1
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Targeting HIF-1α Function in Cancer through the Chaperone Action of NQO1: Implications of Genetic Diversity of NQO1. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050747. [PMID: 35629169 PMCID: PMC9146583 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIF-1α is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis involved in different stages of cancer development. Thus, HIF-1α inhibition represents an interesting target for anti-cancer therapy. It was recently shown that the HIF-1α interaction with NQO1 inhibits proteasomal degradation of the former, thus suggesting that targeting the stability and/or function of NQO1 could lead to the destabilization of HIF-1α as a therapeutic approach. Since the molecular interactions of NQO1 with HIF-1α are beginning to be unraveled, in this review we discuss: (1) Structure–function relationships of HIF-1α; (2) our current knowledge on the intracellular functions and stability of NQO1; (3) the pharmacological modulation of NQO1 by small ligands regarding function and stability; (4) the potential effects of genetic variability of NQO1 in HIF-1α levels and function; (5) the molecular determinants of NQO1 as a chaperone of many different proteins including cancer-associated factors such as HIF-1α, p53 and p73α. This knowledge is then further discussed in the context of potentially targeting the intracellular stability of HIF-1α by acting on its chaperone, NQO1. This could result in novel anti-cancer therapies, always considering that the substantial genetic variability in NQO1 would likely result in different phenotypic responses among individuals.
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2
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Matos MJ, Uriarte E, Santana L. 3-Phenylcoumarins as a Privileged Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: The Landmarks of the Past Decade. Molecules 2021; 26:6755. [PMID: 34771164 PMCID: PMC8587835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Phenylcoumarins are a family of heterocyclic molecules that are widely used in both organic and medicinal chemistry. In this overview, research on this scaffold, since 2010, is included and discussed, focusing on aspects related to its natural origin, synthetic procedures and pharmacological applications. This review paper is based on the most relevant literature related to the role of 3-phenylcoumarins in the design of new drug candidates. The references presented in this review have been collected from multiple electronic databases, including SciFinder, Pubmed and Mendeley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Matos
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto (CIQUP), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Lourdes Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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3
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Sun C, Zhao W, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen X. A pharmacological review of dicoumarol: An old natural anticoagulant agent. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105193. [PMID: 32911072 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dicoumarol is an oral anticoagulant agent prescribed in clinical for decades. It is a natural hydroxycoumarin discovered from the spoilage of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall and is originally discovered as a rodenticide. Due to its structural similarity to that of vitamin K, it significantly inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase and acts as a vitamin K antagonist. Dicoumarol is mainly used as an anticoagulant to prevent thrombogenesis and to cure vascular thrombosis. Other biological activities besides anticoagulants such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc., have also been documented. The side effects of dicoumarol raise safety concerns for clinical application. In this review, the physicochemical property, the pharmacological activities, the side effects, and the pharmacokinetics of dicoumarol were summarized, aiming to provide a whole picture of the "old" anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Yinxiang Sun
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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4
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Anoz-Carbonell E, Timson DJ, Pey AL, Medina M. The Catalytic Cycle of the Antioxidant and Cancer-Associated Human NQO1 Enzyme: Hydride Transfer, Conformational Dynamics and Functional Cooperativity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E772. [PMID: 32825392 PMCID: PMC7554937 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NQO1 [NAD(H):quinone oxidoreductase 1] is a multi-functional and stress-inducible dimeric protein involved in the antioxidant defense, the activation of cancer prodrugs and the stabilization of oncosuppressors. Despite its roles in human diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders, a detailed characterization of its enzymatic cycle is still lacking. In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the NQO1 catalytic cycle using rapid mixing techniques, including multiwavelength and spectral deconvolution studies, kinetic modeling and temperature-dependent kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). Our results systematically support the existence of two pathways for hydride transfer throughout the NQO1 catalytic cycle, likely reflecting that the two active sites in the dimer catalyze two-electron reduction with different rates, consistent with the cooperative binding of inhibitors such as dicoumarol. This negative cooperativity in NQO1 redox activity represents a sort of half-of-sites activity. Analysis of KIEs and their temperature dependence also show significantly different contributions from quantum tunneling, structural dynamics and reorganizations to catalysis at the two active sites. Our work will improve our understanding of the effects of cancer-associated single amino acid variants and post-translational modifications in this protein of high relevance in cancer progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Angel L. Pey
- Departamento de Química Física, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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5
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Digby EM, Sadovski O, Beharry AA. An Activatable Photosensitizer Targeting Human NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1. Chemistry 2020; 26:2713-2718. [PMID: 31814180 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (hNQO1) is an attractive enzyme for cancer therapeutics due to its significant overexpression in tumors compared to healthy tissues. Its unique catalytic mechanism involving the two-electron reduction of quinone-based compounds has made it a useful target to exploit in the design of hNQO1 fluorescent chemosensors and hNQO1-activatable-prodrugs. In this work, hNQO1 is exploited for an optical therapeutic. The probe uses the photosensitizer, phenalenone, which is initially quenched via photo-induced electron transfer by the attached quinone. Native phenalenone is liberated in the presence of hNQO1 resulting in the production of cytotoxic singlet oxygen upon irradiation. hNQO1-mediated activation in A549 lung cancer cells containing high levels of hNQO1 induces a dose-dependent photo-cytotoxic response after irradiation. In contrast, no photo-cytotoxicity was observed in the normal lung cell line, MRC9. By targeting hNQO1, this scaffold can be used to enhance the cancer selectivity of photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Digby
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Oleg Sadovski
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Andrew A Beharry
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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6
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Vankova P, Salido E, Timson DJ, Man P, Pey AL. A Dynamic Core in Human NQO1 Controls the Functional and Stability Effects of Ligand Binding and Their Communication across the Enzyme Dimer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110728. [PMID: 31726777 PMCID: PMC6921033 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a multi-functional protein whose alteration is associated with cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer´s diseases. NQO1 displays a remarkable functional chemistry, capable of binding different functional ligands that modulate its activity, stability and interaction with proteins and nucleic acids. Our understanding of this functional chemistry is limited by the difficulty of obtaining structural and dynamic information on many of these states. Herein, we have used hydrogen/deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry (HDXMS) to investigate the structural dynamics of NQO1 in three ligation states: without ligands (NQO1apo), with FAD (NQO1holo) and with FAD and the inhibitor dicoumarol (NQO1dic). We show that NQO1apo has a minimally stable folded core holding the protein dimer, with FAD and dicoumarol binding sites populating binding non-competent conformations. Binding of FAD significantly decreases protein dynamics and stabilizes the FAD and dicoumarol binding sites as well as the monomer:monomer interface. Dicoumarol binding further stabilizes all three functional sites, a result not previously anticipated by available crystallographic models. Our work provides an experimental perspective into the communication of stability effects through the NQO1 dimer, which is valuable for understanding at the molecular level the effects of disease-associated variants, post-translational modifications and ligand binding cooperativity in NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Vankova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Salido
- Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Angel L. Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (A.L.P.)
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7
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Megarity CF, Abdel‐Aal Bettley H, Caraher MC, Scott KA, Whitehead RC, Jowitt TA, Gutierrez A, Bryce RA, Nolan KA, Stratford IJ, Timson DJ. Negative Cooperativity in NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Chembiochem 2019; 20:2841-2849. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Megarity
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastMedical Biology Centre 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Hoda Abdel‐Aal Bettley
- Manchester Pharmacy SchoolThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - M. Clare Caraher
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastMedical Biology Centre 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
- Manchester Pharmacy SchoolThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Katherine A. Scott
- Manchester Pharmacy SchoolThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Roger C. Whitehead
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Thomas A. Jowitt
- The Faculty of Life ScienceManchester Cancer Research Centre and the University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Aldo Gutierrez
- School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent University Clifton Campus Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Richard A. Bryce
- Manchester Pharmacy SchoolThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Karen A. Nolan
- Manchester Pharmacy SchoolThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ian J. Stratford
- Manchester Pharmacy SchoolThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastMedical Biology Centre 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley BuildingUniversity of Brighton Lewes Road Brighton BN2 4GJ UK
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8
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Beaver SK, Mesa-Torres N, Pey AL, Timson DJ. NQO1: A target for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases, and a model to understand loss of function disease mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:663-676. [PMID: 31091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a multi-functional protein that catalyses the reduction of quinones (and other molecules), thus playing roles in xenobiotic detoxification and redox balance, and also has roles in stabilising apoptosis regulators such as p53. The structure and enzymology of NQO1 is well-characterised, showing a substituted enzyme mechanism in which NAD(P)H binds first and reduces an FAD cofactor in the active site, assisted by a charge relay system involving Tyr-155 and His-161. Protein dynamics play important role in physio-pathological aspects of this protein. NQO1 is a good target to treat cancer due to its overexpression in cancer cells. A polymorphic form of NQO1 (p.P187S) is associated with increased cancer risk and certain neurological disorders (such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer´s disease), possibly due to its roles in the antioxidant defence. p.P187S has greatly reduced FAD affinity and stability, due to destabilization of the flavin binding site and the C-terminal domain, which leading to reduced activity and enhanced degradation. Suppressor mutations partially restore the activity of p.P187S by local stabilization of these regions, and showing long-range allosteric communication within the protein. Consequently, the correction of NQO1 misfolding by pharmacological chaperones is a viable strategy, which may be useful to treat cancer and some neurological conditions, targeting structural spots linked to specific disease-mechanisms. Thus, NQO1 emerges as a good model to investigate loss of function mechanisms in genetic diseases as well as to improve strategies to discriminate between neutral and pathogenic variants in genome-wide sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Beaver
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Noel Mesa-Torres
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Spain
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Spain.
| | - David J Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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9
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NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1): an enzyme which needs just enough mobility, in just the right places. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180459. [PMID: 30518535 PMCID: PMC6328894 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyses the two electron reduction of quinones and a wide range of other organic compounds. Its physiological role is believed to be partly the reduction of free radical load in cells and the detoxification of xenobiotics. It also has non-enzymatic functions stabilising a number of cellular regulators including p53. Functionally, NQO1 is a homodimer with two active sites formed from residues from both polypeptide chains. Catalysis proceeds via a substituted enzyme mechanism involving a tightly bound FAD cofactor. Dicoumarol and some structurally related compounds act as competitive inhibitors of NQO1. There is some evidence for negative cooperativity in quinine oxidoreductases which is most likely to be mediated at least in part by alterations to the mobility of the protein. Human NQO1 is implicated in cancer. It is often over-expressed in cancer cells and as such is considered as a possible drug target. Interestingly, a common polymorphic form of human NQO1, p.P187S, is associated with an increased risk of several forms of cancer. This variant has much lower activity than the wild-type, primarily due to its substantially reduced affinity for FAD which results from lower stability. This lower stability results from inappropriate mobility of key parts of the protein. Thus, NQO1 relies on correct mobility for normal function, but inappropriate mobility results in dysfunction and may cause disease.
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10
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Betancor-Fernández I, Timson DJ, Salido E, Pey AL. Natural (and Unnatural) Small Molecules as Pharmacological Chaperones and Inhibitors in Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:155-190. [PMID: 28993836 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations causing single amino acid exchanges can dramatically affect protein stability and function, leading to disease. In this chapter, we will focus on several representative cases in which such mutations affect protein stability and function leading to cancer. Mutations in BRAF and p53 have been extensively characterized as paradigms of loss-of-function/gain-of-function mechanisms found in a remarkably large fraction of tumours. Loss of RB1 is strongly associated with cancer progression, although the molecular mechanisms by which missense mutations affect protein function and stability are not well known. Polymorphisms in NQO1 represent a remarkable example of the relationships between intracellular destabilization and inactivation due to dynamic alterations in protein ensembles leading to loss of function. We will review the function of these proteins and their dysfunction in cancer and then describe in some detail the effects of the most relevant cancer-associated single amino exchanges using a translational perspective, from the viewpoints of molecular genetics and pathology, protein biochemistry and biophysics, structural, and cell biology. This will allow us to introduce several representative examples of natural and synthetic small molecules applied and developed to overcome functional, stability, and regulatory alterations due to cancer-associated amino acid exchanges, which hold the promise for using them as potential pharmacological cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Betancor-Fernández
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, 38320, Spain
| | - David J Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Eduardo Salido
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, 38320, Spain
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.
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11
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Deans BJ, Just J, Chhetri J, Burt LK, Smith JN, Kilah NL, de Salas M, Gueven N, Bissember AC, Smith JA. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction as a Viable Bioprospecting Tool: Isolation of Coumarin Natural Products from Previously Unexamined Correa (Rutaceae) Species. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201602006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca J. Deans
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Jeremy Just
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Jamuna Chhetri
- School of Medicine – PharmacyUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Liam K. Burt
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - James N. Smith
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Nathan L. Kilah
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Miguel de Salas
- Tasmanian HerbariumTasmanian Museum and Art Gallery PO Box 5044, UTAS LPO, Sandy Bay Tasmania 7005 Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Medicine – PharmacyUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Physical Sciences – ChemistryUniversity of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
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12
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Novel high throughput pooled shRNA screening identifies NQO1 as a potential drug target for host directed therapy for tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27566. [PMID: 27297123 PMCID: PMC4906352 DOI: 10.1038/srep27566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemical regulation of macrophage function is one key strategy for developing host-directed adjuvant therapies for tuberculosis (TB). A critical step to develop these therapies is the identification and characterization of specific macrophage molecules and pathways with a high potential to serve as drug targets. Using a barcoded lentivirus-based pooled short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) library combined with next generation sequencing, we identified 205 silenced host genes highly enriched in mycobacteria-resistant macrophages. Twenty-one of these "hits" belonged to the oxidoreductase functional category. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) was the top oxidoreductase "hit". NQO1 expression was increased after mycobacterial infection, and NQO1 knockdown increased macrophage differentiation, NF-κB activation, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in response to infection. This suggests that mycobacteria hijacks NQO1 to down-regulate pro-inflammatory and anti-bacterial functions. The competitive inhibitor of NQO1 dicoumarol synergized with rifampin to promote intracellular killing of mycobacteria. Thus, NQO1 is a new host target in mycobacterial infection that could potentially be exploited to increase antibiotic efficacy in vivo. Our findings also suggest that pooled shRNA libraries could be valuable tools for genome-wide screening in the search for novel druggable host targets for adjunctive TB therapies.
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13
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Bian J, Qian X, Deng B, Xu X, Guo X, Wang Y, Li X, Sun H, You Q, Zhang X. Discovery of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) inhibitors with novel chemical scaffolds by shape-based virtual screening combined with cascade docking. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of novel NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) inhibitors were discovered from the ChemDiv database via a simple protocol.
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Pey AL, Megarity CF, Timson DJ. FAD binding overcomes defects in activity and stability displayed by cancer-associated variants of human NQO1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2163-73. [PMID: 25179580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 is involved in antioxidant defence and protection from cancer, stabilizing the apoptosis regulator p53 towards degradation. Here, we studied the enzymological, biochemical and biophysical properties of two cancer-associated variants (p.R139W and p.P187S). Both variants (especially p.187S) have lower thermal stability and greater susceptibility to proteolysis compared to the wild-type. p.P187S also has reduced activity due to a lower binding affinity for the FAD cofactor as assessed by activity measurements and direct titrations. Native gel electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering also suggest that p.P187S has a higher tendency to populate unfolded states under native conditions. Detailed thermal stability studies showed that all variants irreversibly denature causing dimer dissociation, while addition of FAD restores the stability of the polymorphic forms to wild-type levels. The kinetic destabilization induced by polymorphisms as well as the kinetic protection exerted by FAD was confirmed by measuring denaturation kinetics at temperatures close to physiological. Our data suggest that the main molecular mechanisms associated with these cancer-related variants are their low binding affinity for FAD and/or kinetic instability. Thus, pharmacological chaperones may be useful in the treatment of patients bearing these polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Spain.
| | - Clare F Megarity
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David J Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK.
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Megarity CF, Gill JRE, Caraher MC, Stratford IJ, Nolan KA, Timson DJ. The two common polymorphic forms of human NRH-quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) have different biochemical properties. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1666-72. [PMID: 24631540 PMCID: PMC4045209 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are two common forms of NRH-quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) in the human population resulting from SNP rs1143684. One has phenylalanine at position 47 (NQO2-F47) and the other leucine (NQO2-L47). Using recombinant proteins, we show that these variants have similar steady state kinetic parameters, although NQO2-L47 has a slightly lower specificity constant. NQO2-L47 is less stable towards proteolytic digestion and thermal denaturation than NQO2-F47. Both forms are inhibited by resveratrol, but NQO2-F47 shows negative cooperativity with this inhibitor. Thus these data demonstrate, for the first time, clear biochemical differences between the variants which help explain previous biomedical and epidemiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Megarity
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - James R E Gill
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - M Clare Caraher
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ian J Stratford
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen A Nolan
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David J Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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16
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Park EJ, Min KJ, Choi KS, Kwon TK. Dicoumarol sensitizes renal cell carcinoma Caki cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through down-regulation of Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and c-FLIP in a NQO1-independent manner. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Manley E, Waxman DJ. Impact of tumor blood flow modulation on tumor sensitivity to the bioreductive drug banoxantrone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012. [PMID: 23192656 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hypoxia-dependent cytotoxicity of AQ4N (banoxantrone) using a panel of 13 cancer cell lines and studied its relationship to the expression of the quinone reductase DT-diaphorase (NQO1), which is widely found in cancer cells. We also investigated pharmacologic treatments that increase tumor hypoxia in vivo and their impact on AQ4N chemosensitivity in a solid tumor xenograft model. AQ4N showed ≥ 8-fold higher cytotoxicity under hypoxia than normoxia in cultures of 9L rat gliosarcoma and H460 human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells but not for 11 other human cancer cell lines. DT-diaphorase protein levels and AQ4N chemosensitivity were poorly correlated across the cancer cell line panel, and AQ4N chemosensitivity was not affected by DT-diaphorase inhibitors. The vasodilator hydralazine decreased tumor perfusion and increased tumor hypoxia in 9L tumor xenografts, and to a lesser extent in H460 tumor xenografts. However, hydralazine did not increase AQ4N-dependent antitumor activity. Combination of AQ4N with the angiogenesis inhibitor axitinib, which increases 9L tumor hypoxia, transiently increased antitumor activity but with an increase in host toxicity. These findings indicate that the capacity to bioactivate AQ4N is not dependent on DT-diaphorase and is not widespread in cultured cancer cell lines. Moreover, the activation of AQ4N cytotoxicity in vivo requires tumor hypoxia that is more extensive or prolonged than can readily be achieved by vasodilation or by antiangiogenic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Manley
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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18
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Qadri SM, Kucherenko Y, Zelenak C, Jilani K, Lang E, Lang F. Dicoumarol activates Ca2+-permeable cation channels triggering erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:857-64. [PMID: 22178938 DOI: 10.1159/000335800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicoumarol, a widely used anticoagulant, may cause anemia, which may result from enhanced erythrocyte loss due to bleeding or due to accelerated erythrocyte death. Erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane. Eryptosis may be triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity ([Ca(2+)](i)). The present study explored, whether dicoumarol induces eryptosis. [Ca(2+)](i) was estimated from Fluo3-fluorescence, cation channel activity utilizing whole cell patch clamp, cell volume from forward scatter, phospholipid scrambling from annexin-V-binding, and hemolysis from haemoglobin release. Exposure of erythrocytes for 48 hours to dicoumarol (=10 μM) significantly increased [Ca(2+)](i), enhanced cation channel activity, decreased forward scatter, triggered annexin-V-binding and elicited hemolysis. Following exposure to 30 μM dicoumarol, annexin-V-binding affected approximately 15%, and hemolysis 2% of treated erythrocytes. The stimulation of annexin-V-binding by dicoumarol was abrogated in the nominal absence of Ca(2+). In conclusion, dicoumarol stimulates suicidal death of erythrocytes by stimulating Ca(2+) entry and subsequent triggering of Ca(2+) dependent cell membrane scrambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Nolan KA, Dunstan MS, Caraher MC, Scott KA, Leys D, Stratford IJ. In silico screening reveals structurally diverse, nanomolar inhibitors of NQO2 that are functionally active in cells and can modulate NF-κB signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:194-203. [PMID: 22090421 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The National Cancer Institute chemical database has been screened using in silico docking to identify novel nanomolar inhibitors of NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2). The inhibitors identified from the screen exhibit a diverse range of scaffolds and the structure of one of the inhibitors, NSC13000 cocrystalized with NQO2, has been solved. This has been used to aid the generation of a structure-activity relationship between the computationally derived binding affinity and experimentally measured enzyme inhibitory potency. Many of the compounds are functionally active as inhibitors of NQO2 in cells at nontoxic concentrations. To show this, advantage was taken of the NQO2-mediated toxicity of the chemotherapeutic drug CB1954. The toxicity of this drug is substantially reduced when the function of NQO2 is inhibited, and many of the compounds achieve this in cells at nanomolar concentrations. The NQO2 inhibitors also attenuated TNFα-mediated, NF-кB-driven transcriptional activity. The link between NQO2 and the regulation of NF-кB was confirmed by using short interfering RNA to NQO2 and by the observation that NRH, the cofactor for NQO2 enzyme activity, could regulate NF-кB activity in an NQO2-dependent manner. NF-кB is a potential therapeutic target and this study reveals an underlying mechanism that may be usable for developing new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Nolan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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De Pascale G, Griffiths EJ, Shakya T, Nazi I, Wright GD. Identification and Characterization of New Inhibitors of Fungal Homoserine Kinase. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1179-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scott KA, Barnes J, Whitehead RC, Stratford IJ, Nolan KA. Inhibitors of NQO1: Identification of compounds more potent than dicoumarol without associated off-target effects. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:355-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor (NRF2) is a key regulator of several enzymatic pathways, including cytoprotective enzymes in highly metabolic organs. In this review, we summarize the ongoing research related to NRF2 activity in cancer development, focusing on in vivo studies using NRF2 knockout (KO) mice, which have helped in defining the crucial role of NRF2 in chemoprevention. The lower cancer protection observed in NRF2 KO mice under calorie restriction (CR) suggests that most of the beneficial effects of CR on the carcinogenesis process are likely mediated by NRF2. We propose that future interventions in cancer treatment would be carried out through the activation of NRF2 in somatic cells, which will lead to a delay or prevention of the onset of some forms of human cancers, and subsequently an extension of health- and lifespan.
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