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Alonso-Cotoner C, Abril-Gil M, Albert-Bayo M, Mall JPG, Expósito E, González-Castro AM, Lobo B, Santos J. The Role of Purported Mucoprotectants in Dealing with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Diarrhea, and Other Chronic Diarrheal Disorders in Adults. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2054-2076. [PMID: 33738725 PMCID: PMC7971407 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diarrhea is a frequent presenting symptom, both in primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology units. It is estimated that more than 5% of the global population suffers from chronic diarrhea. and that about 40% of these subjects are older than 60 years. The clinician is frequently faced with the need to decide which is the best therapeutic approach for these patients. While the origin of chronic diarrhea is diverse, impairment of intestinal barrier function, dysbiosis. and mucosal micro-inflammation are being increasingly recognized as underlying phenomena characterizing a variety of chronic diarrheal diseases. In addition to current pharmacological therapies, there is growing interest in alternative products such as mucoprotectants, which form a mucoadhesive film over the epithelium to reduce and protect against the development of altered intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, and mucosal micro-inflammation. This manuscript focuses on chronic diarrhea in adults, and we will review recent evidence on the ability of these natural compounds to improve symptoms associated with chronic diarrhea and to exert protective effects for the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Servei de Aparell Digestiu, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercé Albert-Bayo
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John-P Ganda Mall
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elba Expósito
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M González-Castro
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Servei de Aparell Digestiu, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Santos
- Servei de Aparell Digestiu, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Grup de Neuro-Inmuno-Gastroenterología, Unitat de Fisiología I Fisiopatología Digestiva, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Stevenson MJ, Uyeda KS, Harder NHO, Heffern MC. Metal-dependent hormone function: the emerging interdisciplinary field of metalloendocrinology. Metallomics 2019; 11:85-110. [PMID: 30270362 PMCID: PMC10249669 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00221e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
For over 100 years, there has been an incredible amount of knowledge amassed concerning hormones in the endocrine system and their central role in human health. Hormones represent a diverse group of biomolecules that are released by glands, communicate signals to their target tissue, and are regulated by feedback loops to maintain organism health. Many disease states, such as diabetes and reproductive disorders, stem from misregulation or dysfunction of hormones. Increasing research is illuminating the intricate roles of metal ions in the endocrine system where they may act advantageously in concert with hormones or deleteriously catalyze hormone-associated disease states. As the critical role of metal ions in the endocrine system becomes more apparent, it is increasingly important to untangle the complex mechanisms underlying the connections between inorganic biochemistry and hormone function to understand and control endocrinological phenomena. This tutorial review harmonizes the interdisciplinary fields of endocrinology and inorganic chemistry in the newly-termed field of "metalloendocrinology". We describe examples linking metals to both normal and aberrant hormone function with a focus on highlighting insight to molecular mechanisms. Hormone activities related to both essential metal micronutrients, such as copper, iron, zinc, and calcium, and disruptive nonessential metals, such as lead and cadmium are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Laval M, Dumesny C, Eutick M, Baldwin GS, Marshall KM. Oral trivalent bismuth ions decrease, and trivalent indium or ruthenium ions increase, intestinal tumor burden in Apc Δ14/+ mice. Metallomics 2018; 10:194-200. [PMID: 29296993 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immature forms of the peptide hormone gastrin have been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The biological activity of glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) is dependent on the binding of Fe3+ ions in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of blocking Fe3+ ion binding to Ggly, using Bi3+, In3+ or Ru3+ ions, on the development of intestinal tumors in APCΔ14/+ mice. APCΔ14/+ mice were treated orally with Bi3+, In3+ or Ru3+ ions for up to 60 days, serum trace metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the incidence and size of intestinal tumors were assessed. Bi3+ treatment significantly decreased the number of tumors larger than 3 mm in male mice. In3+ or Ru3+ treatment significantly increased the tumor burden in all animals and In3+ increased the number of tumors larger than 3 mm or 5 mm in male mice alone. The fact that binding of In3+ or Ru3+ ions to Ggly was orders of magnitude stronger than the binding of Bi3+ ions implies that the inhibitory effect of Bi3+ ions is not a consequence of a reduction in Ggly activity. However, further testing of higher doses of Bi3+ ions for longer periods as an oral treatment for intestinal tumors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Laval
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Laval M, Marshall KM, Sachinidis J, Scott A, Eutick M, Baldwin GS. Complexes of gastrin with In 3+, Ru 3+ or Ga 3+ ions are not recognised by the cholecystokinin 2 receptor. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:999-1006. [PMID: 28702751 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin (Gamide) binds trivalent metal ions, including indium (In), ruthenium (Ru) and gallium (Ga), with high affinity. Complexes of gastrin with chelated isotopes of In and Ga have previously been used for the location of tumours expressing the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R). The aim of the present study was to purify the complexes of Gamide with radioactive isotopes of In, Ru or Ga and to investigate their ability to bind to the CCK2R. The radioactive Gamide complexes were purified on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges or by anion exchange HPLC. Binding to the CCK2R was assessed with a stably transfected clone of the gastric carcinoma cell line AGS. The 106Ru-Gamide complex could be eluted from the C18 cartridge; the 111In-Gamide and 68Ga-Gamide complexes bound irreversibly. All three complexes were successfully purified by anion exchange HPLC. The failure to detect binding of the 111In-Gamide, 106Ru-Gamide and 68Ga-Gamide complexes to the CCK2R suggests that formation of these complexes will not be useful for the detection of tumours expressing this receptor, but may instead provide alternative ways to block the actions of Gamide as a growth factor or a stimulant of gastric acid secretion. The complexes between the hormone gastrin and radioactive 111In, 106Ru or 68Ga ions were purified by anion exchange HPLC using a NaCl gradient. The failure to detect binding of the complexes to the cholecystokinin 2 receptor suggests that metal ion treatment may provide novel approaches to block the biological actions of gastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - John Sachinidis
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mal Eutick
- Phebra Pty. Ltd, Hunters Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
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Baldwin GS, Sims I. Tyrosine modification increases the affinity of gastrin for ferric ions. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:815. [PMID: 26722635 PMCID: PMC4690827 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin17, which occurs naturally in both tyrosine sulphated and unsulphated forms, binds two ferric ions with pM affinities. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that sulphation or phosphorylation of gastrin17 altered ferric ion binding, and/or affinity for the CCK1 or CCK2 receptor. To investigate the effect of tyrosine modification on ferric ion binding, the changes in absorbance of gastrin17, gastrin17SO4 and gastrin17PO4 on addition of Fe3+ ions were monitored. Binding of gastrin17, gastrin17SO4 and gastrin17PO4 to the human CCK1 and CCK2 receptors was assessed by competition with [125I]-Bolton and Hunter-labelled cholecystokinin8 in transiently transfected COS cells. Tyrosine sulphation or phosphorylation increased the affinity of gastrin17 for the first ferric ion bound from 267 to 83 pM and 14 pM, respectively, but had no effect on the stoichiometry of ferric ion binding. In contrast the affinity of gastrin17 for the second ferric ion bound was reduced from 94 pM to 7.32 µM and 671 nM, respectively. While sulphation of gastrin17 increased its affinity for the CCK2 receptor approximately 50 fold, phosphorylation had no effect on receptor binding. These results demonstrate that tyrosine modification may have profound effects on the interaction of gastrins with ferric ions and with the CCK2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Ioulia Sims
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
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Marshall KM, Laval M, Sims I, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Retro-inverso forms of gastrin5-12 are as biologically active as glycine-extended gastrin in vitro but not in vivo. Peptides 2015; 74:16-22. [PMID: 26471904 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-amidated gastrin peptides such as glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) are biologically active in vitro and in vivo and have been implicated in the development of gastric and colonic cancers. Previous studies have shown that the truncated form of Ggly, the octapeptide LE5AY, was still biologically active in vitro, and that activity was dependent on ferric ion binding but independent of binding to the cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor. The present work was aimed at creating more stable gastrin-derived 'super agonists' using retro-inverso technology. The truncated LE5AY peptide was synthesized using end protecting groups in three forms with l-amino acids (GL), d-amino acids (GD) or retro-inverso (reverse order with d-amino acids; GRI). All of these peptides bound ferric ions with a 2:1 (Fe: peptide) ratio. As predicted, Ggly, GL and GRI were biologically active in vitro and increased cell proliferation in mouse gastric epithelial (IMGE-5) and human colorectal cancer (DLD-1) cell lines, and increased cell migration in DLD-1 cells. These activities were likely via the same mechanism as Ggly since no CCK1 or CCK2 binding was identified, and GD remained inactive in all assays. Surprisingly, unlike Ggly, GL and GRI were not active in vivo. While Ggly stimulated colonic crypt height and proliferation rates in gastrin knockout mice, GL and GRI did not. The apparent lack of activity may be due to rapid clearance of these smaller peptides. Nevertheless further work designing and testing retro-inverso gastrins is warranted, as it may lead to the generation of super agonists that could potentially be used to treat patients with gastrointestinal disorders with reduced mucosal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Ioulia Sims
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
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Baldwin GS, George GN, Pushie MJ. High Affinity Binding of Indium and Ruthenium Ions by Gastrins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140126. [PMID: 26457677 PMCID: PMC4601796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin binds two ferric ions with high affinity, and iron binding is essential for the biological activity of non-amidated forms of the hormone. Since gastrins act as growth factors in gastrointestinal cancers, and as peptides labelled with Ga and In isotopes are increasingly used for cancer diagnosis, the ability of gastrins to bind other metal ions was investigated systematically by absorption spectroscopy. The coordination structures of the complexes were characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Changes in the absorption of gastrin in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ga3+ were fitted by a 2 site model with dissociation constants (Kd) of 3.3 x 10−7 and 1.1 x 10−6 M. Although the absorption of gastrin did not change upon the addition of In3+ ions, the changes in absorbance on Fe3+ ion binding in the presence of indium ions were fitted by a 2 site model with Kd values for In3+ of 6.5 x 10−15 and 1.7 x 10−7 M. Similar results were obtained with Ru3+ ions, although the Kd values for Ru3+ of 2.6 x 10−13 and 1.2 x 10−5 M were slightly larger than observed for In3+. The structures determined by EXAFS all had metal:gastrin stoichiometries of 2:1 but, while the metal ions in the Fe, Ga and In complexes were bridged by a carboxylate and an oxygen with a metal-metal separation of 3.0–3.3 Å, the Ru complex clearly demonstrated a short range Ru—Ru separation, which was significantly shorter, at 2.4 Å, indicative of a metal-metal bond. We conclude that gastrin selectively binds two In3+ or Ru3+ ions, and that the affinity of the first site for In3+ or Ru3+ ions is higher than for ferric ions. Some of the metal ion-gastrin complexes may be useful for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S. Baldwin
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group Department of Geological Sciences, 114 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group Department of Geological Sciences, 114 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Canada
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Laval M, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A, Marshall KM. Increased gastrin gene expression provides a physiological advantage to mice under hypoxic conditions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G76-84. [PMID: 25394662 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, or a low concentration of O2, is encountered in humans undertaking activities such as mountain climbing and scuba diving and is important pathophysiologically as a limiting factor in tumor growth. Although data on the interplay between hypoxia and gastrins are limited, gastrin expression is upregulated by hypoxia in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, and gastrins counterbalance hypoxia by stimulating angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine if higher concentrations of the gastrin precursor progastrin are protective against hypoxia in vivo. hGAS mice, which overexpress progastrin in the liver, and mice of the corresponding wild-type FVB/N strain were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia. Iron status was assessed by measurement of serum iron parameters, real-time PCR for mRNAs encoding critical iron regulatory proteins, and Perls' stain and atomic absorption spectrometry for tissue iron concentrations. FVB/N mice lost weight at a faster rate and had higher sickness scores than hGAS mice exposed to hypoxia. Serum iron levels were lower in hGAS than FVB/N mice and decreased further when the animals were exposed to hypoxia. The concentration of iron in the liver was strikingly lower in hGAS than FVB/N mice. We conclude that increased circulating concentrations of progastrin provide a physiological advantage against systemic hypoxia in mice, possibly by increasing the availability of iron stores. This is the first report of an association between progastrin overexpression, hypoxia, and iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Nosal-Wiercińska A. The role of active complexes in the multistep process of Bi(III) ion electroreduction in chlorate(VII) solutions with varied water activity in the presence of cystine. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Main-Group Medicinal Chemistry Including Li and Bi*. COMPREHENSIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152213 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Main-group element compounds were among the first developed in the modern era as pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of a wide variety of human ailments; it is now recognized that many of these elements exist in traditional medicine of many societies, for example, arsenic. The use of main-group element compounds in contemporary medicine continues for the treatment of, for example, depression (Li), stomach ulcers (Bi), cancer (As and Ga), and leishmaniasis (Sb). Not surprisingly, new compounds of these elements, and other main-group elements, continue to be investigated for their potential use in new therapies. In this chapter, the use of main-group elements as therapeutic agents is outlined and also, where understood, comments on biological targets and mechanisms of action. Further, key advances in new potential applications of main-group element compounds in medicine are evaluated.
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