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Gil MV, Gutiérrez-Díaz G, Higuero N, Palma E, Fernández-Rivera N, Parrón-Ballesteros J, Betancor D, Pastor-Vargas C, Cintas P, Delgado-Adamez J. Targeting cow's milk allergy using hypoallergenic protein-polyphenol formulas: A proof of concept. Food Chem 2024; 463:141285. [PMID: 39316908 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy caused by a hypersensitivity to milk proteins has increased over the last years. Hypoallergenic responses can be induced by altering the structure of such proteins with chemical modifiers; this paper is about the creation of edible matrices based on polyphenols from orange peel. Some compounds were able to significantly lower the IgE binding from β-lactoglobulin allergic serum in sensitized patients. Such effects could also be observed for casein allergic serum in patients sensitized to both proteins. A certain inter-individual variability is observed, although polyphenols do actually induce salient structural changes. This indicates that molecular modifications aimed at oral treatments against food allergy may or may not correlate with reduced allergenicity, and hence the necessity for serum monitoring through immunological assays. Overall, the results are promising enough to validate the polyphenol-fortified approach. In addition, this study highlights the upgrading of vegetable waste, consistent with a circular economy in food chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gil
- IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Gloria Gutiérrez-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Higuero
- IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Esther Palma
- IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández-Rivera
- IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jorge Parrón-Ballesteros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Betancor
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Pastor-Vargas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Cintas
- IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jonathan Delgado-Adamez
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX). Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007, Badajoz, Spain
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2
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Tahir I, Alsayeqh AF. Phytochemicals: a promising approach to control infectious bursal disease. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1421668. [PMID: 38919155 PMCID: PMC11197927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1421668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the dangerous diseases of poultry that affects the bursa of Fabricius, which is an important organ of the bird's immune system. IBD virus is resistant to many drugs, making its control difficult. Vaccination of IBD is in practice for a long time worldwide to control IBD, but secondary issues like vaccine failure and lower efficacy lead to their reduced use in the field. Multiple medicines are currently used, but the phytochemicals have emerged as promising agents for controlling IBD. The drugs to be developed should possess direct antiviral properties by targeting viral entry mechanisms, enhancing the host immune response, and inhibiting viral protein synthesis. Phytochemicals have potential to contribute to food security by minimizing the possibility of disease outbreaks and ensuring that consumers worldwide obtain healthy poultry products. It has been now claimed that direct and indirect activities of phytochemicals can be effective in the control of IBDV. Although available evidence suggest that the phytochemicals can contribute in controlling occurrence IBDV, there is a definite need of focused studies to gain more insight and develop rational strategies for their practical use. This review highlights the disease caused by IBDV, inhibition of viral replication, boosting the immune system, disruption of viral membrane, and important phytochemicals showing antiviral activities against IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Tahir
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Gil MV, Fernández-Rivera N, Pastor-Vargas C, Cintas P. Food Allergens: When Friends Become Foes-Caveats and Opportunities for Oral Immunotherapy Based on Deactivation Methods. Nutrients 2023; 15:3650. [PMID: 37630840 PMCID: PMC10458749 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergies represent a serious health concern and, since the 1990s, they have risen gradually in high-income countries. Unfortunately, the problem is complex because genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors may be collectively involved. Prevention and diagnoses have not yet evolved into efficacious therapies. Identification and control of allergens present in edible substances hold promise for multi-purpose biomedical approaches, including oral immunotherapy. This review highlights recent studies and methods to modify the otherwise innocuous native proteins in most subjects, and how oral treatments targeting immune responses could help cancel out the potential risks in hypersensitive individuals, especially children. We have focused on some physical methods that can easily be conducted, along with chemo-enzymatic modifications of allergens by means of peptides and phytochemicals in particular. The latter, accessible from naturally-occurring substances, provide an added value to hypoallergenic matrices employing vegetal wastes, a point where food chemistry meets sustainable goals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Gil
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández-Rivera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Pastor-Vargas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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4
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Antunes Filho S, dos Santos MS, dos Santos OAL, Backx BP, Soran ML, Opriş O, Lung I, Stegarescu A, Bououdina M. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts and Essential Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073060. [PMID: 37049821 PMCID: PMC10095647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts and essential oils have a wide variety of molecules with potential application in different fields such as medicine, the food industry, and cosmetics. Furthermore, these plant derivatives are widely interested in human and animal health, including potent antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and bactericidal activity. Given this diversity, different methodologies were needed to optimize the extraction, purification, and characterization of each class of biomolecules. In addition, these plant products can still be used in the synthesis of nanomaterials to reduce the undesirable effects of conventional synthesis routes based on hazardous/toxic chemical reagents and associate the properties of nanomaterials with those present in extracts and essential oils. Vegetable oils and extracts are chemically complex, and although they are already used in the synthesis of nanomaterials, limited studies have examined which molecules are effectively acting in the synthesis and stabilization of these nanostructures. Similarly, few studies have investigated whether the molecules coating the nanomaterials derived from these extracts and essential oils would bring benefits or somehow reduce their potential activity. This synergistic effect presents a promising field to be further explored. Thus, in this review article, we conducted a comprehensive review addressing the main groups of molecules present in plant extracts and essential oils, their extraction capacity, and available methodologies for their characterization. Moreover, we highlighted the potential of these plant products in the synthesis of different metallic nanomaterials and their antimicrobial capacity. Furthermore, we correlated the extract’s role in antimicrobial activity, considering the potential synergy between molecules from the plant product and the different metallic forms associated with nanomaterials.
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Toyama Y, Fujita Y, Toshima S, Hirano T, Yamasaki M, Kunitake H. Comparison of Proanthocyanidin Content in Rabbiteye Blueberry ( Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) Leaves and the Promotion of Apoptosis against HL-60 Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells Using 'Kunisato 35 Gou' Leaf Extract. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:948. [PMID: 36840296 PMCID: PMC9962561 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol-rich rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) leaves have attracted attention as a food material. In this study, we compared the total polyphenols, total proanthocyanidin content, and antioxidant activity of the leaves of 18 blueberry varieties and investigated the seasonal variation in polyphenols. We also evaluated the anti-cancer cell proliferation properties of the rabbiteye blueberry leaf specific cultivar 'Kunisato 35 Gou'. Rabbiteye blueberry leaves had significantly higher total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin values than northern highbush blueberry and southern highbush blueberry leaves. The antioxidant activity of blueberry leaves was highly positively correlated with both the total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin content. Variations were observed in the total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin content of rabbiteye blueberry leaves harvested at different points in the growing season; leaves collected in fall to winter contained more epicatechin in addition to proanthocyanidins. In the evaluation of anti-cancer cell proliferation properties against HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, the September-harvested extracts of rabbiteye blueberry 'Kunisato 35 Gou' showed strong properties, and the use of an FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit with propidium iodide confirmed that this HL-60 cell death occurred via apoptosis. Limiting the harvest time would make rabbiteye blueberry leaves a more functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Toyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Michimoto Foods Products Co., Ltd., 1667 Kou Tano-cho, Miyazaki 889-1701, Japan
| | - Saki Toshima
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hirano
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hisato Kunitake
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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6
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Hemp seed-based food products as functional foods: a comprehensive characterization of secondary metabolites using liquid and gas chromatography methods. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Antioxidative Properties and Phenolic Profile of the Core, Pulp and Peel of Commercialized Kiwifruit by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The kiwifruit is cultivated globally due to its diversity of phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer medical effects. However, only the pulp of the kiwifruit is consumed, while the peels and cores—which are also rich in phytochemicals—are usually wasted. Meanwhile, detailed information on the comparison among the three parts is still limited. In this study, the antioxidant potentials in the core, pulp, and peel of the three most commercialized kiwifruit cultivars (Australian-grown Hayward kiwifruit, New Zealand-grown Zesy002 kiwifruit, and New Zealand-grown organic Hayward kiwifruit) were selected. Their antioxidant capacities were tested, and their phenolic profiles were identified and characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The antioxidant results showed that the peel of New Zealand-grown organic Hayward kiwifruit contained the highest total phenolic content (9.65 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) mg/g) and total antioxidant capacity (4.43 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) mg/g), respectively. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the peel is generally higher than that of the pulp and cores in all species, especially ABTS (2,2-Azino-bis-3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging ability), ranging from 13.25 mg AAE/g to 18.31 mg AAE/g. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS tentatively identified the phenolic compounds present in the three kiwifruit species, including 118 unique compounds in kiwifruit peel, 12 unique compounds in the kiwifruit cores, and three unique compounds in kiwifruit pulp. The comprehensive characterization of the phenolics in the kiwifruits’ parts indicates the importance of their waste part as a promising source of phenolics with antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study can guide the industry with meaningful information on kiwifruit waste, and can provide it with the utilization of food and pharmacological aspects.
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Vita AA, McClure R, Farris Y, Danczak R, Gundersen A, Zwickey H, Bradley R. Associations between Frequency of Culinary Herb Use and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091981. [PMID: 35565947 PMCID: PMC9099813 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While evidence suggests that culinary herbs have the potential to modulate gut microbiota, much of the current research investigating the interactions between diet and the human gut microbiome either largely excludes culinary herbs or does not assess use in standard culinary settings. As such, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate how the frequency of culinary herb use is related to microbiome diversity and the abundance of certain taxa, measured at the phylum level. In this secondary data analysis of the INCLD Health cohort, we examined survey responses assessing frequency of culinary herb use and microbiome analysis of collected stool samples. We did not observe any associations between frequency of culinary herb use and Shannon Index, a measure of alpha diversity. Regarding the abundance of certain taxa, the frequency of use of polyphenol-rich herbs and herbs with certain quantities of antibacterial compounds was positively associated with Firmicutes abundance, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria abundance. Additionally, the total number of herbs used with high frequency, defined as over three times per week, was also positively associated with Firmicutes abundance, independent of adjustments, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria abundance, after adjusting for dietary factors. Frequency of culinary herb use was not associated with Bacteroidota or Actinobacteria abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Adorno Vita
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryan McClure
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (R.M.); (Y.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Yuliya Farris
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (R.M.); (Y.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Robert Danczak
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (R.M.); (Y.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Anders Gundersen
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Heather Zwickey
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Ryan Bradley
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
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Bertelli A, Biagi M, Corsini M, Baini G, Cappellucci G, Miraldi E. Polyphenols: From Theory to Practice. Foods 2021; 10:2595. [PMID: 34828876 PMCID: PMC8621732 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of polyphenols in human health is well known; these compounds are common in foods, such as fruits, vegetables, spices, extra virgin olive oil and wine. On the other hand, the different factors that modulate the biological activity of these compounds are less well known. Conceptualization of the work: In this review we took into account about 200 relevant and recent papers on the following topics: "polyphenols bioavailability", "polyphenols matrix effect", "food matrix effect", "polyphenols-cytochromes interaction", after having reviewed and updated information on chemical classification and main biological properties of polyphenols, such as the antioxidant, anti-radical and anti-inflammatory activity, together with the tricky link between in vitro tests and clinical trials. KEY FINDINGS the issue of polyphenols bioavailability and matrix effect should be better taken into account when health claims are referred to polyphenols, thus considering the matrix effect, enzymatic interactions, reactions with other foods or genetic or gender characteristics that could interfere. We also discovered that in vitro studies often underrate the role of phytocomplexes and thus we provided practical hints to describe a clearer way to approach an investigation on polyphenols for a more resounding transfer to their use in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bertelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (G.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Maddalena Corsini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Giulia Baini
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (G.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgio Cappellucci
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (G.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Miraldi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (G.B.); (G.C.)
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10
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Zou X, BK A, Rauf A, Saeed M, Al-Awthan YS, A. Al-Duais M, Bahattab O, Hamayoon Khan M, Suleria HAR. Screening of Polyphenols in Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) and Determination of Their Antioxidant Activity in Different Tobacco Varieties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25361-25371. [PMID: 34632194 PMCID: PMC8495694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is an herbaceous plant originating from South America and processed into cigarettes for consumption. Polyphenols are considered vital components of tobacco in view of their contribution to antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the phenolic compounds in different tobacco varieties by applying cold extraction with methanol and distilled water. The extracts were screened for phenolic compound diversity and distribution as well as their antioxidant potential in different tobacco varieties. The results showed that the methanolic extract of tobacco SP-28 exhibited the highest value in the total phenolic content (24.82 ± 0.07 mg GAE/gd.w.) and total flavonoid content (4.42 ± 0.01 mg QE/gd.w.), while the water extract of tobacco SN-2 exhibited the highest value in the total condensed tannin (1.12 ± 0.03 mg CE/gd.w.). The radical scavenging capacities of tobacco SP-28 were relatively high in DPPH (18.20 ± 0.01 mg AAE/gd.w.) and FRAP (3.02 ± 0.10 mg AAE/gd.w.), whereas the ABTS value was the highest in tobacco SN-2 (37.25 ± 0.03 mg AAE/gd.w.), and the total antioxidant capacity was the highest in tobacco SN-1 (7.43 ± 0.18 mg AAE/gd.w.). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified a total of 49 phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids (14), flavonoids (30), and other polyphenols (5) in four different tobacco varieties. Tobacco SP-28 showed the highest number of phenolic compounds, especially enriched in flavones. Our study highlights the antioxidant potential of tobacco extracts and reveals the phenolic distribution among different tobacco varieties that could support tobacco utilization in different pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinda Zou
- School
of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Amrit BK
- School
of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi 23430, Anbar-23561 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department
of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi 23430, Anbar-23561 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Yahya S. Al-Awthan
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Duais
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry
Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
| | - Omar Bahattab
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- School
of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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