Intestinal adsorption of glucose, cholesterol and bile salt by simultaneous incorporation of edible microbiosorbent and intestinal bacteria

Polysaccharide-based biosorbents for cholesterol and bile salts in gastric-intestinal passage: Advances and future trends

Cholesterol is one of the hazard elements for many cardiovascular diseases, but many cholesterol-lowering drugs are expensive and unhealthy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop edible and safe biosorbents to reduce excess cholesterol and bile salts in the gastric-intestinal passage. Polysaccharide-based biosorbents offer a feasible strategy for decreasing them. This review summarized polysaccharide-based biosorbents that have been developed for adsorbing cholesterol and bile salts from the gastric-intestinal passage and analyzed common modification methods for these adsorbents. Finally, the adsorption models were also elucidated. Polysaccharides, including β-cyclodextrin, pectin, chitin/chitosan, dietary fiber extract, and cellulose, have been proposed for adsorbing cholesterol and bile salts in the gastric-intestinal passage as biosorbents. This is mainly due to the retention of pores, the capture of the viscosity network, and the help of hydrophobic interactions. In spite of this, the adsorption capacity of polysaccharides is still limited. Therefore, the modifications for them became the most popular areas in the recent studies of in vitro cholesterol adsorption. Chemical approaches namely grafting, (1) acetylation, (2) hydroxypropylation, (3) carboxymethylation, and (4) amination are considered to modify the polysaccharides for higher adsorption ability. Moreover, ultrasonic/microwave/pressure treatment and micron technology (microfluidization, micronization, and ball milling) are effective physical modification methods, while the biological approach mainly refers to enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. The adsorption models are generally explained by two adsorption isotherms and two adsorption kinetics. In sum, it is reckoned that further food applications will follow soon.

Pectin/lignocellulose nanofibers/chitin nanofibers bionanocomposite as an efficient biosorbent of cholesterol and bile salts

A new biosorbent Ca-crosslinked pectin/lignocellulose nanofibers/chitin nanofibers (PLCN) was synthesized for cholesterol and bile salts adsorption from simulated intestinal fluid during gastric-intestinal passage. The physico-chemical properties of PLCN were studied using SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC and BET. Before gastrointestinal passage, PLCN had an amorphous single-phase, compact structure formed via hydrogen and van der Waals bonds that revealed an irregular shape with the shriveled surface but watery condition and enzymatic digestion led to create a porous structure without destruction because of the water-insoluble nanofibers, therefore increasing the adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 37.9 and 5578.4 mg/g for cholesterol and bile salts, respectively. Freundlich isotherm model indicated the reversible heterogeneous adsorption of both cholesterol and bile salts on PLCN. Further, their adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetic model. These results suggest that PLCN has potential as a gastrointestinal-resistant biosorbent for cholesterol and bile salts adsorption applicable in medicine and food industry.