1
|
Neog PR, Saini S, Konwar BK. Purification, and characterization of detergent-compatible serine protease from Bacillussafensis strain PRN1: A sustainable alternative to hazardous chemicals in detergent industry. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106479. [PMID: 38574878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Owing to vast therapeutic, commercial, and industrial applications of microbial proteases microorganisms from different sources are being explored. In this regard, the gut microbiota of Monopteruscuchia were isolated and examined for the production of protease. All the isolates were primarily and secondarily screened on skim milk and gelatin agar plates. The protease-positive isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Out of the 20 isolated strains,6 belonging to five different genera viz.Bacillus,Priestia,Aeromonas,Staphylococcus, and Serratia demonstrated proteolytic activity. Bacillussafensis strain PRN1 demonstrated the highest protease production and, thus, the largest hydrolytic clear zones in both skim milk agar (15 ± 1 mm) and gelatin (16 ± 1 mm) plates. The optimized parameters (time, pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen) for highest protease activity and microbial growth of B.safensis strain PRN1 includes 72 h (OD600 = 0.56,1303 U/mL), pH 8 (OD600 = 0.83, 403.29 U/mL), 40 °C (OD600 = 1.75, 1849.11 U/mL), fructose (OD600 = 1.22, 1502 U/mL), and gelatin (OD600 = 1.88, 1015.33 U/mL). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using salt-precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that the purified enzyme was a monomer of a molecular weight of ∼33 kDa. The protease demonstrated optimal activity at pH 8 and 60 °C. It was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), demonstrating that it belongs to the serine-proteases family. The compatibility of the enzyme with surfactants and commercial detergents demonstrates its potential use in the detergent industry. Furthermore, the purified enzyme showed antibacterial and blood-stain removal properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panchi Rani Neog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Shubhangi Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Bolin Kumar Konwar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shettar SS, Bagewadi ZK, Yunus Khan T, Mohamed Shamsudeen S, Kolvekar HN. Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104009. [PMID: 38766505 PMCID: PMC11101740 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This pioneering research explores the transformative potential of recombinant subtilisin, emphasizing its strategic immobilization and nanoparticle synthesis to elevate both stability and therapeutic efficacy. Achieving an impressive 95.25 % immobilization yield with 3 % alginate composed of sodium along with 0.2 M CaCl2 indicates heightened pH levels and thermal resistance, with optimal action around pH 10 as well as 80 °C temperature. Notably, the Ca-alginate-immobilized subtilisin exhibits exceptional storage longevity and recyclability, affirming its practical viability. Comprehensive analyses of the recombinant subtilisin under diverse conditions underscore its adaptability, reflected in kinetic enhancements with increased Vmax (10.7 ± 15 × 103 U/mg) and decreased Km (0.19 ± 0.3 mM) values post-immobilization using N-Suc-F-A-A-F-pNA. UV-visible spectroscopy confirms the successful capping of nanoparticles made of Ag and ZnO by recombinant subtilisin, imparting profound antibacterial efficacy against diverse organisms and compelling antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity was detected against the MCF-7 breast cancer line of cells, exhibiting IC50 concentrations at 8.87 as well as 14.52 µg/mL of AgNP as well as ZnONP, correspondingly, indicating promising anticancer potential. Rigorous characterization, including FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and AFM robustly validate the properties of the capped nanoparticles. Beyond therapeutic implications, the investigation explores industrial applications, revealing the versatility of recombinant subtilisin in dehairing, blood clot dissolution, biosurfactant activity, and blood stain removal. In summary, this research unfolds the exceptional promise of recombinant subtilisin and its nanoparticles, presenting compelling opportunities for diverse therapeutic applications in medicine. These findings contribute substantively to biotechnology and healthcare and stimulate avenues for further innovation and exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S. Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Zabin K. Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - T.M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harsh N. Kolvekar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thakrar FJ, Koladiya GA, Singh SP. Heterologous Expression and Structural Elucidation of a Highly Thermostable Alkaline Serine Protease from Haloalkaliphilic Actinobacterium, Nocardiopsis sp. Mit-7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7583-7602. [PMID: 37060510 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A highly thermostable alkaline serine protease gene (SPSPro, MN429015) obtained from haloalkaliphilic actinobacteria, Nocardiopsis sp. Mit-7 (NCIM-5746), was successfully cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 under the control of the T7 promoter in the pET Blue1 vector leading to a 20-kDa gene product. The molecular weight of the recombinant alkaline protease, as determined by SDS-PAGE and the Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF), was 34 kDa. The structural and functional attributes of the recombinant thermostable alkaline serine protease were analyzed by Bioinformatic tools. 3D Monomeric Model and Molecular Docking established the role of the amino acid residues, aspartate, serine, and tryptophan, in the active site of thealkaline protease.The activity of the recombinant alkaline protease was optimal at 65 °C, 5 °C higher than its native protease. The recombinant protease was also active over a wide range of pH 7.0-13.0, with a maximal activity of 6050.47 U/mg at pH 9. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters of the immobilized recombinant alkaline protease suggested its reduced vulnerability against adverse conditions under which the enzyme has to undergo varied applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foram J Thakrar
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Gopi A Koladiya
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leng W, Wu X, Qi X, Liu H, Yuan L, Gao R. Systematic functional analysis and potential application of a serine protease from cold-adapted Planococcus bacterium. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
5
|
Wang X, Qin X, Tong L, Zheng J, Dong T, Wang X, Wang Y, Huang H, Yao B, Zhang H, Luo H. Improving the catalytic activity of a detergent-compatible serine protease by rational design. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:947-960. [PMID: 36636777 PMCID: PMC10128134 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are among the most important biological additives in various industries such as detergents, leather, animal feed and food. A serine protease gene, Fgapt4, from Fusarium graminearum 2697 was identified, cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The optimal pH and temperature of FgAPT4 were 8.5 and 40°C, respectively. The relative activity was >30% even at 10°C. It had a wide range of pH stability (4.0-12.0) and detergent compatibility. To improve the catalytic activity, a strategy combining molecular docking and evolutionary analysis was adopted. Twelve amino acid residue sites and three loops (A, B and C) were selected as potential hot spots that might play critical roles in the enzyme's functional properties. Twenty-eight mutants targeting changes in individual sites or loops were designed, and mutations with good performance were combined. The best mutant was FgAPT4-M3 (Q70N/D142S/A143S/loop C). The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of FgAPT4-M3 increased by 1.6 (1008.5 vs. 385.9 U/mg) and 2.2-fold (3565.1 vs. 1106.3/s/mM), respectively. Computational analyses showed that the greater flexibility of the substrate pocket may be responsible for the increased catalytic activity. In addition, its application in detergents indicated that FgAPT4-M3 has great potential in washing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lige Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cold-Active Enzymes and Their Potential Industrial Applications-A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185885. [PMID: 36144621 PMCID: PMC9501442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 70% of our planet is covered by extremely cold environments, nourishing a broad diversity of microbial life. Temperature is the most significant parameter that plays a key role in the distribution of microorganisms on our planet. Psychrophilic microorganisms are the most prominent inhabitants of the cold ecosystems, and they possess potential cold-active enzymes with diverse uses in the research and commercial sectors. Psychrophiles are modified to nurture, replicate, and retain their active metabolic activities in low temperatures. Their enzymes possess characteristics of maximal activity at low to adequate temperatures; this feature makes them more appealing and attractive in biotechnology. The high enzymatic activity of psychrozymes at low temperatures implies an important feature for energy saving. These enzymes have proven more advantageous than their mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts. Therefore, it is very important to explore the efficiency and utility of different psychrozymes in food processing, pharmaceuticals, brewing, bioremediation, and molecular biology. In this review, we focused on the properties of cold-active enzymes and their diverse uses in different industries and research areas. This review will provide insight into the areas and characteristics to be improved in cold-active enzymes so that potential and desired enzymes can be made available for commercial purposes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cold-active enzymes in the dairy industry: Insight into cold adaption mechanisms and their applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Shen L, Zhang S, Chen G. Regulated strategies of cold-adapted microorganisms in response to cold: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68006-68024. [PMID: 34648167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of active cold-adapted microorganisms in the perennial cold environment. Due to their high-efficiency and energy-saving catalytic properties, cold-adapted microorganisms have become valuable natural resources with potential in various biological fields. In this study, a series of cold response strategies for microorganisms were summarized. This mainly involves the regulation of cell membrane fluidity, synthesis of cold adaptation proteins, regulators and metabolic changes, energy supply, and reactive oxygen species. Also, the potential of biocatalysts produced by cold-adapted microorganisms including cold-active enzymes, ice-binding proteins, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and surfactants was introduced, which provided a guidance for expanding its application values. Overall, new insights were obtained on response strategies of microorganisms to cold environments in this review. This will deepen the understanding of the cold tolerance mechanism of cold-adapted microorganisms, thus promoting the establishment and application of low-temperature biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
- Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
- Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar A, Mukhia S, Kumar R. Industrial applications of cold-adapted enzymes: challenges, innovations and future perspective. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:426. [PMID: 34567931 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme cold environments are potential reservoirs of microorganisms producing unique and novel enzymes in response to environmental stress conditions. Such cold-adapted enzymes prove to be valuable tools in industrial biotechnology to meet the increasing demand for efficient biocatalysts. The inherent properties like high catalytic activity at low temperature, high specific activity and low activation energy make the cold-adapted enzymes well suited for application in various industries. The interest in this group of enzymes is expanding as they are the preferred alternatives to harsh chemical synthesis owing to their biodegradable and non-toxic nature. Irrespective of the multitude of applications, the use of cold-adapted enzymes at the industrial level is still limited. The current review presents the unique adaptive features and the role of cold-adapted enzymes in major industries like food, detergents, molecular biology and bioremediation. The review highlights the significance of omics technology i.e., metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics in enzyme bioprospection from extreme environments. It further points out the challenges in using cold-adapted enzymes at the industrial level and the innovations associated with novel enzyme prospection strategies. Documentations on cold-adapted enzymes and their applications are abundant; however, reports on the role of omics tools in exploring cold-adapted enzymes are still scarce. So, the review covers the aspect concerning the novel techniques for enzyme discovery from nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Srijana Mukhia
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
An Updated review on production of food derived bioactive peptides; focus on the psychrotrophic bacterial proteases. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Farooq S, Nazir R, Ganai SA, Ganai BA. Isolation and characterization of a new cold-active protease from psychrotrophic bacteria of Western Himalayan glacial soil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12768. [PMID: 34140593 PMCID: PMC8211794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As an approach to the exploration of cold-active enzymes, in this study, we isolated a cold-active protease produced by psychrotrophic bacteria from glacial soils of Thajwas Glacier, Himalayas. The isolated strain BO1, identified as Bacillus pumilus, grew well within a temperature range of 4-30 °C. After its qualitative and quantitative screening, the cold-active protease (Apr-BO1) was purified. The Apr-BO1 had a molecular mass of 38 kDa and showed maximum (37.02 U/mg) specific activity at 20 °C, with casein as substrate. It was stable and active between the temperature range of 5-35 °C and pH 6.0-12.0, with an optimum temperature of 20 °C at pH 9.0. The Apr-BO1 had low Km value of 1.0 mg/ml and Vmax 10.0 µmol/ml/min. Moreover, it displayed better tolerance to organic solvents, surfactants, metal ions and reducing agents than most alkaline proteases. The results exhibited that it effectively removed the stains even in a cold wash and could be considered a decent detergent additive. Furthermore, through protein modelling, the structure of this protease was generated from template, subtilisin E of Bacillus subtilis (PDB ID: 3WHI), and different methods checked its quality. For the first time, this study reported the protein sequence for psychrotrophic Apr-BO1 and brought forth its novelty among other cold-active proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Farooq
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India ,grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Microbiology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India Jammu and Kashmir 190006
| | - Ruqeya Nazir
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Microbiology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India Jammu and Kashmir 190006
| | - Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- grid.444725.40000 0004 0500 6225Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoA, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 193201 India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Microbiology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India Jammu and Kashmir 190006
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Biochemical Characterization and Functional Analysis of Heat Stable High Potential Protease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain HM48 from Soils of Dachigam National Park in Kashmir Himalaya. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010117. [PMID: 33477596 PMCID: PMC7831320 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel temperature stable alkaline protease yielding bacteria was isolated from the soils of Dachigam National Park, which is known to be inhabited by a wide variety of endemic plant and animal species of Western Himalaya. This high-potential protease producing isolate was characterized and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain HM48 by morphological, Gram’s staining and biochemical techniques followed by molecular characterization using 16S rRNA approach. The extracellular protease of B. amyloliquefaciens HM48 was purified by precipitating with ammonium sulfate (80%), followed by dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography increasing its purity by 5.8-fold. The SDS–PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme confirmed a molecular weight of about ≈25 kDa. The enzyme displayed exceptional activity in a broad temperature range (10–90 °C) at pH 8.0, retaining its maximum at 70 °C, being the highest reported for this proteolytic Bacillus sp., with KM and Vmax of 11.71 mg/mL and 357.14 µmol/mL/min, respectively. The enzyme exhibited remarkable activity and stability against various metal ions, surfactants, oxidizing agent (H2O2), organic solvents and displayed outstanding compatibility with widely used detergents. This protease showed effective wash performance by exemplifying complete blood and egg-yolk stains removal at 70 °C and efficiently disintegrated chicken feathers making it of vital importance for laundry purpose and waste management. For functional analysis, protease gene amplification of strain HM48 yielded a nucleotide sequence of about 700 bp, which, when checked against the available sequences in NCBI, displayed similarity with subtilisin-like serine protease of B. amyloliquefaciens. The structure of this protease and its highest-priority substrate β-casein was generated through protein modeling. These protein models were validated through futuristic algorithms following which protein–protein (protease from HM48 and β-casein) docking was performed. The interaction profile of these proteins in the docked state with each other was also generated, shedding light on their finer details. Such attributes make this thermally stable protease novel and suitable for high-temperature industrial and environmental applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
Furhan J, Nissar J. Cold-Adapted Serine Metalloprotease from Serratia DLCP2: Purification, Characterization and Industrial Potential. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Furhan J. Adaptation, production, and biotechnological potential of cold-adapted proteases from psychrophiles and psychrotrophs: recent overview. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:36. [PMID: 32725297 PMCID: PMC7387391 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Proteases or peptidases are an imperative class of hydrolytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing large proteins into smaller peptides. The cold-adapted proteases show higher catalytic capacity in low temperatures as well as stability in alkaline conditions and appear as strong contenders for various applications in special industries. Main body In the past few decades, the interest in cold-adapted microorganisms producing cold-adapted proteases has increased at an exciting rate, and many of them have emerged as important biotechnological and industrial candidates. Industrial proteases are largely supplied from various types of microorganisms than plant or animal sources. Among diverse microbial sources, psychrophiles and psychrotrophs inhabiting permanently or partially cold environments have appeared as rich sources of cold-adapted proteases. Short conclusion The present review focuses on recent sources of cold-adapted protease producers along with the molecular adaptation of psychrotrophs and psychrophiles. The recent knowledge on production, kinetic properties, purification, and substrate specificity of cold-adapted proteases has been summarized. Recent advances in cold-adapted protease gene cloning and structural studies are also described. Moreover, the prospective applications of cold-adapted proteases are discussed which can help in evaluating their industrial potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Furhan
- Department of Microbiology, SKIMS Medical College-Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190017, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Al-Ghanayem AA, Joseph B. Current prospective in using cold-active enzymes as eco-friendly detergent additive. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2871-2882. [PMID: 32037467 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced developments in the field of enzyme technology have increased the use of enzymes in industrial applications, especially in detergents. Enzymes as detergent additives have been extensively studied and the demand is considerably increasing due to its distinct properties and potential applications. Enzymes from microorganisms colonized at various geographical locations ranging from extreme hot to cold are explored for compatibility studies as detergent additives. Especially psychrophiles growing at cold conditions have cold-active enzymes with high catalytic activity and their stability under extreme conditions makes it as an appropriate eco-friendly and cost-effective additive in detergents. Adequate number of reports are available on cold-active enzymes such as proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases with high efficiency and exceptional features. These enzymes with increased thermostability and alkaline stability have become the premier choice as detergent additives. Modern approaches in genomics and proteomics paved the way to understand the compatibility of cold-active enzymes as detergent additives in broader dimensions. The molecular techniques such as gene coding, amino acid sequencing, and protein engineering studies helped to solve the mysteries related to alkaline stability of these enzymes and their chemical compatibility with oxidizing agents. The present review provides an overview of cold-active enzymes used as detergent additives and molecular approaches that resulted in development of these enzymes as commercial hit in detergent industries. The scope and challenges in using cold-active enzymes as eco-friendly and sustainable detergent additive are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Ghanayem
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Babu Joseph
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|