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Portugal J. Mithramycin and its analogs: Molecular features and antitumor action. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108672. [PMID: 38838821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The antitumor antibiotic mithramycin A (MTA) binds to G/C-rich DNA sequences in the presence of dications. MTA inhibits transcription regulated by the Sp1 transcription factor, often enhanced during tumor development. It shows antitumor activity, but its clinical use was discontinued due to toxic side effects. However, recent observations have led to its use being reconsidered. The MTA biosynthetic pathways have been modified to produce mithramycin analogs (mithralogs) that encompass lower toxicity and improved pharmacological activity. Some mithralogs reduce gene expression in human ovarian and prostate tumors, among other types of cancer. They down-regulate gene expression in various cellular processes, including Sp1-responsive genes that control tumor development. Moreover, MTA and several mithralogs, such as EC-8042 (DIG-MSK) and EC-8105, effectively treat Ewing sarcoma by inhibiting transcription controlled by the oncogenic EWS-FLI1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Portugal
- Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, CSIC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Song Y, Xu S, Zhang S, Fu J, Lin G, Feng C. Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem γ‐Arylation/Aromatization of Cyclohex‐2‐En‐1‐One Derivatives: A Route to 3,4‐Dihydroanthracen‐1(2
H
)‐Ones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Kang Song
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Si‐Yu Xu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Shu‐Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Guo Fu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen‐Guo Feng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
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Kalwat MA, Hwang IH, Macho J, Grzemska MG, Yang JZ, McGlynn K, MacMillan JB, Cobb MH. Chromomycin A 2 potently inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1747-1757. [PMID: 30352794 PMCID: PMC6279362 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that target insulin secretion are useful to understand β cell function and the pathogenesis of diabetes. Kalwat et al. investigate an aureolic acid that inhibits insulin secretion and reveal that it disrupts Wnt signaling, interferes with gene expression, and suppresses Ca2+ influx in β cells. Modulators of insulin secretion could be used to treat diabetes and as tools to investigate β cell regulatory pathways in order to increase our understanding of pancreatic islet function. Toward this goal, we previously used an insulin-linked luciferase that is cosecreted with insulin in MIN6 β cells to perform a high-throughput screen of natural products for chronic effects on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In this study, using multiple phenotypic analyses, we found that one of the top natural product hits, chromomycin A2 (CMA2), potently inhibited insulin secretion by at least three potential mechanisms: disruption of Wnt signaling, interference of β cell gene expression, and partial suppression of Ca2+ influx. Chronic treatment with CMA2 largely ablated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even after washout, but it did not inhibit glucose-stimulated generation of ATP or Ca2+ influx. However, by using the KATP channel opener diazoxide, we uncovered defects in depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx that may contribute to the suppressed secretory response. Glucose-responsive ERK1/2 and S6 phosphorylation were also disrupted by chronic CMA2 treatment. By querying the FUSION bioinformatic database, we revealed that the phenotypic effects of CMA2 cluster with a number of Wnt–GSK3 pathway-related genes. Furthermore, CMA2 consistently decreased GSK3β phosphorylation and suppressed activation of a β-catenin activity reporter. CMA2 and a related compound, mithramycin, are known to have DNA interaction properties, possibly abrogating transcription factor binding to critical β cell gene promoters. We observed that CMA2 but not mithramycin suppressed expression of PDX1 and UCN3. However, neither expression of INSI/II nor insulin content was affected by chronic CMA2. The mechanisms of CMA2-induced insulin secretion defects may involve components both proximal and distal to Ca2+ influx. Therefore, CMA2 is an example of a chemical that can simultaneously disrupt β cell function through both noncytotoxic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Future therapeutic applications of CMA2 and similar aureolic acid analogues should consider their potential effects on pancreatic islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - In Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Jocelyn Macho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Magdalena G Grzemska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jonathan Z Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kathleen McGlynn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Fernández-Guizán A, Mansilla S, Barceló F, Vizcaíno C, Núñez LE, Morís F, González S, Portugal J. The activity of a novel mithramycin analog is related to its binding to DNA, cellular accumulation, and inhibition of Sp1-driven gene transcription. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:123-32. [PMID: 24907531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DIG-MSK (demycarosyl-3D-β-D-digitoxosyl-mithramycin SK) is a recently isolated compound of the mithramycin family of antitumor antibiotics, which includes mithramycin A (MTA) and mithramycin SK (MSK). Here, we present evidence that the binding of DIG-MSK to DNA shares the general features of other mithramycins such as the preference for C/G-rich tracts, but there are some differences in the strength of binding and the DNA sequence preferentially recognized by DIG-MSK. We aimed at gaining further insights into the DIG-MSK mechanism of action by direct comparison with the effects of the parental MTA. Similar to MTA, MSK and DIG-MSK accumulated rapidly in A2780, IGROV1 and OVCAR3 human ovarian cancer cell lines, and DIG-MSK was a potent inhibitor of both basal and induced expression of an Sp1-driven luciferase vector. This inhibitory activity was confirmed for the endogenous Sp1 gene and a set of Sp-responsive genes, and compared to that of MTA and MSK. Furthermore, DIG-MSK was stronger than MTA as inhibitor of Sp3-driven transcription and endogenous Sp3 gene expression. Differences in the effects of MTA, MSK and DIG-MSK on gene expression may have a large influence on their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fernández-Guizán
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sylvia Mansilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientíific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisca Barceló
- Departament de Biologia Fundamental i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carolina Vizcaíno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientíific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz-Elena Núñez
- EntreChem SL, Edificio Científico Tecnológico, Campus El Cristo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Morís
- EntreChem SL, Edificio Científico Tecnológico, Campus El Cristo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Segundo González
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Portugal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientíific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Schulze CJ, Bray WM, Woerhmann MH, Stuart J, Lokey RS, Linington RG. "Function-first" lead discovery: mode of action profiling of natural product libraries using image-based screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:285-95. [PMID: 23438757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytological profiling is a high-content image-based screening technology that provides insight into the mode of action (MOA) for test compounds by directly measuring hundreds of phenotypic cellular features. We have extended this recently reported technology to the mechanistic characterization of unknown natural products libraries for the direct prediction of compound MOAs at the primary screening stage. By analyzing a training set of commercial compounds of known mechanism and comparing these profiles to those obtained from natural product library members, we have successfully annotated extracts based on MOA, dereplicated known compounds based on biological similarity to the training set, and identified and predicted the MOA of a unique family of iron siderophores. Coupled with traditional analytical techniques, cytological profiling provides an avenue for the creation of "function-first" approaches to natural products discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Schulze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Novel mithramycins abrogate the involvement of protein factors in the transcription of cell cycle control genes. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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González-Sabín J, Núñez LE, Menéndez N, Braña AF, Méndez C, Salas JA, Gotor V, Morís F. Lipase-catalyzed preparation of chromomycin A₃ analogues and biological evaluation for anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4310-3. [PMID: 22647722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several acyl derivatives of the aureolic acid chromomycin A(3) were obtained via lipase-catalyzed acylation. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) was found to be the only active biocatalyst, directing the acylation regioselectively towards the terminal secondary hydroxyl group of the aglycone side chain. All new chromomycin A(3) derivatives showed antitumor activity at the micromolar or lower level concentration. Particularly, chromomycin A(3) 4'-vinyladipate showed 3-5 times higher activity against the four tumor cell lines assayed as compared to chromomycin A(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sabín
- Entrechem, SL, Edificio Científico Tecnológico, Campus El Cristo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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Núñez LE, Nybo SE, González-Sabín J, Pérez M, Menéndez N, Braña AF, Shaaban KA, He M, Morís F, Salas JA, Rohr J, Méndez C. A novel mithramycin analogue with high antitumor activity and less toxicity generated by combinatorial biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5813-25. [PMID: 22578073 DOI: 10.1021/jm300234t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mithramycin is an antitumor compound produced by Streptomyces argillaceus that has been used for the treatment of several types of tumors and hypercalcaemia processes. However, its use in humans has been limited because of its side effects. Using combinatorial biosynthesis approaches, we have generated seven new mithramycin derivatives, which differ from the parental compound in the sugar profile or in both the sugar profile and the 3-side chain. From these studies three novel derivatives were identified, demycarosyl-3D-β-d-digitoxosylmithramycin SK, demycarosylmithramycin SDK, and demycarosyl-3D-β-d-digitoxosylmithramycin SDK, which show high antitumor activity. The first one, which combines two structural features previously found to improve pharmacological behavior, was generated following two different strategies, and it showed less toxicity than mithramycin. Preliminary in vivo evaluation of its antitumor activity through hollow fiber assays, and in subcutaneous colon and melanoma cancers xenografts models, suggests that demycarosyl-3D-β-d-digitoxosylmithramycin SK could be a promising antitumor agent worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz E Núñez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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La Ferla B, Airoldi C, Zona C, Orsato A, Cardona F, Merlo S, Sironi E, D'Orazio G, Nicotra F. Natural glycoconjugates with antitumor activity. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:630-48. [PMID: 21120227 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. As a consequence, many different therapeutic approaches, including the use of glycosides as anticancer agents, have been developed. Various glycosylated natural products exhibit high activity against a variety of microbes and human tumors. In this review we classify glycosides according to the nature of their aglycone (non-saccharidic) part. Among them, we describe anthracyclines, aureolic acids, enediyne antibiotics, macrolide and glycopeptides presenting different strengths and mechanisms of action against human cancers. In some cases, the glycosidic residue is crucial for their activity, such as in anthracycline, aureolic acid and enediyne antibiotics; in other cases, Nature has exploited glycosylation to improve solubility or pharmacokinetic properties, as in the glycopeptides. In this review we focus our attention on natural glycoconjugates with anticancer properties. The structure of several of the carbohydrate moieties found in these conjugates and their role are described. The structure–activity relationship of some of these compounds, together with the structural features of their interaction with the biological targets, are also reported. Taken together, all this information is useful for the design of new potential anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara La Ferla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126, Milano, Italy.
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Barceló F, Ortiz-Lombardía M, Martorell M, Oliver M, Méndez C, Salas JA, Portugal J. DNA binding characteristics of mithramycin and chromomycin analogues obtained by combinatorial biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10543-52. [PMID: 21067184 DOI: 10.1021/bi101398s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor antibiotics mithramycin A and chromomycin A(3) bind reversibly to the minor groove of G/C-rich regions in DNA in the presence of dications such as Mg(2+), and their antiproliferative activity has been associated with their ability to block the binding of certain transcription factors to gene promoters. Despite their biological activity, their use as anticancer agents is limited by severe side effects. Therefore, in our pursuit of new structurally related molecules showing both lower toxicity and higher biological activity, we have examined the binding to DNA of six analogues that we have obtained by combinatorial biosynthetic procedures in the producing organisms. All these molecules bear a variety of changes in the side chain attached to C-3 of the chromophore. The spectroscopic characterization of their binding to DNA followed by the evaluation of binding parameters and associated thermodynamics revealed differences in their binding affinity. DNA binding was entropically driven, dominated by the hydrophobic transfer of every compound from solution into the minor groove of DNA. Among the analogues, mithramycin SDK and chromomycin SDK possessed the higher DNA binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Barceló
- Departament de Biologia Fundamental i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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