1
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Sulekha A, Osborne MJ, Gasiorek J, Borden KLB. 1H, 13C, 15N Backbone and sidechain chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal domain of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17-C). BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:67-73. [PMID: 36757531 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases are the principal enzymes involved in the glucuronidation of metabolites and xenobiotics for physiological clearance in humans. Though glucuronidation is an indispensable process in the phase II metabolic pathway, UGT-mediated glucuronidation of most prescribed drugs (> 55%) and clinical evidence of UGT-associated drug resistance are major concerns for therapeutic development. While UGTs are highly conserved enzymes, they manifest unique substrate and inhibitor specificity which is poorly understood given the dearth of experimentally determined full-length structures. Such information is important not only to conceptualize their specificity but is central to the design of inhibitors specific to a given UGT in order to avoid toxicity associated with pan-UGT inhibitors. Here, we provide the 1H, 13C and 15N backbone (~ 90%) and sidechain (~ 62%) assignments for the C-terminal domain of UGT2B17, which can be used to determine the molecular binding sites of inhibitor and substrate, and to understand the atomic basis for inhibitor selectivity between UGT2B17 and other members of the UGT2B subfamily. Given the physiological relevance of UGT2B17 in the elimination of hormone-based cancer drugs, these assignments will contribute towards dissecting the structural basis for substrate specificity, selective inhibitor recognition and other aspects of enzyme activity with the goal of selectively overcoming glucuronidation-based drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sulekha
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle‑Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J Osborne
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle‑Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jadwiga Gasiorek
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle‑Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine L B Borden
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle‑Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Zhu L, Lv H, Xiao L, Hou Y, Li W, Ge G, Ai C. Diverse effects of α-/β-estradiol on catalytic activities of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 225:106196. [PMID: 36181991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
β-estradiol (β-E2) and α-estradiol (α-E2) act as an endo- and an exon-estrogen in humans, respectively. There is a structural variation in C17-OH configuration of the two estrogens. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) are responsible for termination of activities of a variety of endogenous hormones, clinical drugs, and environmental toxicants. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of the two estrogens towards catalytic activities of UGTs. It was found that β-E2 could decrease activities of UGT1A9, - 2B4 and - 2B7, with Ki values of a few micro-molars. β-E2 could additionally accelerate the activity of UGT2B17 via promoting enzyme-substrate binding and increasing the turn over number. Comparatively, α-E2 displayed much stronger inhibitory potentials towards UGT2B7 and - 2B4, but showed little influence to UGT1A9 and - 2B17. The Ki values for inhibition of UGT2B7 in glucuronidation of different substrates by α-E2 were in a nanomolar range that is only about 1/100-1/50 of β-E2. UGT2B7 structural model was fatherly constructed to explore the mechanism underlying dramatically different inhibition selectivity of the two estrogens. Compared to β-E2, α-E2 formed more hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonded interactions with the residues in the active pocket. It is concluded that the configuration of E2-17-OH determines the inhibitory potentials towards UGTs. The results are useful in better understanding ligand selectivity of UGTs, as well as in further development of α-E2 in health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhu
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation & Water Ecosystem Restoration, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Hui Lv
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation & Water Ecosystem Restoration, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Resources and Environment and Key Laboratory of Aqueous Environment Protection & Pollution Control of Yangtze River, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Yanyao Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation & Water Ecosystem Restoration, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunzhi Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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4
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Computational prediction for the metabolism of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 substrates. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:105959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chen J, Zhang H, Hu X, Xu M, Su Y, Zhang C, Yue Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Cui W, Zhao Z, Li X. Phloretin exhibits potential food-drug interactions by inhibiting human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105447. [PMID: 35868516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin is a well-known apple polyphenol possessing a wide variety of biological effects and has been widely used in many fields. However, it's unclear whether phloretin has an effect on the activity of human UGT enzymes. Our study indicated that phloretin inhibited human UGTs on a broad spectrum. Further kinetic analysis revealed that phloretin inhibited UGT1A1, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7, and 2B15 in a noncompetitive manner, with calculated Ki of 8.34 μM, 16.69 μM, 10.58 μM, 17.74 μM and 2.46μΜ, respectively, whereas phloretin inhibited UGT1A7 in an un-competitive manner, with calculated Ki of 5.70 μM. According to the quantitative risk prediction, co-administration of phloretin with drugs primarily metabolized by UGT1A7 and/or UGT2B15 may result in potential food-drug interactions. To sum up, when phloretin or phloretin-rich food is administered with medications metabolized by UGT1A7 and/or UGT2B15, concern should be exercised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqian Chen
- Departments of Pharmacy, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Agriculture Insect, Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Yanjun Su
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, PR China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Departments of Pharmacy, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital, Tianjin 300134, PR China.
| | - Xichuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
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6
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Yi M, Wang F, Tan W, Hsieh JT, Egelman EH, Xu B. Enzyme Responsive Rigid-Rod Aromatics Target "Undruggable" Phosphatases to Kill Cancer Cells in a Mimetic Bone Microenvironment. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13055-13059. [PMID: 35849554 PMCID: PMC9339482 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis remains a challenge in cancer treatment. Here we show enzymatic responsive rigid-rod aromatics acting as the substrates of "undruggable" phosphatases to kill cancer cells in a mimetic bone microenvironment. By phosphorylation and conjugating nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) to hydroxybiphenylcarboxylate (BP), we obtained pBP-NBD (1P) as a substrate of both acid and alkaline phosphatases. 1P effectively kills both metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer cells (mCRPCs) and osteoblast mimic cells in their coculture. 1P enters Saos2 almost instantly to target the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cells. Co-culturing with Saos2 cells boosts the cellular uptake of 1P by mCRPCs. Cryo-EM reveals the nanotube structures of both 1P (2.4 Å resolution, pH 5.6) and 1 (2.2 Å resolution, pH 7.4). The helical packing of both nanotubes is identical, held together by strong pi-stacking interactions. Besides reporting the atomistic structure of nanotubes formed by the assembly of rigid-rod aromatics, this work expands the pool of molecules for designing EISA substrates that selectively target TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Fengbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Edward H Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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7
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Kojima A, Nadai M, Katoh M. Species and Tissue Differences in Regorafenib Glucuronidation. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:129-133. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2055507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kojima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nadai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Katoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Reddy MB, Bolger MB, Fraczkiewicz G, Del Frari L, Luo L, Lukacova V, Mitra A, Macwan JS, Mullin JM, Parrott N, Heikkinen AT. PBPK Modeling as a Tool for Predicting and Understanding Intestinal Metabolism of Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase Substrates. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091325. [PMID: 34575401 PMCID: PMC8468656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Available data for intestinal UGT expression levels and in vitro approaches that can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of UGT substrates are reviewed. Human PBPK models for UGT substrates with varying extents of UGT-mediated intestinal metabolism (lorazepam, oxazepam, naloxone, zidovudine, cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir) have demonstrated utility for predicting the extent of intestinal metabolism. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of UGT1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir with UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir have been simulated, and the role of intestinal metabolism in these clinical DDIs examined. Utility of an in silico tool for predicting substrate specificity for UGTs is discussed. Improved in vitro tools to study metabolism for UGT compounds, such as coculture models for low clearance compounds and better understanding of optimal conditions for in vitro studies, may provide an opportunity for improved in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and prospective predictions. PBPK modeling shows promise as a useful tool for predicting intestinal metabolism for UGT substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela B. Reddy
- Early Clinical Development, Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Pfizer, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-842-4123
| | - Michael B. Bolger
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Grace Fraczkiewicz
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | | | - Laibin Luo
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Springhouse, PA 19477, USA;
| | - Joyce S. Macwan
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jim M. Mullin
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
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Yin H, Wang Z, Wang X, Lv X, Fan X, Yan M, Jia Y, Jiang L, Cao J, Liu Y. Inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme by Dabrafenib: Implications for drug-drug interactions. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5205. [PMID: 34192355 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dabrafenib is a novel small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) which is used to treat metastatic melanoma. The aim of this research was to survey the effects of dabrafenib on human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and to evaluate the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The formation rates for 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronide and trifluoperazine-glucuronide in 12 recombinant human UGT isoforms with or without dabrafenib were measured and HPLC was used to investigate the inhibitory effects of dabrafenib on UGTs. Inhibition kinetic studies were also conducted. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation approaches were further used to predict the risk of DDI potentials of dabrafenib via inhibition of UGTs. Our data indicated that dabrafenib had a broad inhibitory effect on 4-MU glucuronidation by inhibiting the activities of UGTs, especially on UGT1A1, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A9, and dabrafenib could increase the area under the curve of co-administered drugs. Dabrafenib is a strong inhibitor of several UGTs and the co-administration of dabrafenib with drugs primarily metabolized by UGT1A1, 1A7, 1A8 or 1A9 may induce potential DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Xin Lv
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Mingrui Yan
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
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10
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Zhou QH, Lv X, Tian ZH, Finel M, Feng L, Huo PC, Zhu YD, Lu Y, Hou J, Ge GB. A fluorescence-based microplate assay for high-throughput screening and evaluation of human UGT inhibitors. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338305. [PMID: 33714444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (hUGTs), one of the most important classes of conjugative enzymes, are responsible for the glucuronidation and detoxification of a variety of endogenous substances and xenobiotics. Inhibition of hUGTs may cause undesirable effects or adverse drug-drug interactions (DDI) via modulating the glucuronidation rates of endogenous toxins or the drugs that are primarily conjugated by the inhibited hUGTs. Herein, to screen hUGTs inhibitors in a more efficient way, a novel fluorescence-based microplate assay has been developed by utilizing a fluorogenic substrate. Following screening of series of 4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives, we found that 4-HN-335 is a particularly good substrate for a panel of hUGTs. Under physiological conditions, 4-HN-335 can be readily O-glucuronidated by ten hUGTs, such reactions generate a single O-glucuronide with a high quantum yield (Ф = 0.79) and bring remarkable changes in fluorescence emission. Subsequently, a fluorescence-based microplate assay is developed to simultaneously measure the inhibitory effects of selected compound(s) on ten hUGTs. The newly developed fluorescence-based microplate assay is time- and cost-saving, easy to manage and can be adapted for 96-well microplate format with the Z-factor of 0.92. We further demonstrate the utility of the fluorescence-based assay for high-throughput screening of two compound libraries, resulting in the identification of several potent UGT inhibitors, including natural products and FDA-approved drugs. Collectively, this study reports a novel fluorescence-based microplate assay for simultaneously sensing the residual activities of ten hUGTs, which strongly facilitates the identification and characterization of UGT inhibitors from drugs or herbal constituents and the investigations on UGT-mediated DDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Hang Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng-Chao Huo
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Di Zhu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Zhou J, Argikar UA, Miners JO. Enzyme Kinetics of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:301-338. [PMID: 34272700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is an important process for the metabolism and clearance of many lipophilic chemicals, including drugs, environmental chemicals, and endogenous compounds. Glucuronidation is a bisubstrate reaction that requires the aglycone and the cofactor, UDP-GlcUA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the bisubstrate reaction follows a compulsory-order ternary mechanism. To simplify the kinetic modeling of glucuronidation reactions in vitro, UDP-GlcUA is usually added to incubations in large excess. Many factors have been shown to influence UGT activity and kinetics in vitro, and these must be accounted for during experimental design and data interpretation. While the assessment of drug-drug interactions resulting from UGT inhibition has been challenging in the past, the increasing availability of UGT enzyme-selective substrate and inhibitor "probes" provides the prospect for more reliable reaction phenotyping and assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Although extrapolation of the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a glucuronidated drug often underpredicts in vivo clearance, careful selection of in vitro experimental conditions and inclusion of extrahepatic glucuronidation may improve the predictivity of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has also shown to be of value for predicting PK of drugs eliminated by glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Doerksen MJ, Jones RS, Coughtrie MWH, Collier AC. Parameterization of Microsomal and Cytosolic Scaling Factors: Methodological and Biological Considerations for Scalar Derivation and Validation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 46:173-183. [PMID: 33340340 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models that can predict the kinetics of compounds have been increasingly adopted for drug development and risk assessment. Data for these models may be generated from in vitro experimental systems containing enzymes contributing to metabolic clearance, such as subcellular tissue fractions including microsomes and cytosol. Extrapolation from these systems is facilitated by common scaling factors, known as microsomal protein per gram (MPPG) and cytosolic protein per gram (CPPG). Historically, parameterization of MPPG and CPPG has employed the use of recovery factors, commonly benchmarked to cytochromes P450 which work well in some contexts, but could be problematic for other enzymes. Here, we propose absolute quantification of protein content and supplementary assays to evaluate microsomal/cytosolic purity that should be employed. Examples include calculation of microsomal latency by mannose-6-phosphatase activity and immunoblotting of subcellular fractions with fraction-specific markers. Further considerations include tissue source, as disease states can affect enzyme expression and activity, and the methodology used for scalar parameterization. Regional- and organ-specific expression of enzymes, in addition to differences in organ physiology, is another important consideration. Because most efforts have focused on the liver that is, for the most part, homogeneous, derived scalars may not capture the heterogeneity of other major tissues contributing to xenobiotic metabolism including the kidneys and small intestine. Better understanding of these scalars, and how to appropriately derive them from extrahepatic tissues can provide support to the inferences made with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, increase its accuracy in characterizing in vivo drug pharmacokinetics, and improve confidence in go-no-go decisions for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Doerksen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert S Jones
- Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Michael W H Coughtrie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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13
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Wang X, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chen X, Yin H, Jiang L, Cao J, Liu Y. Inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme by belinostat: Implications for drug-drug interactions. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:51-57. [PMID: 33290829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Belinostat is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor which recently approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL). To assess drug-drug interactions (DDIs) potential of belinostat via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), the effects of belinostat on UGTs activities were investigated using the non-selective probe substrate 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) and trifluoperazine (TFP) by UPLC-MS/MS. Belinostat exhibited a wide range of inhibition against UGTs activities, particularly a potent non-competitive inhibition against UGT1A3, and weak inhibition against UGT1A1, 1A7, 1A8, 2B4 and 2B7. Further, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches were used to predict the risk of DDI arising from inhibition of UGTs. Our data indicate that the intravenous infusion of belinostat at clinical available dose can contribute a significant increase to the AUC of co-administrated drugs primarily cleared by UGT1A3 or UGT1A1, which will result in potential DDIs. In contrast, oral administrated belinostat is unlikely to cause significant DDIs through inhibition of glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Xiuyuan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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14
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Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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15
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Yamane M, Igarashi F, Yamauchi T, Nakagawa T. Main contribution of UGT1A1 and CYP2C9 in the metabolism of UR-1102, a novel agent for the treatment of gout. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:61-71. [PMID: 32813611 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1812012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UR-1102, a novel uricosuric agent for treating gout, has been confirmed to exhibit a pharmacological effect in patients. We clarified its metabolic pathway, estimated the contribution of each metabolic enzyme, and assessed the impact of genetic polymorphisms using human in vitro materials. Glucuronide, sulfate and oxidative metabolites of UR-1102 were detected in human hepatocytes. The intrinsic clearance by glucuronidation or oxidation in human liver microsomes was comparable, but sulfation in the cytosol was much lower, indicating that the rank order of contribution was glucuronidation ≥ oxidation > sulfation. Recombinant UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 showed high glucuronidation of UR-1102. We took advantage of a difference in the inhibitory sensitivity of atazanavir to the UGT isoforms and estimated the fraction metabolised (fm) with UGT1A1 to be 70%. Studies using recombinant CYPs and CYP isoform-specific inhibitors showed that oxidation was mediated exclusively by CYP2C9. The effect of UGT1A1 and CYP2C9 inhibitors on UR-1102 metabolism in hepatocytes did not differ markedly between the wild type and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yamane
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
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16
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Industrial Approach to Determine the Relative Contribution of Seven Major UGT Isoforms to Hepatic Glucuronidation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2309-2320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Walles M, Brown AP, Zimmerlin A, End P. New Perspectives on Drug-Induced Liver Injury Risk Assessment of Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1551-1560. [PMID: 32525307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains one of the key challenges in drug development due to the mechanisms of action being multifactorial in nature. This is particularly the case for idiosyncratic DILI which occurs in a very low frequency in humans (e.g., 1:10,000). Despite perceptions that acyl glucuronide metabolites are defacto risks for DILI, scientific evidence suggests that acyl glucuronide formation alone does not pose an increased risk compared to other drug metabolites. This applies in particular to those acyl glucuronides which are not reactive and do not form covalent adducts with proteins. The goal of this paper is to provide guidance on preclinical and clinical strategies to evaluate the potential for acyl glucuronide formation to contribute to DILI. A key element of our proposed safety assessment is to investigate whether a particular acyl glucuronide is reactive or not and whether systemic exposure in humans can be demonstrated in animal toxicology studies following administration of the parent drug. While standard animal toxicology studies can identify overtly hepatotoxic compounds, these studies are not predictive for drugs that produce idiosyncratic forms of DILI. In addition, we do not recommend conducting toxicology studies of administered individual acyl glucuronides due to differences in pharmacokinetic and dispositional properties from the endogenously produced metabolites. Once a drug candidate has entered clinical trials, the focus should be on clinical safety data and emerging risk-benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Walles
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan P Brown
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alfred Zimmerlin
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter End
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Eagles SK, Gross AS, McLachlan AJ. The Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable-Enriched Diets on Drug Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Dietary Intervention Trials in Humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:212-227. [PMID: 32086800 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few studies exist in the literature that discuss the effects of diet on drug metabolism and how this can affect interindividual differences in systemic drug exposure. Several studies have investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetables (Cruciferae) or their constituents on drug-metabolizing activity, as these vegetables form an important part of many peoples' diets. In general, the ingestion of cruciferous vegetables is associated with induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in vivo; however, there is contention between reports, and the clinical significance of potential diet-drug interactions remains unclear. This study reports a systematic review, critical appraisal, and meta-analysis of the published literature in this area, and discusses the clinical significance of Cruciferae-enriched diets in the context of diet-drug interactions. Twenty-three dietary intervention trials with drug metabolism end points were identified across Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL). Cruciferous vegetables represented in the literature included broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and watercress. A range of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes and phenotyping metrics were represented in the literature. The meta-analyses performed demonstrated a significant effect on CYP1A2 and glutathione S-transferase-alpha (GST-α), with consumption of Cruciferae increasing the activities of these enzymes by 20-40% and 15-35%, respectively. The results herein suggest that patients undergoing pharmacotherapy with CYP1A2 or GST-α substrates could have altered drug exposure profiles if they regularly eat large or variable amounts of cruciferous vegetables. Recommendations regarding the design of future randomized, controlled trials to test hypotheses in this area are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane K Eagles
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette S Gross
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline R & D, Ermington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J McLachlan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Xiao L, Chi D, Sheng G, Li W, Lin P, Liang S, Zhu L, Dong P. Inhibitory effects of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) typical ligands against E. coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS). RSC Adv 2020; 10:22966-22971. [PMID: 35520305 PMCID: PMC9054634 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectivity of ligand overlaps between UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and β-glucuronidase (GUS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- School of Resources and Environment
- Key Laboratory of Aqueous Environment Protection and Pollution Control of Yangtze River
- Anqing Normal University
- Anqing 246133
- China
| | - Dehui Chi
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration
- Anqing Normal University
- Anqing 246133
- China
| | - Guiju Sheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration
- Anqing Normal University
- Anqing 246133
- China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration
- Anqing Normal University
- Anqing 246133
- China
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry
- Markey Cancer Center, and Dept. of Toxicology & Cancer Biology
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Sicheng Liang
- School of Pharmacy
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University
- Luzhou 646000
- China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration
- Anqing Normal University
- Anqing 246133
- China
| | - Peipei Dong
- College of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
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20
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Potential of herb-drug / herb interactions between substrates and inhibitors of UGTs derived from herbal medicines. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Rong Y, Kiang TKL. Mechanisms of Metabolism Interaction Between p-Cresol and Mycophenolic Acid. Toxicol Sci 2019; 173:267-279. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycophenolic acid (MPA) is commonly prescribed for preventing graft rejection after kidney transplantation. The primary metabolic pathways of MPA are hepatic glucuronidation through UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in the formation of MPA-glucuronide (MPAG, major pathway) and MPA-acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). p-Cresol, a potent uremic toxin known to accumulate in patients with renal dysfunction, can potentially interact with MPA via the inhibition of glucuronidation. We hypothesized that the interaction between MPA and p-cresol is clinically relevant and that the estimated exposure changes in the clinic are of toxicological significance. Using in vitro approaches (ie, human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes), the potency and mechanisms of inhibition by p-cresol towards MPA glucuronidation were characterized. Inter-individual variabilities, effects of clinical co-variates, in vitro-in vivo prediction of likely changes in MPA exposure, and comparison to other toxins were determined for clinical relevance. p-Cresol inhibited MPAG formation in a potent and competitive manner (Ki=5.2 µM in pooled human liver microsomes) and the interaction was primarily mediated by UGT1A9. This interaction was estimated to increase plasma MPA exposure in patients by approximately 1.8-fold, which may result in MPA toxicity. The mechanism of inhibition for AcMPAG formation was noncompetitive (Ki=127.5 µM) and less likely to be clinically significant. p-Cresol was the most potent inhibitor of MPA-glucuronidation compared with other commonly studied uremic toxins (eg, indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid) and its metabolites (ie, p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol glucuronide). Our findings indicate that the interaction between p-cresol and MPA is of toxicological significance and warrants clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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22
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Inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes by kinase inhibitors: Effects of dabrafenib, ibrutinib, nintedanib, trametinib and BIBF 1202. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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de Souza GC, Viana MD, Goés LDM, Sanchez-Ortiz BL, Silva GAD, Pinheiro WBDS, Santos CBRD, Carvalho JCT. Reproductive toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the flowers ofAcmella oleraceaand spilanthol in zebrafish: In vivo and in silico evaluation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:127-146. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119878257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethanolic preparations of Acmella oleracea is used in the north of Brazil as a female aphrodisiac. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the hydroethanolic extract of Acmella oleracea (EHFAo) flowers (21.873 and 44.457 mg/kg) and spilanthol (3 mg/kg) administered orally on reproductive performance and effects on the embryonic development of zebrafish F1 generation. It was observed that in the groups in which males and females received EHFAo and spilanthol, the spawning was interrupted, whereas in the groups in which only the females were treated, spawning occurred during the 21 days. Thus, in the histopathological evaluation of the gonads, it was possible to observe that the percentage of mature cells in the spermatozoa and females was significantly reduced. Only the embryo groups in which parental generation was treated with EHFAo showed lethal and teratogenic effects. On the other hand, the parental groups treated with the spilanthol presented only the lethality. Spilanthol and some metabolites showed good oral availability and important toxicological properties. Thus, it is suggested that the treatment of parental generation of zebrafish with EHFAo and spilanthol caused severe changes in the gonads and on fertility. However, on the embryo, the most striking effects in the development were recorded in the groups in which the parental generation was treated with the EHFAo, while the spilanthol influenced the lethality of the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- GC de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - MD Viana
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - LDM Goés
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - BL Sanchez-Ortiz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - GA da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - WB de Souza Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - CB Rodrigues dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - JC Tavares Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
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Qi X, Dou T, Wang Z, Wu J, Yang L, Zeng S, Deng M, Lü M, Liang S. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2A6 by 7-hydroxycoumarin analogues: Analysis of the structure-activity relationship and isoform selectivity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104944. [PMID: 31163215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Compared with coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin could serve as a better hit for developing CYP2A6 inhibitors. In this study, a series of 7-hydroxycoumarin and its structural analogues were collected to study their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and isoform selectivity for inhibiting CYP2A6. All tested coumarins except a C4 phenyl derivative (11) showed higher inhibitory activities for CYP2A6 over the other CYP isoforms, including CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9. Of these coumarins, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (1) and 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (9) were found to be potent inhibitors of CYP2A6 with IC50/Ki value of 0.39/0.25 and 4.61/3.02 μM, respectively, compared to methoxalen as positive control (IC50/Ki = 0.43/0.26 μM). In contrast, other coumarins showed low or decreased CYP2A6-inhibiting activities. SAR analysis showed that hydroxy groups might be important for CYP2A6 inhibition, and the rank order of sites for hydroxy substitution was C6 > C7 > C8. In addition, either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substituents introduced into C4, C6 and C8 led to a reduction in CYP2A6-inhibiting activity, and the degree of influence was dependent on the size and electrical charge of substituents. Furthermore, inhibition kinetic analysis and docking simulations demonstrated that the 8-O-glucosylated coumarin derivative (17) exhibited noncompetitive inhibition against CYP2A6, while competitive inhibition patterns were noted for the other tested coumarins. The mechanisms underlying the inhibitors binding to CYP2A6 were further investigated by molecular docking study. The findings presented herein are very helpful for developing highly selective and more potent CYP2A6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tongyi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Zhongqiong Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Muhan Lü
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Sicheng Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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25
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Gu Y, Lu J, Sun W, Jin R, Ohira T, Zhang Z, Tian X. Oxymatrine and its metabolite matrine contribute to the hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2519-2528. [PMID: 30906440 PMCID: PMC6425122 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by our group demonstrated that radix Sophorae tonkinensis could induce hepatotoxicity. However, it remains unclear which components of this herb may be responsible for its hepatotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the hepatic toxicity of treatment with matrine (MT) and oxymatrine (OMT) alone or simultaneously. Furthermore, the current study aimed to identify whether the hepatotoxicity induced by OMT is actually the toxic characterization of its metabolite MT. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated by biochemical and histopathological approaches in subchronic toxicity in mice, as well as via evaluation of cytotoxicity and enzyme leakage in AML12 liver cells. The results indicated that treatment of mice with OMT and MT individually or simultaneously resulted in centrilobular hypertrophy in the liver at doses equivalent to that contained in radix S. tonkinensis at a hepatotoxic dose, suggesting that MT and OMT are likely hepatotoxic components of this herb. OMT-induced hepatotoxicity may be primarily exerted via its metabolite MT in mice. Furthermore, OMT combined with MT was observed to be more toxic compared with OMT or MT alone. These results extend our understanding of the hepatotoxicity of radix S. tonkinensis and its active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Gu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jinyao Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ruomin Jin
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Toko Ohira
- Shanghai Innostar Biotech Co., Ltd., China National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zean Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Tian
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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26
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A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Optimally Profiling Lamotrigine Disposition and Drug–Drug Interactions. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 44:389-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Quesnot N, Bucher S, Gade C, Vlach M, Vene E, Valença S, Gicquel T, Holst H, Robin MA, Loyer P. Production of chlorzoxazone glucuronides via cytochrome P4502E1 dependent and independent pathways in human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3077-3091. [PMID: 30151596 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1 activity is measured in vitro and in vivo via hydroxylation of the Chlorzoxazone (CHZ) producing the 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (OH-CHZ) further metabolized as a glucuronide excreted in urine. Thus, the quantification of the OH-CHZ following enzymatic hydrolysis of CHZ-derived glucuronide appears to be a reliable assay to measure the CYP2E1 activity without direct detection of this glucuronide. However, OH-CHZ hydrolyzed from urinary glucuronide accounts for less than 80% of the CHZ administrated dose in humans leading to postulate the production of other unidentified metabolites. Moreover, the Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) involved in the hepatic glucuronidation of OH-CHZ has not yet been identified. In this study, we used recombinant HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1, metabolically competent HepaRG cells, primary hepatocytes and precision-cut human liver slices to identify metabolites of CHZ (300 μM) by high pressure liquid chromatography-UV and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Herein, we report the detection of the CHZ-O-glucuronide (CHZ-O-Glc) derived from OH-CHZ in culture media but also in mouse and human urine and we identified a novel CHZ metabolite, the CHZ-N-glucuronide (CHZ-N-Glc), which is resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and produced independently of CHZ hydroxylation by CYP2E1. Moreover, we demonstrate that UGT1A1, 1A6 and 1A9 proteins catalyze the synthesis of CHZ-O-Glc while CHZ-N-Glc is produced by UGT1A9 specifically. Together, we demonstrated that hydrolysis of CHZ-O-Glc is required to reliably quantify CYP2E1 activity because of the rapid transformation of OH-CHZ into CHZ-O-Glc and identified the CHZ-N-Glc produced independently of the CYP2E1 activity. Our results also raise the questions of the contribution of CHZ-N-Glc in the overall CHZ metabolism and of the quantification of CHZ glucuronides in vitro and in vivo for measuring UGT1A activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Quesnot
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simon Bucher
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christina Gade
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, 23 Bispebjerg Bakke, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Manuel Vlach
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Elise Vene
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Samuel Valença
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Helle Holst
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, 23 Bispebjerg Bakke, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Marie-Anne Robin
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Inserm, INRA, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institut NuMeCan, Inserm U1241, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033, Rennes, France.
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28
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Izgelov D, Cherniakov I, Aldouby Bier G, Domb AJ, Hoffman A. The Effect of Piperine Pro-Nano Lipospheres on Direct Intestinal Phase II Metabolism: The Raloxifene Paradigm of Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Mol Pharm 2018. [PMID: 29537855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase II biotransformation reactions have been gaining more attention due to their acknowledged significance in drug bioavailability, drug development, and drug-drug interactions. However, the predominant role of phase I metabolism has always overshadowed phase II metabolism, resulting in insufficient data regarding its mechanisms. In this paper, we investigate the effect of an advanced lipid based formulation on the phase II metabolism process of glucuronidation, occuring in the enterocytes monolayer. The investigated formulation is a self-emulsifying drug delivery system, termed pro-nano lipospheres, which contains the natural absorption enhancer piperine. To evaluate the effect of this formulation on direct glucuronidation we chose the model molecule raloxifene. First, glucuronidation is the main clearance pathway of this compound without involvement of preceding mechanisms. Second, raloxifene's extensive glucuronidation site is primarily at the intestine. Raloxifene's oral bioavailability was determined in a series of pharmacokinetic experiments using the freely moving rat model. In order to test the effect of the formulation on the relevant UGT enzymes reported in the clinic, we used the in vitro method of UGT-Glo Assay. Coadministration of raloxifene and piperine pro-nano lipospheres to rats resulted in a 2-fold increase in the relative oral bioavailability of raloxifene. However, coadministration of raloxifene with blank pro-nano lipospheres had no effect on its oral bioavailability. In contrast to the difference found in vivo between the two vehicles, both formulations extended an inhibitory effect on UGT enzymes in vitro. Ultimately, these findings prove the ability of the formulation to diminish intestinal direct phase II metabolism which serves as an absorption obstacle for many of today's marketed drugs. Pro-nano lipospheres is a formulation that serves as a platform for the simultaneous delivery of the absorption enhancer and a required drug. The discrepancy found between the in vivo and in vitro models demonstrates that the in vitro method may not be sensitive enough to distinguish the difference between the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Izgelov
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Irina Cherniakov
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Gefen Aldouby Bier
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
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29
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Strikwold M, Spenkelink B, Woutersen RA, Rietjens IMCM, Punt A. Development of a Combined In Vitro Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) and Monte Carlo Modelling Approach to Predict Interindividual Human Variation in Phenol-Induced Developmental Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:365-376. [PMID: 28498972 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With our recently developed in vitro physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling approach, we could extrapolate in vitro toxicity data to human toxicity values applying PBK-based reverse dosimetry. Ideally information on kinetic differences among human individuals within a population should be considered. In the present study, we demonstrated a modelling approach that integrated in vitro toxicity data, PBK modelling and Monte Carlo simulations to obtain insight in interindividual human kinetic variation and derive chemical specific adjustment factors (CSAFs) for phenol-induced developmental toxicity. The present study revealed that UGT1A6 is the primary enzyme responsible for the glucuronidation of phenol in humans followed by UGT1A9. Monte Carlo simulations were performed taking into account interindividual variation in glucuronidation by these specific UGTs and in the oral absorption coefficient. Linking Monte Carlo simulations with PBK modelling, population variability in the maximum plasma concentration of phenol for the human population could be predicted. This approach provided a CSAF for interindividual variation of 2.0 which covers the 99th percentile of the population, which is lower than the default safety factor of 3.16 for interindividual human kinetic differences. Dividing the dose-response curve data obtained with in vitro PBK-based reverse dosimetry, with the CSAF provided a dose-response curve that reflects the consequences of the interindividual variability in phenol kinetics for the developmental toxicity of phenol. The strength of the presented approach is that it provides insight in the effect of interindividual variation in kinetics for phenol-induced developmental toxicity, based on only in vitro and in silico testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Strikwold
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, 8901 BV Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Woutersen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TNO Innovation for Life, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.,WUR/TNO Centre for Innovative Toxicology, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,WUR/TNO Centre for Innovative Toxicology, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Punt
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Cheng X, Lv X, Qu H, Li D, Hu M, Guo W, Ge G, Dong R. Comparison of the inhibition potentials of icotinib and erlotinib against human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:657-664. [PMID: 29159025 PMCID: PMC5687316 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) plays a key role in detoxification of many potentially harmful compounds and drugs. UGT1A1 inhibition may bring risks of drug–drug interactions (DDIs), hyperbilirubinemia and drug-induced liver injury. This study aimed to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of icotinib and erlotinib against UGT1A1, as well as to evaluate their potential DDI risks via UGT1A1 inhibition. The results demonstrated that both icotinib and erlotinib are UGT1A1 inhibitors, but the inhibitory effect of icotinib on UGT1A1 is weaker than that of erlotinib. The IC50 values of icotinib and erlotinib against UGT1A1-mediated NCHN-O-glucuronidation in human liver microsomes (HLMs) were 5.15 and 0.68 μmol/L, respectively. Inhibition kinetic analyses demonstrated that both icotinib and erlotinib were non-competitive inhibitors against UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of NCHN in HLMs, with the Ki values of 8.55 and 1.23 μmol/L, respectively. Furthermore, their potential DDI risks via UGT1A1 inhibition were quantitatively predicted by the ratio of the areas under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of NCHN. These findings are helpful for the medicinal chemists to design and develop next generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors with improved safety, as well as to guide reasonable applications of icotinib and erlotinib in clinic, especially for avoiding their potential DDI risks via UGT1A1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Cheng
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Military Academy of Medical Science Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xia Lv
- College of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hengyan Qu
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Military Academy of Medical Science Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Military Academy of Medical Science Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Military Academy of Medical Science Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 411 843793171, +86 10 66947482.
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Military Academy of Medical Science Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 411 843793171, +86 10 66947482.
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31
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Lin M, Ly J, Takahashi R, Chen J, Deese A, Robinson SJ, Kolesnikov A, Wong S, Wang X, Chang JH. Characterizing the in vitro species differences in N-glucuronidation of a potent pan-PIM inhibitor GNE-924 containing a 3,5-substituted 6-azaindazole. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1021-1027. [PMID: 28845725 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1373312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Glucuronidation of amines has been shown to exhibit large species differences, where the activity is typically more pronounced in human than in many preclinical species such as rat, mouse, dog and monkey. The purpose of this work was to characterize the in vitro glucuronidation of GNE-924, a potent pan-PIM inhibitor, to form M1 using liver microsomes (LM) and intestinal microsomes (IM). 2. M1 formation kinetics varied highly across species and between liver and intestinal microsomes. In LM incubations, rat exhibited the highest rate of M1 formation (CLint,app) at 140 ± 10 µL/min/mg protein, which was approximately 30-fold higher than human. In IM incubations, mouse exhibited the highest CLint,app at 484 ± 40 µL/min/mg protein, which was >1000-fold higher than human. In addition, CLint,app in LM was markedly higher than IM in human and monkey. In contrast, CLint,app in IM was markedly higher than LM in dog and mouse. 3. Reaction phenotyping indicated that UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, UGT2B4 and the intestine-specific UGT1A10 contributed to the formation of M1. 4. This is one of the first reports showing that N-glucuronidation activity is significantly greater in multiple preclinical species than in humans, and suggests that extensive intestinal N-glucuronidation may limit the oral exposure of GNE-924.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Lin
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Justin Ly
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Ryan Takahashi
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - John Chen
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Alan Deese
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sarah J Robinson
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Aleksandr Kolesnikov
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Susan Wong
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jae H Chang
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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32
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Kim JH, Hwang DK, Moon JY, Lee Y, Yoo JS, Shin DH, Lee HS. Multiple UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase and Sulfotransferase Enzymes are Responsible for the Metabolism of Verproside in Human Liver Preparations. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040670. [PMID: 28441724 PMCID: PMC6154560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Verproside, an active iridoid glycoside component of Veronica species, such as Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum and Veronica anagallis-aquatica, possesses anti-asthma, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, and cytostatic activities. Verproside is metabolized into nine metabolites in human hepatocytes: verproside glucuronides (M1, M2) via glucuronidation, verproside sulfate (M3) via sulfation, picroside II (M4) and isovanilloylcatalpol (M5) via O-methylation, M4 glucuronide (M6) and M4 sulfate (M8) via further glucuronidation and sulfation of M4, and M5 glucuronide (M7) and M5 sulfate (M9) via further glucuronidation and sulfation of M5. Drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for verproside metabolism, including sulfotransferase (SULT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), were characterized. The formation of verproside glucuronides (M1, M2), isovanilloylcatalpol glucuronide (M7), and picroside II glucuronide (M6) was catalyzed by commonly expressed UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 and gastrointestinal-specific UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10, consistent with the higher intrinsic clearance values for the formation of M1, M2, M6, and M7 in human intestinal microsomes compared with those in liver microsomes. The formation of verproside sulfate (M3) and M5 sulfate (M9) from verproside and isovanilloylcatalpol (M5), respectively, was catalyzed by SULT1A1. Metabolism of picroside II (M4) into M4 sulfate (M8) was catalyzed by SULT1A1, SULT1E1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, and SULT1C4. Based on these results, the pharmacokinetics of verproside may be affected by the co-administration of relevant UGT and SULT inhibitors or inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14462, Korea.
| | - Deok-Kyu Hwang
- Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14462, Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Moon
- Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14462, Korea.
| | - Yongnam Lee
- Central R&D Institute, YUNGJIN PHARM. CO., LTD., Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Ji Seok Yoo
- Central R&D Institute, YUNGJIN PHARM. CO., LTD., Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Dae Hee Shin
- Central R&D Institute, YUNGJIN PHARM. CO., LTD., Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14462, Korea.
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33
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Miners JO, Chau N, Rowland A, Burns K, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI, Tucker GT, Knights KM, Kichenadasse G. Inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes by lapatinib, pazopanib, regorafenib and sorafenib: Implications for hyperbilirubinemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 129:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Utilization of Liver Microsomes to Estimate Hepatic Intrinsic Clearance of Monoamine Oxidase Substrate Drugs in Humans. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1233-1243. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Miyamoto M, Iwasaki S, Chisaki I, Nakagawa S, Amano N, Hirabayashi H. Comparison of predictability for human pharmacokinetics parameters among monkeys, rats, and chimeric mice with humanised liver. Xenobiotica 2017; 47:1052-1063. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1265160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Miyamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nakagawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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36
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Advances in drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics research in Australia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Knights KM, Stresser DM, Miners JO, Crespi CL. In Vitro Drug Metabolism Using Liver Microsomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:7.8.1-7.8.24. [DOI: 10.1002/cpph.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Knights
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - David M. Stresser
- Corning Gentest Contract Research, Corning Incorporated Life Sciences Woburn Massachusetts
| | - John O. Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
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38
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Nair PC, McKinnon RA, Miners JO. A Fragment-Based Approach for the Computational Prediction of the Nonspecific Binding of Drugs to Hepatic Microsomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1794-1798. [PMID: 27543205 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Correction for the nonspecific binding (NSB) of drugs to liver microsomes is essential for the accurate measurement of the kinetic parameters Km and Ki, and hence in vitro-in vivo extrapolation to predict hepatic clearance and drug-drug interaction potential. Although a number of computational approaches for the estimation of drug microsomal NSB have been published, they generally rely on compound lipophilicity and charge state at the expense of other physicochemical and chemical properties. In this work, we report the development of a fragment-based hologram quantitative structure activity relationship (HQSAR) approach for the prediction of NSB using a database of 132 compounds. The model has excellent predictivity, with a noncross-validated r2 of 0.966 and cross-validated r2 of 0.680, with a predictive r2 of 0.748 for an external test set comprising 34 drugs. The HQSAR method reliably predicted the fraction unbound in incubations of 95% of the training and test set drugs, excluding compounds with a steroid or morphinan 4,5-epoxide nucleus. Using the same data set of compounds, performance of the HQSAR method was superior to a model based on logP/D as the sole descriptor (predictive r2 for the test set compounds, 0.534). Thus, the HQSAR method provides an alternative approach to laboratory-based procedures for the prediction of the NSB of drugs to liver microsomes, irrespective of the drug charge state (acid, base, or neutral).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (P.C.N., J.O.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer (P.C.N., R.A.M., J.O.M.), School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (P.C.N., J.O.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer (P.C.N., R.A.M., J.O.M.), School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (P.C.N., J.O.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer (P.C.N., R.A.M., J.O.M.), School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Argikar UA, Potter PM, Hutzler JM, Marathe PH. Challenges and Opportunities with Non-CYP Enzymes Aldehyde Oxidase, Carboxylesterase, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase: Focus on Reaction Phenotyping and Prediction of Human Clearance. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1391-1405. [PMID: 27495117 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, significant progress has been made in reducing metabolic instability due to cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation. High-throughput metabolic stability screening has enabled the advancement of compounds with little to no oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, high lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility of presently pursued chemotypes reduces the probability of renal excretion. As such, these low microsomal turnover compounds are often substrates for non-CYP-mediated metabolism. UGTs, esterases, and aldehyde oxidase are major enzymes involved in catalyzing such metabolism. Hepatocytes provide an excellent tool to identify such pathways including elucidation of major metabolites. To predict human PK parameters for P450-mediated metabolism, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation using hepatic microsomes, hepatocytes, and intestinal microsomes has been actively investigated. However, such methods have not been sufficiently evaluated for non-P450 enzymes. In addition to the involvement of the liver, extrahepatic enzymes (intestine, kidney, lung) are also likely to contribute to these pathways. While there has been considerable progress in predicting metabolic pathways and clearance primarily mediated by the liver, progress in characterizing extrahepatic metabolism and prediction of clearance has been slow. Well-characterized in vitro systems or in vivo animal models to assess drug-drug interaction potential and intersubject variability due to polymorphism are not available. Here we focus on the utility of appropriate in vitro studies to characterize non-CYP-mediated metabolism and to understand the enzymes involved followed by pharmacokinetic studies in the appropriately characterized surrogate species. The review will highlight progress made in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation, predicting human clearance and avoiding costly clinical failures when non-CYP-mediated metabolic pathways are predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Matthew Hutzler
- Q2 Solutions, Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Punit H Marathe
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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Bohnert T, Patel A, Templeton I, Chen Y, Lu C, Lai G, Leung L, Tse S, Einolf HJ, Wang YH, Sinz M, Stearns R, Walsky R, Geng W, Sudsakorn S, Moore D, He L, Wahlstrom J, Keirns J, Narayanan R, Lang D, Yang X. Evaluation of a New Molecular Entity as a Victim of Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions-an Industry Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1399-423. [PMID: 27052879 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under the guidance of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ), scientists from 20 pharmaceutical companies formed a Victim Drug-Drug Interactions Working Group. This working group has conducted a review of the literature and the practices of each company on the approaches to clearance pathway identification (fCL), estimation of fractional contribution of metabolizing enzyme toward metabolism (fm), along with modeling and simulation-aided strategy in predicting the victim drug-drug interaction (DDI) liability due to modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes. Presented in this perspective are the recommendations from this working group on: 1) strategic and experimental approaches to identify fCL and fm, 2) whether those assessments may be quantitative for certain enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450, P450, and limited uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase, UGT enzymes) or qualitative (for most of other drug metabolism enzymes), and the impact due to the lack of quantitative information on the latter. Multiple decision trees are presented with stepwise approaches to identify specific enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of a given drug and to aid the prediction and risk assessment of drug as a victim in DDI. Modeling and simulation approaches are also discussed to better predict DDI risk in humans. Variability and parameter sensitivity analysis were emphasized when applying modeling and simulation to capture the differences within the population used and to characterize the parameters that have the most influence on the prediction outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Bohnert
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Aarti Patel
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ian Templeton
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Chuang Lu
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - George Lai
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Louis Leung
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Susanna Tse
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Heidi J Einolf
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ying-Hong Wang
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Michael Sinz
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ralph Stearns
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Robert Walsky
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Wanping Geng
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Sirimas Sudsakorn
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - David Moore
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ling He
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Jan Wahlstrom
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Jim Keirns
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Dieter Lang
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
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Ladd MA, Fitzsimmons PN, Nichols JW. Optimization of a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase assay for trout liver S9 fractions: activity enhancement by alamethicin, a pore-forming peptide. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:1066-1075. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1149634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Ladd
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), ORD, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patrick N. Fitzsimmons
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), ORD, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - John W. Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), ORD, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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Yoshimatsu H, Konno Y, Ishii K, Satsukawa M, Yamashita S. Usefulness of minipigs for predicting human pharmacokinetics: Prediction of distribution volume and plasma clearance. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stachel N, Skopp G. Formation and inhibition of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:61-4. [PMID: 26829336 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) und ethyl sulfate (EtS) are widely accepted biomarkers in forensic and clinical settings. Even though, levels of EtG and EtS in blood and urine increase with increasing doses of alcohol, a high inter-individual variability in their production has been noticed. Therefore, we investigated the influence of dietary plant phenols on the formation of EtG and EtS and tentatively estimated the magnitude of in vivo inhibitory interactions from our in vitro results. To address these issues, formation of EtS and EtG was investigated using recombinant glucuronosyl- and sulfotransferases as well as human liver microsomes and liver cytosol. After respective kinetics had been established, inhibition experiments using quercetin, kaempferol and resveratrol were performed. These polyphenols are subject to extensive glucuronidation and/or sulfonation. EtG and EtS were determined by LC-MS/MS following solid phase extraction for EtG due to severe matrix effects and by direct injection for EtS. All enzymes investigated were involved in the conjugation of ethanol. Maximal EtG and EtS formation rates were observed with HLM and SULT1A1, respectively. All kinetics could best be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Resveratrol was a competitive inhibitor of UGT1A1, UGT1A9 and HLM; quercetin and kaempferol were inhibitors of all transferases under investigation except UGT2B15. Findings for quercetin with regard to UGT2B7 and SULT2A1 and for kaempferol with regard to SULT1E1 and SULT2A1 suggested a mechanism based inhibition. Competitive inhibition of the glucuronidation and sulfonation of ethanol was estimated as weak to negligible and as moderate to weak, respectively. Beside the known polymorphisms of the transferases involved in EtG and EtS formation, prediction of the inhibitory potential indicates that polyphenols may contribute to the variable formation rate of EtG and EtS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stachel
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Strasse 2, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gisela Skopp
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Strasse 2, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Methylation, Glucuronidation, and Sulfonation of Daphnetin in Human Hepatic Preparations In Vitro: Metabolic Profiling, Pathway Comparison, and Bioactivity Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:808-816. [PMID: 26869431 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that daphnetin is subject to glucuronidation in vitro. However, daphnetin metabolism is still poorly documented. This study aimed to investigate daphnetin metabolism and its consequent effect on the bioactivity. Metabolic profiles obtained by human liver S9 fractions and human hepatocytes showed that daphnetin was metabolized by glucuronidation, sulfonation, and methylation to form 6 conjugates which were synthesized and identified as 7-O-glucuronide, 8-O-glucuronide, 7-O-sulfate and 8-O-sulfate, 8-O-methylate, and 7-O-suflo-8-O-methylate. Regioselective 8-O-methylation of daphnetin was investigated using in silico docking calculations, and the results suggested that a close proximity (2.03 Å) of 8-OH to the critical residue Lysine 144 might be the responsible mechanism. Compared with glucuronidation and sulfonation pathways, the methylation of daphnetin had a high clearance rate (470 μL/min/mg) in human liver S9 fractions and contributed to a large amount (37.3%) of the methyl-derived metabolites in human hepatocyte. Reaction phenotyping studies showed the major role of SULT1A1, -1A2, and -1A3 in daphnetin sulfonation, and soluble COMT in daphnetin 8-O-methylation. Of the metabolites, only 8-O-methyldaphnetin exhibited an inhibitory activity on lymphocyte proliferation comparable to that of daphnetin. In conclusion, methylation is a crucial pathway for daphnetin clearance and might be involved in pharmacologic actions of daphnetin in humans.
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Sekiguchi K, Kanazu T, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Yamaguchi Y. In vitroinhibition and enhancement of liver microsomal S-777469 metabolism by long-chain fatty acids and serum albumin: insight intoin vitroandin vivodiscrepancy of metabolite formation in humans. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:495-502. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1091114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Drug-Drug Interaction Potentials of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors via Inhibition of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17778. [PMID: 26642944 PMCID: PMC4672351 DOI: 10.1038/srep17778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are anticancer drugs that may be co-administered with other drugs. The aims of this study are to investigate the inhibitory effects of TKIs on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities, and to quantitatively evaluate their potential to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Inhibition kinetic profiles of a panel of UGT enzymes (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17) by four TKIs (axitinib, imatinib, lapatinib and vandetanib) were characterized by using hepatic microsomes and recombinant proteins. Lapatinib exhibited potent competitive inhibition against UGT1A1 activity with a Ki of 0.5 μM. Imatinib was found to exhibit broad inhibition on several UGTs, particularly potent competitive inhibition against UGT2B17 with a Ki of 0.4 μM. The TKIs also exerted intermediate inhibition against several UGTs (i.e., UGT1A7 by lapatinib; UGT1A1 by imatinib; UGT1A4, 1A7 and 1A9 by axitinib; and UGT1A9 by vandetanib). Results from modeling for the quantitative prediction of DDI risk indicated that the coadministration of lapatinib or imatinib at clinical doses could result in a significant increase in AUC of drugs primarily cleared by UGT1A1 or 2B17. Lapatinib and imatinib may cause clinically significant DDIs when co-administered UGT1A1 or 2B17 substrates.
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Burns K, Nair PC, Rowland A, Mackenzie PI, Knights KM, Miners JO. The Nonspecific Binding of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1934-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Zhang X, Jiang P, Chen P, Cheng N. Metabolism of kurarinone by human liver microsomes and its effect on cytotoxicity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:619-627. [PMID: 26429409 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kurarinone, the most abundant prenylated flavonoid in Sophora flavescens Aiton (Leguminosae), is a promising antitumor therapeutic. However, it shows significant hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, how kurarinone is metabolized in humans remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate kurarinone metabolism in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and the role of metabolism in kurarinone-induced cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms (UGTs) involved in kurarinone glucuronidation were identified using chemical inhibitors (100-1000 µM phenylbutazone; 10-100 µM β-estradiol; 10-100 µM 1-naphthol; 10-500 µM propofol; and 100-1000 µM fluconazole) and recombinant human UGTs. Kurarinone (2-500 µM) was incubated with HLMs and UGTs (0.5 mg/mL) for 15 min to determine enzyme kinetic parameters. The IC50 value of kurarinone (10-200 µM) was evaluated in a HLMs/3T3 cell co-culture system. RESULTS Kurarinone is extensively converted to two glucuronides (M3 and M4) in HLMs. M3 formation was catalyzed by multiple UGT1As, with UGT1A3 showing the highest intrinsic clearance (120.60 mL/min/mg). M4 formation was catalyzed by UGT1A1, UGT2B4, and UGT2B7. UGT1A1 showed the highest intrinsic clearance (60.61 mL/min/mg). The kinetic profiles of the five main UGTs and HLMs fit substrate inhibition kinetics, with Km values ranging from 5.20 to 46.52 µM, Vmax values ranging from 0.20 to 3.06 µmol/min/mg, and Ksi values ranging from 25.58 to 230.30 µM. The kurarinone IC50 value was 93 μM in the control group, 102 μM in HLMs with NADPH, and 160 μM in HLMs with UDPGA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Kurarinone glucuronidation is a detoxification pathway. This information may help to elucidate the risk factors regulating kurarinone toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Peng Jiang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ping Chen
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Nengneng Cheng
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Fay MJ, Nguyen MT, Snouwaert JN, Dye R, Grant DJ, Bodnar WM, Koller BH. Xenobiotic Metabolism in Mice Lacking the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2 Family. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1838-46. [PMID: 26354949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) conjugate a glucuronyl group from glucuronic acid to a wide range of lipophilic substrates to form a hydrophilic glucuronide conjugate. The glucuronide generally has decreased bioactivity and increased water solubility to facilitate excretion. Glucuronidation represents an important detoxification pathway for both endogenous waste products and xenobiotics, including drugs and harmful industrial chemicals. Two clinically significant families of UGT enzymes are present in mammals: UGT1s and UGT2s. Although the two families are distinct in gene structure, studies using recombinant enzymes have shown considerable overlap in their ability to glucuronidate many substrates, often obscuring the relative importance of the two families in the clearance of particular substrates in vivo. To address this limitation, we have generated a mouse line, termed ΔUgt2, in which the entire Ugt2 gene family, extending over 609 kilobase pairs, is excised. This mouse line provides a means to determine the contributions of the two UGT families in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of these animals by defining for the first time the in vivo contributions of the UGT1 and UGT2 families to glucuronidation of the environmental estrogenic agent bisphenol A (BPA). The highest activity toward this chemical is reported for human and rodent UGT2 enzymes. Surprisingly, our studies using the ΔUgt2 mice demonstrate that, while both UGT1 and UGT2 isoforms can conjugate BPA, clearance is largely dependent on UGT1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fay
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - My Trang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - John N Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Rebecca Dye
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Delores J Grant
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Wanda M Bodnar
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
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Tales from the war on error: the art and science of curating QSAR data. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:897-910. [PMID: 26290258 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-015-9865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Curating the data underlying quantitative structure-activity relationship models is a never-ending struggle. Some curation can now be automated but much cannot, especially where data as complex as those pertaining to molecular absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity are concerned (vide infra). The authors discuss some particularly challenging problem areas in terms of specific examples involving experimental context, incompleteness of data, confusion of units, problematic nomenclature, tautomerism, and misapplication of automated structure recognition tools.
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