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Duan H, Hu K, Zheng D, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liang L, Hu J, Luo T. Recognition and release of uridine and hCNT3: From multivariate interactions to molecular design. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1562-1577. [PMID: 36402394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a vital target for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs, human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) has been widely concerned. Nevertheless, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of molecular interactions and motion mechanism has greatly hindered the development of novel inhibitors against hCNT3. In this paper, molecular recognition of hCNT3 with uridine was investigated with molecular docking, conventional molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations and adaptive steered molecular dynamics (ASMD) simulations; and then, the uridine derivatives with possibly highly inhibitory activity were designed. The result of CMD showed that more water-mediated H-bonds and lower binding free energy both explained higher recognition ability and transported efficiency of hCNT3. While during the ASMD simulation, nucleoside transport process involved the significant side-chain flip of residues F321 and Q142, a typical substrate-induced conformational change. By considering electronegativity, atomic radius, functional group and key H-bonds factors, 25 novel uridine derivatives were constructed. Subsequently, the receptor-ligand binding free energy was predicted by solvated interaction energy (SIE) method to determine the inhibitor c8 with the best potential performance. This work not only revealed molecular recognition and release mechanism of uridine with hCNT3, but also designed a series of uridine derivatives to obtain lead compounds with potential high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaichuan Duan
- Department of Head, Neck and Mammary Gland Oncology, Cancer Center, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaixuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Department of Head, Neck and Mammary Gland Oncology, Cancer Center, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Head, Neck and Mammary Gland Oncology, Cancer Center, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zelan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueteng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Head, Neck and Mammary Gland Oncology, Cancer Center, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Mutual role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 in the intestinal uptake of dAMP. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223892. [PMID: 31634358 PMCID: PMC6802847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP), a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA, affects intestinal cell growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal absorption of foreign DNA ingested along with food has hardly been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying intestinal absorption of dAMP. The uptake of [3H]dAMP by Caco-2 cells was Na+- and pH-dependent and was inhibited by various nucleosides. In contrast, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NMBPR), an equilibrative nucleoside transporter inhibitor, showed little inhibitory effects on [3H]dAMP uptake. Additionally, human concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) 3, transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, mediated the uptake of [3H]dAMP. A kinetic study revealed that the Km value of CNT3-mediated uptake of dAMP (59.6 μM) was close to that of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) (56.3 μM), whereas the dAMP Vmax (15.6 pmol·mg protein–1min–1) was 500-fold lesser than the dAdo Vmax (7782 pmol·mg protein–1min–1). Further, [3H]dAMP uptake was greater in COS-7 cells expressing ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 with CNT3 than in those expressing CNT3 alone. These data suggest that, although dAMP is a substrate of CNT3, it is dephosphorylated to dAdo by CD73 and is efficiently absorbed as dAdo from the intestinal lumen.
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Wang C, Buolamwini JK. A novel RNA variant of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1) that is a potential cancer biomarker. Exp Hematol Oncol 2019; 8:18. [PMID: 31440421 PMCID: PMC6704654 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-019-0144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1) a product of the SLC28A1 gene is one of the three concentrative nucleoside transporters, with a substrate specificity for physiological pyrimidine nucleosides. It has recently been implicated in tumor suppression. We have unraveled a splice variant RNA transcript that is overexpressed in some tumor tissues and some cancer cells. This study established that observation. Methods We examined several clones of hCNT1 generated from RT-PCR of total RNA from human kidney tissue purchased from Ambion. The resulting cDNA clones were then sequenced, and a variant that retained intron 4, and skipped some exons fully or partly, specifically exons 5 and 13 were completely missed and only part of exon 6 was spliced. Tissue expression analysis by PCR indicated a similar distribution of expression of RNA of the splice variant hCNT1-IR as that of the dominant variant hCNT1, particularly in the small intestine, kidney and liver. Further, analysis of various tumor samples with PCR primers designed from this novel hCNT1 splice variant (hCNT1-IR) revealed interestingly that it is overexpressed in some cancer tissues relative to normal tissues, particularly kidney, liver and pancreatic cancers. Conclusion We have identified a novel intron retaining and exon skipping splice variant of the hCNT1 nucleoside transporter, and designated it hCNT1-IR, which has a similar tissue expression distribution as the normal hCNT1 variant, but unlike the normal transcript, hCNT1-IR is overexpressed in some cancers and may serve as a potential cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.,2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
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Kumar Deokar H, Barch HP, Buolamwini JK. Homology Modeling of Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (hCNTs) and Validation by Virtual Screening and Experimental Testing to Identify Novel hCNT1 Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29167753 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0138.1000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective The nucleoside transporter family is an emerging target for cancer, viral and cardiovascular diseases. Due to the difficulty in the expression, isolation and crystallization of membrane proteins, there is a lack of structural information on any of the mammalian and for that matter the human proteins. Thus the objective of this study was to build homology models for the three cloned concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 and validate them for screening towards the discovery of much needed inhibitors and probes. Methods The recently reported crystal structure of the Vibrio cholerae concentrative nucleoside transporter (vcCNT), has satisfactory similarity to the human CNT orthologues and was thus used as a template to build homology models of all three hCNTs. The Schrödinger modeling suite was used for the exercise. External validation of the homology models was carried out by docking a set of recently reported known hCNT1 nucleoside class inhibitors at the putative binding site using induced fit docking (IDF) methodology with the Glide docking program. Then, the hCNT1 homology model was subsequently used to conduct a virtual screening of a 360,000 compound library, and 172 compounds were obtained and biologically evaluated for hCNT 1, 2 and 3 inhibitory potency and selectivity. Results Good quality homology models were obtained for all three hCNTs as indicated by interrogation for various structural parameters and also external validated by docking of known inhibitors. The IDF docking results showed good correlations between IDF scores and inhibitory activities; particularly for hCNT1. From the top 0.1% of compounds ranked by virtual screening with the hCNT1 homology model, 172 compounds selected and tested for against hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3, yielded 14 new inhibitors (hits) of (i.e., 8% success rate). The most active compound exhibited an IC50 of 9.05 μM, which shows a greater than 25-fold higher potency than phlorizin the standard CNT inhibitor (IC50 of 250 μM). Conclusion We successfully undertook homology modeling and validation for all human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNT 1, 2 and 3). The proof-of-concept that these models are promising for virtual screening to identify potent and selective inhibitors was also obtained using the hCNT1 model. Thus we identified a novel potent hCNT1 inhibitor that is more potent and more selective than the standard inhibitor phlorizin. The other hCNT1 hits also mostly exhibited selectivity. These homology models should be useful for virtual screening to identify novel hCNT inhibitors, as well as for optimization of hCNT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Hilaire Playa Barch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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Tang PCT, Yang C, Li RWS, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM, Chan SW, Kwan YW, Tse CM, Leung GPH. Inhibition of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters by 4-((4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-imino-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:544-551. [PMID: 27388143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) play a crucial role in the transport of nucleoside and nucleoside analogues, which are important for nucleotide synthesis and chemotherapy. In addition, ENTs regulate extracellular adenosine levels in the vicinity of its receptors and hence influence adenosine-related functions. The clinical applications of ENT inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and cancer therapy have been explored in numerous studies. However, all ENT inhibitors to date are selective for ENT1 but not ENT2. In the present study, we investigated the novel compound 4-((4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-imino-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (FPMINT) as an inhibitor of ENT1 and ENT2. Nucleoside transporter-deficient PK15NTD cells stably expressing ENT1 and ENT2 showed that FPMINT inhibited [3H]uridine and [3H]adenosine transport through both ENT1 and ENT2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 value of FPMINT for ENT2 was 5-10-fold less than for ENT1, and FPMINT could not be displaced with excess washing. Kinetic studies revealed that FPMINT reduced Vmax of [3H]uridine transport in ENT1 and ENT2 without affecting KM. Therefore, we conclude that FPMINT inhibits ENTs in an irreversible and non-competitive manner. Although already selective for ENT2 over ENT1, further modification of the chemical structure of FPMINT may lead to even better ENT2-selective inhibitors of potential clinical, physiological and pharmacological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C T Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rachel Wai-Sum Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Maggie Pui-Man Hoi
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shun-Wan Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Tatani K, Hiratochi M, Nonaka Y, Isaji M, Shuto S. Identification of 8-aminoadenosine derivatives as a new class of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:244-8. [PMID: 25815140 DOI: 10.1021/ml500343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine-rich foods have long been suspected as a major cause of hyperuricemia. We hypothesized that inhibition of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) would suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines. To test this hypothesis, the development of potent hCNT2 inhibitors was required. By modifying adenosine, an hCNT2 substrate, we successfully identified 8-aminoadenosine derivatives as a new class of hCNT2 inhibitors. Compound 12 moderately inhibited hCNT2 (IC50 = 52 ± 3.8 μM), and subsequent structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of compound 48 (IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.19 μM). Here we describe significant findings about structural requirements of 8-aminoadenosine derivatives for exhibiting potent hCNT2 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tatani
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science and §Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nonaka
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masayuki Isaji
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science and §Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Playa H, Lewis TA, Ting A, Suh BC, Muñoz B, Matuza R, Passer BJ, Schreiber SL, Buolamwini JK. Dilazep analogues for the study of equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5801-5804. [PMID: 25454272 PMCID: PMC5695681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As ENT inhibitors including dilazep have shown efficacy improving oHSV1 targeted oncolytic cancer therapy, a series of dilazep analogues was synthesized and biologically evaluated to examine both ENT1 and ENT2 inhibition. The central diamine core, alkyl chains, ester linkage and substituents on the phenyl ring were all varied. Compounds were screened against ENT1 and ENT2 using a radio-ligand cell-based assay. Dilazep and analogues with minor structural changes are potent and selective ENT1 inhibitors. No selective ENT2 inhibitors were found, although some analogues were more potent against ENT2 than the parent dilazep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Playa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amal Ting
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Byung-Chul Suh
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benito Muñoz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Matuza
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brent J Passer
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Mortikov VY, Rodinovskaya LA, Fedorov AE, Shestopalov AM, Belyakov PA. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from 4-formylpyrazoles. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Burmistrova O, Marrero MT, Estévez S, Welsch I, Brouard I, Quintana J, Estévez F. Synthesis and effects on cell viability of flavonols and 3-methyl ether derivatives on human leukemia cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Young JD, Yao SYM, Baldwin JM, Cass CE, Baldwin SA. The human concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families, SLC28 and SLC29. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:529-47. [PMID: 23506887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside transport in humans is mediated by members of two unrelated protein families, the SLC28 family of cation-linked concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and the SLC29 family of energy-independent, equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). These families contain three and four members, respectively, which differ both in the stoichiometry of cation coupling and in permeant selectivity. Together, they play key roles in nucleoside and nucleobase uptake for salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, they facilitate cellular uptake of several nucleoside and nucleobase drugs used in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of viral infections. Thus, the transporter content of target cells can represent a key determinant of the response to treatment. In addition, by regulating the concentration of adenosine available to cell surface receptors, nucleoside transporters modulate many physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission to cardiovascular activity. This review describes the molecular and functional properties of the two transporter families, with a particular focus on their physiological roles in humans and relevance to disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Young
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
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Hwang D, Jo G, Hyun J, Lee SD, Koh D, Lim Y. Synthesis of methoxybenzoflavones and assignments of their NMR data. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2012; 50:62-67. [PMID: 22314503 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A phytotoxic root exudate from Acroptilon repens was identified as 7,8-benzoflavone, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2 and activator of cytochrome P450 3A4. The synthetic 5,6-benzoflavone also is a potent phytotoxin. Six 7,8-benzoflavones and eight 5,6-benzoflavones were synthesized in this study. The NMR data for a few of these compounds have been previously reported; however, the NMR data for most of them have not been reported. For reference purposes, the complete NMR data for the 14 benzoflavones are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doseok Hwang
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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Damaraju VL, Smith KM, Mowles D, Nowak I, Karpinski E, Young JD, Robins MJ, Cass CE. Interaction of fused-pyrimidine nucleoside analogs with human concentrative nucleoside transporters: High-affinity inhibitors of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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