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Efficacy and safety of ultra-low dose inhaled melphalan in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. One of the most important components of COVID-19 therapy is the suppression of the hyperergic immune response. There is an urgent need of creating the optimal tactics of efficient and safe anti-inflammatory therapy. A new method of treatment of COVID-19 with inhalation of ultra-low (non-cytotoxic) doses of the alkylating drug melphalan is proposed, based on previous experimental, preclinical, and clinical data on its use in severe bronchial asthma.The aim. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhalation of ultra-low doses of melphalan in hospitalized patients with COVID-19-associated lung damage.Materials and methods. A prospective, open, controlled, blind for the central expert study was conducted. Sixty adult patients were included, 30 patients were consecutively admitted to the hospital and received nebulized inhalations of 0.1 mg of melphalan for 7 days. Thirty patients of the control group were selected by an independent expert retrospectively using the computer algorithm for selecting «close» patients based on the «case-control» principle. The primary endpoints were the dynamics on the WHO Clinical Improvement Scale and the dynamics of dyspnea according to the modified Borg scale, secondary – assessment of adverse events, dynamics of indicators of clinical, biochemical blood tests, lungs computed tomography data from the beginning of inhalations in the melphalan group and from the corresponding day in the control group.Results. Inhalations of melphalan led to a significant improvement in the clinical condition of patients according to the WHO scale, decrease in the intensity of dyspnea on day 7 of treatment and by the time of discharge, a significant anti-inflammatory effect. Adverse events and dynamics of laboratory parameters did not differ from the control group.Conclusion. The method of treatment of COVID-19 by inhalation of ultra-low doses of the alkylating drug melphalan is safe and leads to a significant clinical improvement of hospitalized patients with COVID-19-associated lung damage.
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Filimonova EV, Davydova LA, Lysenko MA, Tsarenko SV. Interstitial inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19: The potential role of cytostatic therapy for severe lung injury. Respir Med Case Rep 2022; 38:101676. [PMID: 35663110 PMCID: PMC9135639 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2022.101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Campbell CM, Guha A, Haque T, Neilan TG, Addison D. Repurposing Immunomodulatory Therapies against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Era of Cardiac Vigilance: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2935. [PMID: 32932930 PMCID: PMC7565788 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in efforts to identify therapies to ameliorate adverse clinical outcomes. The recognition of the key role for increased inflammation in COVID-19 has led to a proliferation of clinical trials targeting inflammation. The purpose of this review is to characterize the current state of immunotherapy trials in COVID-19, and focuses on associated cardiotoxicities, given the importance of pharmacovigilance. The search terms related to COVID-19 were queried in ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 1621 trials were identified and screened for interventional trials directed at inflammation. Trials (n = 226) were fully assessed for the use of a repurposed drug, identifying a total of 141 therapeutic trials using a repurposed drug to target inflammation in COVID-19 infection. Building on the results of the Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial demonstrating the benefit of low dose dexamethasone in COVID-19, repurposed drugs targeting inflammation are promising. Repurposed drugs directed at inflammation in COVID-19 primarily have been drawn from cancer therapies and immunomodulatory therapies, specifically targeted anti-inflammatory, anti-complement, and anti-rejection agents. The proposed mechanisms for many cytokine-directed and anti-rejection drugs are focused on evidence of efficacy in cytokine release syndromes in humans or animal models. Anti-complement-based therapies have the potential to decrease both inflammation and microvascular thrombosis. Cancer therapies are hypothesized to decrease vascular permeability and inflammation. Few publications to date describe using these drugs in COVID-19. Early COVID-19 intervention trials have re-emphasized the subtle, but important cardiotoxic sequelae of potential therapies on outcomes. The volume of trials targeting the COVID-19 hyper-inflammatory phase continues to grow rapidly with the evaluation of repurposed drugs and late-stage investigational agents. Leveraging known clinical safety profiles and pharmacodynamics allows swift investigation in clinical trials for a novel indication. Physicians should remain vigilant for cardiotoxicity, often not fully appreciated in small trials or in short time frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M. Campbell
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Avirup Guha
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Tamanna Haque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Tomas G. Neilan
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02144, USA;
| | - Daniel Addison
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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de Souza CM, Araújo e Silva AC, de Jesus Ferraciolli C, Moreira GV, Campos LC, dos Reis DC, Lopes MTP, Ferreira MAND, Andrade SP, Cassali GD. Combination therapy with carboplatin and thalidomide suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 murine breast cancer model. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 68:51-7. [PMID: 24054045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboplatin, efficient cytostatics for cancer therapy, could induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of vascular endothelium in several tumor cell lines and xenograft models. It has been suggested that the antitumor effect of chemotherapy could be increased by combining it with an antiangiogenesis agent in anticancer strategy. The present study explored the potential to increase the antitumor effect of carboplatin by combining it with thalidomide in mouse 4T1 breast cancer models, and the underlining mechanism was investigated. The systemic administration of carboplatin and thalidomide significantly decreased tumor growth through increased tumor cell apoptosis compared with either control group. Collectively, these findings suggest that combined treatment has shown synergistic suppression in tumor progression according to the analysis. Furthermore, also was observed reduction in number of lung metastases as compared to isolated treatments and increased survival of the animals. The present study may be important in future exploration of the potential application of the combined approach in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maria de Souza
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cândida Araújo e Silva
- Department of pharmacology, laboratory of antitumor substances biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Clarissa de Jesus Ferraciolli
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Giovanna Vieira Moreira
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Liliane Cunha Campos
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Diego Carlos dos Reis
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Miriam Teresa Paz Lopes
- Department of pharmacology, laboratory of antitumor substances biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Alves Neves Diniz Ferreira
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of physiology and biophysics, laboratory of angiogenesis, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Department of physiology and biophysics, laboratory of angiogenesis, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Department of general pathology, laboratory of comparative pathology, biological sciences institute, Federal university of Minas Gerais, 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Machana S, Weerapreeyakul N, Barusrux S, Thumanu K, Tanthanuch W. FTIR microspectroscopy discriminates anticancer action on human leukemic cells by extracts of Pinus kesiya; Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum and melphalan. Talanta 2012; 93:371-82. [PMID: 22483925 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the principal molecular goal of chemotherapeutics for effective anticancer action. We studied the effect of 50% ethanolic-water extracts of Pinus kesiya, Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum and melphalan on cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction for human leukemic U937 cells, and explored the mode of action using FTIR microspectroscopy. The number of viable U937 cells in vitro was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by all tested compounds, although potency differed between the U937 and Vero cells. Melphalan and the extract of C. formosum exhibited relatively lower IC(50) values (15.0 ± 1.0 and 82.7 ± 3.2 μg/mL respectively) and higher selectivity (selective index>3) than the extract of P. kesiya (299.0 ± 5.2 μg/mL; selective index<3) on the U937 cells. All three compounds significantly induced apoptosis through the late stage - seen by the indicative DNA ladder - with the most effective being melphalan, then the P. kesiya and C. formosum extracts. FTIR microspectroscopy revealed that all three compounds raised the intensity of the β-pleated sheet - higher than that of the untreated U937 cells - corresponding to a shift in the α-helix band associated with an alteration in the secondary structure of the protein band, confirming induction of apoptosis via pro-apoptotic proteins. The differences in intensity of the FTIR bands associated with lipids, proteins and nucleic acids were responsible for discrimination of the anticancer mode of action of each of the three compounds. The FTIR data suggest that the two plant extracts possessed anticancer activity with a different mode of action than melphalan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasipawan Machana
- Graduate school, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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