrial by-product of low added value that can be used to complement human nutritional needs. In this work, the profile of minerals, fatty acids and amino acids in brown rice bran was determined, aiming to evaluate its potential to complement the nutritional needs of different age groups, according to recommendations of regulatory agencies. The brown rice bran was supplied by a rice processing industry located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Minerals were quantified using an emission spectrometer; the fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography and the amino acids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (HPLC-FL). The main minerals were phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) (2,933, 1,029, 211 and 56 mg / 100 g of rice bran). Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in rice bran were 22.4, 36.2 and 34.5% of lipid content, respectively. The polar, neutral and charged amino acids represented 8.8, 9.3 and 12.8% of the protein content, respectively. The composition of this co-product of rice supply chain is a good alternative to the new demand on plant-based food supplying the recommended daily intake (RDI) of national and international food polices.

Nutritional quality and organic acid profile of rice bran fermented with lactic acid bacteria isolated from horse feces

The study aimed to determine the effect of Limosilactobacillus equigenerosi and Ligilactobacillus equi as inoculants for solid-state fermentation (SSF) in the proximate composition of nutrients and organic acid profile of rice bran (RB). The RB was treated with distilled water (DW) without inoculant (control), L. equigenerosi (T1 ), L. equi (T2 ), and L. equigenerosi and L. equi 1:1 (v:v) (T3 ). For the treatments, 90 mL of culture was pelleted and suspended with DW. Each treatment was replicated three times and incubated for 4, 7, and 10 days at 37°C. The crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were increased (P < 0.05) in fermented RB. The lactate and total organic acid produced were increased by the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0.01), and the highest concentrations were recorded in treatments containing L. equi (T2 and T3 ). Acetate production in T1 was highest than in control, T2 , and T3 (P < 0.01). The results showed that LAB isolated from horse feces in combination with SSF can improve the quality of RB as an ingredient for animal feed based on the higher concentrations of protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and organic acids.

Effect of Rhizopus oryzae fermentation on proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties of banana peel flour

The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae on the proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties of banana peel flour using the solid-state fermentation method in a tray bioreactor at 30°C for 96 h. Throughout fermentation, samples were obtained at different times (0/NF, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h), and analysed using standard procedures to determine the proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties. Based on the results, there were significant differences observed (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate content decreased by 3.35%, while the crude protein, fat, ash, and crude fibre contents increased by 11.12, 2.43, 10.99, and 3.50%, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide, saponin, oxalate, and phytate contents decreased by 42.59, 25, 23.83, and 43.82%, respectively. Water absorption capacity (WAC) and the water solubility index (WSI) increased by 3.94 and 37.14%, respectively, while oil absorption capacity (OAC) decreased by 4.48%. These results showed that the fermentation of banana peel flour by R. oryzae has potential benefits for the food industry due to its effect on chemical composition and functional properties.

Upgrading the Nutritional Value of Rice Bran by Solid-State Fermentation with Pleurotus sapidus

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of rice bran (RB) employing the edible fungus Pleurotus sapidus was investigated as a process strategy to improve the nutritional quality of this low-cost and abundant substrate. During fermentation, samples were withdrawn at different time intervals (4, 6, and 10 days) and further analyzed. Established methods were deployed to monitor the changes in nutritional composition (carbohydrates, proteins, ash, and lipids). Additionally, changes in fatty acid composition was studied as a function of culture progress. Results showed that the SSF of rice bran increased total carbohydrates from 36.6% to 50.2%, total proteins from 7.4% to 12.8%, and ash from 7.6% to 11.5%. However, the total lipid content was reduced from 48.5% to 27.8%. The fatty acid (FA) composition of RB included mainly oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. Upon fermentation with P. sapidus, small differences were found: linoleic acid and oleic acid content were increased by 0.4% and 1.1%, respectively, while palmitic acid content was reduced by 0.8%. This study demonstrated an improvement in the nutritional quality of RB after fermentation with P. sapidus, since protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and specific FA components were increased. As a whole, our results indicate that fermented rice bran could be used as a high-quality animal feed supplement.

Solid state fermentation of de-oiled rice bran: Effect on in vitro protein digestibility, fatty acid profile and anti-nutritional factors

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of solid state fermentation of de-oiled rice bran (DORB) with Rhizopus oryzae on in vitro protein digestibility, anti-nutritional factors and fatty acid profile. The fermentation of DORB with Rhizopus oryzae significantly reduced the in vitro protein digestibility of DORB (p < .05). The fermentation of DORB with Rhizopus oryzae increased the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content by 46.83%, while decreased the MUFA and PUFA contents by 14.01 and 8.76%, respectively. The n-6 fatty acid content of FDORB increased by 6.19%, while n-3 fatty acid content decreased by 53.92%. The fermentation of DORB resulted in significant reduction in phytate and trypsin inhibitor activity (p < .05). Based on the present result it is concluded that the fermentation of DORB with Rhizopus oryzae improves the n-6 fatty acid profile and brings significant reduction in the phyate and trypsin inhibitor content but fails to improve the in vitro protein digestibility and hence cannot be recommended as a suitable microbe for DORB fermentation.

The impact of Rhizopus oryzae cultivation on rice bran: Gamma-oryzanol recovery and its antioxidant properties

This study evaluated the effect of the solid state cultivation (SSC) time of rice bran by Rhizopus oryzae on γ-oryzanol recovery and its antioxidant properties. Gamma-oryzanol was extracted with organic solvents and its extracts were characterized by GC-FID and HPLC-UV. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS⁺ assays, β-carotene/linoleic acid system, and reduction of oxidation in lipid system. The biomass showed the γ-oryzanol recovery increased by 51.5% (20.52mg/g), and 5.7% in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The γ-oryzanol major components changing in their profile. The γ-oryzanol extract from biomass (72h) showed the greatest DPPH inhibition (59.0%), while 90.5% inhibition of oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid system, and 30% reduction of the indicators of oxidation in olive oil was observed in the one cultivated at 96h, these behaviors were confirmed by PCA analyses. SSC provides an increase in the γ-oryzanol recovery followed by improving of the functional properties of rice bran.