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Munera M, Buendía E, Sanchez A, Viasus D, Sanchez J. AQP4 as a vintage autoantigen: what do we know till now? Heliyon 2022; 8:e12132. [PMID: 36506380 PMCID: PMC9730132 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Munera
- Medical Research Group (GINUMED), Universitary Corporation Rafael Nuñez, Colombia,Corresponding author.
| | - E. Buendía
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia,Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalario Serena del Mar, Cartagena, Colombia,Clinical and Biomedical Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Colombia
| | - A. Sanchez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia,Clinical and Biomedical Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Colombia
| | - D. Viasus
- Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J. Sanchez
- Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy (GACE), IPS Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Crosstalk Between Immunity System Cells and Pancreas. Transformation of Stem Cells Used in the 3D Bioprinting Process as a Personalized Treatment Method for Type 1 Diabetes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:13. [PMID: 32297019 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and the pancreas are pivotal in understanding how and why β cells' damage causes problems with pancreas functioning. Pancreatic islets are crucial in maintaining glucose homeostasis in organs, tissue and cells. Autoimmune aggression towards pancreatic islets, mainly β cells, leads to type 1 diabetes-one of the most prevalent autoimmune disease in the world, being a worldwide risk to health of many people. In this review, we highlight the role of immune cells and its influence in the development of autoimmunity in Langerhans islets. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the immunological factors on future understanding possible recurrence of autoimmunity on 3D-bioprinted bionic pancreas.
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Lerner A, Matthias T, Aminov R. Potential Effects of Horizontal Gene Exchange in the Human Gut. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1630. [PMID: 29230215 PMCID: PMC5711824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential functions of the human body are dependent on the symbiotic microbiota, which is present at especially high numbers and diversity in the gut. This intricate host-microbe relationship is a result of the long-term coevolution between the two. While the inheritance of mutational changes in the host evolution is almost exclusively vertical, the main mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene exchange. The gut conditions, with stable temperature, continuous food supply, constant physicochemical conditions, extremely high concentration of microbial cells and phages, and plenty of opportunities for conjugation on the surfaces of food particles and host tissues, represent one of the most favorable ecological niches for horizontal gene exchange. Thus, the gut microbial system genetically is very dynamic and capable of rapid response, at the genetic level, to selection, for example, by antibiotics. There are many other factors to which the microbiota may dynamically respond including lifestyle, therapy, diet, refined food, food additives, consumption of pre- and probiotics, and many others. The impact of the changing selective pressures on gut microbiota, however, is poorly understood. Presumably, the gut microbiome responds to these changes by genetic restructuring of gut populations, driven mainly via horizontal gene exchange. Thus, our main goal is to reveal the role played by horizontal gene exchange in the changing landscape of the gastrointestinal microbiome and potential effect of these changes on human health in general and autoimmune diseases in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | | | - Rustam Aminov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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4
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Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102141. [PMID: 29027962 PMCID: PMC5666823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary response to endemic infections with parasitic worms (helminth) was the development of a distinct regulatory immune profile arising from the need to encapsulate the helminths while simultaneously repairing tissue damage. According to the old friend's hypothesis, the diminished exposure to these parasites in the developed world has resulted in a dysregulated immune response that contributes to the increased incidence of immune mediated diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Indeed, the global distribution of MS shows an inverse correlation to the prevalence of helminth infection. On this basis, the possibility of treating MS with helminth infection has been explored in animal models and phase 1 and 2 human clinical trials. However, the possibility also exists that the individual immune modulatory molecules secreted by helminth parasites may offer a more defined therapeutic strategy.
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5
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Luo XM, Edwards MR, Reilly CM, Mu Q, Ahmed SA. Diet and Microbes in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Lupus 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett T. Cunningham
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- The Francis I. Proctor Foundation, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John V. Forrester
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia and Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Manfred Zierhut
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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8
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Lin JJ, Lin KL, Hsia SH, Wang HS, Chiu CH, CHEESE Study Group. VGKC complex antibodies in pediatric severe acute encephalitis: a study and literature review. Brain Dev 2013; 35:630-5. [PMID: 23088843 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to surface proteins like voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complexes are increasingly found in different neurologic diseases and encephalitis in adults and recently, in children. Detecting such antibodies can help identify forms of encephalitis that may respond to immuno-therapies. However, there are few reports on VGKC complex antibodies in pediatric severe acute encephalitis. METHODS This study retrospectively reviewed antibodies to VGKC, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (Lgi1), and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) in 46 children with severe acute encephalitis. Published cases of VGKC complex antibodies in pediatric encephalitis in the period of 2000-2012 were also reviewed. RESULTS Elevated VGKC complex antibodies (>100pM) were detected in one of the 46 children with severe acute encephalitis. The 4-year and 6-month-old girl presented with seizure and disturbed consciousness. Viral PCR/culture and serologic evidence of influenza A infection was noted. She also had complications of epilepsy, impaired cognition, and altered behavior and psychology. Antibodies to Lgi1 and Caspr2 were not detected. Ten previously published reports revealed that VGKC complex antibodies can occur in children with limbic encephalitis and acute or sub-acute encephalitis. CONCLUSION The incidence of VGKC complex antibodies in pediatric severe acute encephalitis is not high with only one (2.2%) of 46 children in this study. And, this is the first report on the association of VGKC complex antibodies and patients with influenza A-related severe acute encephalitis. The mechanism of VGKC complex antibodies in pediatric severe acute encephalitis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainn-Jim Lin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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Fleming J. Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:259-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Most infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, can trigger autoimmunity via different mechanisms. The development of an autoimmune disorder after infection tends to occur in genetically susceptible individuals. Some parameters, such as genetic predisposition, feature of the infectious agent and sometimes protective effect of the infections, have a significant role in this process. These parameters and various pathogens that could lead to enhancement or exacerbation of autoimmune disease were examined in this review. Recent studies were reviewed from a microbiological perspective.
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12
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Antigenic challenge in the etiology of autoimmune disease in women. J Autoimmun 2011; 38:J97-J102. [PMID: 21880464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Infection has long been implicated as a trigger for autoimmune disease. Other antigenic challenges include receipt of allogeneic tissue or blood resulting in immunomodulation. We investigated antigenic challenges as possible risk factors for autoimmune disease in women using the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study, linked to Medicare files, years 1991-2007. The prevalence of autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome and multiple sclerosis) was 1.4% in older women (95% CI: 1.3%, 1.5%) with significant variation across regions of the United States. The risk of autoimmune disease increased by 41% (95% CI of incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.10, 1.81) with a prior infection-related medical visit. The risk of autoimmune disease increased by 90% (95% CI of IRR: 1.36, 2.66) with a prior transfusion without infection. Parity was not associated with autoimmune disease. Women less than 65 years of age and Jewish women had significantly elevated risk of developing autoimmune disease, as did individuals with a history of heart disease or end-stage renal disease. Antigenic challenges, such as infection and allogeneic blood transfusion, are significant risk factors for the development of autoimmune disease in older women.
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13
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Trowsdale J. The MHC, disease and selection. Immunol Lett 2011; 137:1-8. [PMID: 21262263 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Given large sample sizes, whole genome screens are now able to identify even quite modest contributions of common human genetic variation to disease. These approaches, made possible by the development of high-throughput, dense SNP genotyping, find few associations stronger than those for the human MHC, in multigenic autoimmune conditions. They confirm earlier findings that the major variants affecting susceptibility and resistance to autoimmunity relate to MHC class I and class II genes. It is generally assumed, although there are few good examples, that selection for resistance to infection drives evolution of MHC variation. Many MHC-associated diseases may be the price paid for an effective immune response. Interestingly, the MHC appears to influence susceptibility to conditions unrelated to immunity, including some neuropathologies. The infectious history of the individual, conditioned by their MHC, may exert an indirect effect on these diseases, although there are hints of more direct involvement of MHC molecules in neuronal systems. Here I survey the variety of conditions associated with the MHC in relation to ideas that selection through disease resistance is dependent upon MHC variation, not only at the level of the individual, but also at the level of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road and CIMR, Addenbrookes Site, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mohammed JP, Fusakio ME, Rainbow DB, Moule C, Fraser HI, Clark J, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Savage PB, Wills-Karp M, Ridgway WM, Wicker LS, Mattner J. Identification of Cd101 as a susceptibility gene for Novosphingobium aromaticivorans-induced liver autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:337-49. [PMID: 21613619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors define the susceptibility of an individual to autoimmune disease. Although common genetic pathways affect general immunological tolerance mechanisms in autoimmunity, the effects of such genes could vary under distinct immune challenges within different tissues. In this study, we demonstrate this by observing that autoimmune type 1 diabetes-protective haplotypes at the insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility region 10 (Idd10) introgressed from chromosome 3 of C57BL/6 (B6) and A/J mice onto the NOD background increase the severity of autoimmune primary biliary cirrhosis induced by infection with Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, a ubiquitous alphaproteobacterium, when compared with mice having the NOD and NOD.CAST Idd10 type 1 diabetes-susceptible haplotypes. Substantially increased liver pathology in mice having the B6 and A/J Idd10 haplotypes correlates with reduced expression of CD101 on dendritic cells, macrophages, and granulocytes following infection, delayed clearance of N. aromaticivorans, and the promotion of overzealous IFN-γ- and IL-17-dominated T cell responses essential for the adoptive transfer of liver lesions. CD101-knockout mice generated on the B6 background also exhibit substantially more severe N. aromaticivorans-induced liver disease correlating with increased IFN-γ and IL-17 responses compared with wild-type mice. These data strongly support the hypothesis that allelic variation of the Cd101 gene, located in the Idd10 region, alters the severity of liver autoimmunity induced by N. aromaticivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid P Mohammed
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Figueiredo CA, Alcantara-Neves NM, Amorim LD, Silva NB, Carvalho LCPD, Cooper PJ, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML. Evidence for a modulatory effect of IL-10 on both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production: the role of the environment. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:57-64. [PMID: 21285005 PMCID: PMC3070800 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Allergic and other immune-mediated diseases are complex disease states determined by interplay between host genetics and environmental factors. Environmental changes such as fewer infections and reduced exposure to microbial products have been suggested to have led to insufficient regulation of Th1 and Th2 immune responses, causing an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of poor living environmental conditions on mitogen-induced production of cytokines (Th1 and Th2) by peripheral blood leukocytes in children living in urban Brazil and investigate the role of IL-10 in modifying this effect. Our data showed that the proportion of children producing Th1 and Th2 cytokines was lower among those with poor living conditions and that this finding was stronger in children producing IL-10. These results provide a possible biologic explanation for the temporal trends of increasing risk of inflammatory diseases observed in populations living in affluent countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Aravindhan V, Mohan V, Surendar J, Rao MM, Ranjani H, Kumaraswami V, Nutman TB, Babu S. Decreased prevalence of lymphatic filariasis among subjects with type-1 diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 83:1336-9. [PMID: 21118945 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Several animal studies have shown a protective effect of helminth infections against type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, epidemiologic studies demonstrating this protective relationship with T1DM are largely lacking, although an inverse correlation between the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and prevalence of allergies and autoimmunity has been shown. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in southern India to assess the baseline prevalence of seropositivity of LF among persons with T1DM (n = 200) and normal glucose tolerant (NGT) persons (n = 562). The prevalence of LF was 0% among persons with T1DM and 2.6% among NGT persons (P = 0.026). The percentage of persons who were positive for filarial antigen-specific IgG4 (but not antigen-specific IgG) was also significantly lower in persons with T1DM (2%) compared with NGT persons (28%) (P < 0.001). Thus, there appears to be a striking inverse relationship between the prevalence of LF and T1DM in southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandhan Aravindhan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Anna University-K. B. Chandrashekar Research Centre, Chennai, India.
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Reyes JL, Espinoza-Jiménez AF, González MI, Verdin L, Terrazas LI. Taenia crassiceps infection abrogates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:77-87. [PMID: 21185554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections induce strong immunoregulation that can modulate subsequent pathogenic challenges. Taenia crassiceps causes a chronic infection that induces a Th2-biased response and modulates the host cellular immune response, including reduced lymphoproliferation in response to mitogens, impaired antigen presentation and the recruitment of suppressive alternatively activated macrophages (AAMФ). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of T. crassiceps to reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Only 50% of T. crassiceps-infected mice displayed EAE symptoms, which were significantly less severe than uninfected mice. This effect was associated with both decreased MOG-specific splenocyte proliferation and IL-17 production and limited leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord. Infection with T. crassiceps induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment, including decreased TNF-α production and high MOG-specific production of IL-4 and IL-10. While the mRNA expression of TNF-α and iNOS was lower in the brain of T. crassiceps-infected mice with EAE, markers for AAMФ were highly expressed. Furthermore, in these mice, there was reduced entry of CD3(+)Foxp3(-) cells into the brain. The T. crassiceps-induced immune regulation decreased EAE severity by dampening T cell activation, proliferation and migration to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo, México 54090, Mexico
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Abstract
Vitamin D is an important regulator of immune function. T cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and have been shown to be direct and indirect vitamin D targets. Why should T cells be responsive to vitamin D? The data suggest that expression of the VDR is required for the development of two cell types, NKT cells and CD8αα T cells, which inhibit autoimmunity. In addition, effector T cell cytokine production is regulated by vitamin D. Available evidence suggests that NKT and CD8αα T cells express the VDR as part of the selection process to protect against the generation of autoimmunity, particularly in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lavi O, Klement E, Louzoun Y. Effect of vaccination in environmentally induced diseases. Bull Math Biol 2010; 73:1101-17. [PMID: 20556531 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-010-9554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Along with the constant improvement in hygiene in the last few decades there has been a continuous increase in the incidence of particular diseases, mainly of autoimmune or allergic etiology, but also of diseases caused by infectious agents, such as listeriosis. We here present a model for the effect of exposure to agents causing or inducing the disease on the incidence of morbidity. The proposed model is an expansion of the SIR model to non-contagious diseases and aims to estimate the balance between immunization and disease probability. The model results indicate that, paradoxically in a wide range of parameters, a decrease in exposure to the disease inducing agent results in an increase in disease incidence. This can occur if: (a) the probability of developing disease, given an exposure to the agent increases with age, (b) immunity to the agent is long. The inverse relation between exposure and disease incidence results from a decrease in the adult immunized population following a previous decrease in the exposure rate. Therefore, a lower exposure can lead to lower incidence in the short term but to higher incidence in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Lavi
- Department of Mathematics and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
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Todd JA. Etiology of type 1 diabetes. Immunity 2010; 32:457-67. [PMID: 20412756 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic mapping and gene-phenotype studies have revealed the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes. At least ten genes so far can be singled out as strong causal candidates. The known functions of these genes indicate the primary etiological pathways of this disease, including HLA class II and I molecules binding to preproinsulin peptides and T cell receptors, T and B cell activation, innate pathogen-viral responses, chemokine and cytokine signaling, and T regulatory and antigen-presenting cell functions. This review considers research in the field of type 1 diabetes toward identifying disease mechanisms using genetic approaches. The expression and functions of these pathways, and, therefore, disease susceptibility, will be influenced by epigenetic and environmental factors. Certain inherited immune phenotypes will be early precursors of type 1 diabetes and could be useful in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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Dietert RR, Dietert JM, Gavalchin J. Risk of autoimmune disease: challenges for immunotoxicity testing. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 598:39-51. [PMID: 19967505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity represents a potentially diverse and complex category among the range of adverse outcomes for detection with immunotoxicity testing. For this reason, the risk of autoimmune disease is discussed in this overview chapter with additional mention among the later specific protocol chapters. Improvements in clinical diagnostic capabilities and disease recognition have led to a more accurate picture of the extent of autoimmune diseases across different human populations. While the risk of any single autoimmune disease remains modest when compared with that of lung or heart disease, the cumulative prevalence of autoimmune diseases is both significant and increasing. Autoimmune diseases are usually viewed in the context of the damaged tissue or organ (e.g., as a thyroid, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular or neurological disease). But improved recognition that underlying immune dysfunction can connect the risks for these as well as other diseases is critical for optimizing risk assessment. Since autoimmune diseases are chronic in nature with many first appearing in children or in young adults, these diseases exert a serious impact on both health care costs and quality of life. This chapter provides a discussion of the issues that should be considered with immunotoxicity testing for risk of autoimmunity.
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Tirabassi RS, Guberski DL, Blankenhorn EP, Leif JH, Woda BA, Liu Z, Winans D, Greiner DL, Mordes JP. Infection with viruses from several families triggers autoimmune diabetes in LEW*1WR1 rats: prevention of diabetes by maternal immunization. Diabetes 2010; 59:110-8. [PMID: 19794063 PMCID: PMC2797911 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of antecedent viral infection to the development of type 1 diabetes in humans is controversial. Using a newer rat model of the disease, we sought to 1) identify viruses capable of modulating diabetes penetrance, 2) identify conditions that increase or decrease the diabetogenicity of infection, and 3) determine whether maternal immunization would prevent diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS About 2% of LEW*1WR1 rats develop spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, but disease penetrance is much higher if weanling rats are exposed to environmental perturbants including Kilham rat virus (KRV). We compared KRV with other viruses for diabetogenic activity. RESULTS Both KRV and rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) induced diabetes in up to 60% of LEW*1WR1 rats, whereas H-1, vaccinia, and Coxsackie B4 viruses did not. Simultaneous inoculation of KRV and RCMV induced diabetes in 100% of animals. Pretreatment of rats with an activator of innate immunity increased the diabetogenicity of KRV but not RCMV and was associated with a moderate rate of diabetes after Coxsackie B4 and vaccinia virus infection. Inoculation of LEW*1WR1 dams with both KRV and RCMV prior to pregnancy protected weanling progeny from virus-induced diabetes in a virus-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to viruses can affect the penetrance of autoimmune diabetes in genetically susceptible animals. The diabetogenicity of infection is virus specific and is modified by immunomodulation prior to inoculation. Maternal immunization protects weanlings from virus-induced diabetes, suggesting that modification of immune responses to infection could provide a means of preventing islet autoimmunity.
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Zinger H, Sherer Y, Goddard G, Berkun Y, Barzilai O, Agmon-Levin N, Ram M, Blank M, Tincani A, Rozman B, Cervera R, Shoenfeld Y. Common infectious agents prevalence in antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2009; 18:1149-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203309345738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by thrombosis and pregnancy loss. Infections are generally associated with autoimmune diseases, but in the setting of antiphospholipid syndrome this link has been suggested as having a pathogenic role. In this study, 98 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome were screened for antibodies directed to several infectious agents. The main finding in this study is the significantly higher prevalence of IgM antibodies to toxoplasma and rubella. This novel finding suggests that these infections might be associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. As autoimmune diseases and, in particular, antiphospholipid syndrome are associated with infections, mainly the catastrophic type of the syndrome, this finding implies that a current infection with these agents, i.e. toxoplasma and rubella, might either be related to the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome or alternatively to its manifestations. Lupus (2009) 18, 1149—1153.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Zinger
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Y. Sherer
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - G. Goddard
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Y. Berkun
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - O. Barzilai
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - N. Agmon-Levin
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - M. Ram
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - M. Blank
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - A. Tincani
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - B. Rozman
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - R. Cervera
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Y. Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Incumbent of the Laura Schwartz Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Israel,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has often been suggested that autoimmune diseases are initiated by certain infectious agents that mimic self-antigens or polyclonally activated autoreactive lymphocytes. An alternative, and not necessarily mutually exclusive, hypothesis that some infections might inhibit the onset of some autoimmune conditions has more recently been explored. In this review, the evidence suggesting that the current rise in the incidence of some autoimmune diseases is attributable to a decrease in the incidence of exposure to certain infections will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using animal models have shown that some infectious agents or products derived from them have the potential to inhibit the onset of autoimmunity. These studies have led to the suggestion that human autoimmune or allergic diseases might be alleviated by the use of microbial products. There are some data that would support such an observation. SUMMARY The incidence of some autoimmune diseases has increased dramatically in recent years in the developed world. Many autoimmune diseases are governed by both genetic and environmental factors. Our immune system has coevolved with infectious agents. There have been marked changes in the exposure to certain infectious agents over the last 70 years. It has been proposed that certain infections of historical importance might inhibit the development of autoimmune disorder. This review highlights studies addressing the ways in which infectious agents might inhibit onset of autoimmunity, and how this might lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Blomberg J, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Sequential Changes in Serum Cytokines Reflect Viral RNA Kinetics in Target Organs of a Coxsackievirus B Infection in Mice. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:611-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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