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Fuller RN, Kabagwira J, Vallejos PA, Folkerts AD, Wall NR. Survivin Splice Variant 2β Enhances Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Resistance to Gemcitabine. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1147-1160. [PMID: 36238134 PMCID: PMC9553431 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s341720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease with poor prognosis, as it is difficult to predict or circumvent, and it develops chemoresistance quickly. One cellular mechanism associated with chemoresistance is alternative splicing dysfunction, a process through which nascent mRNA is spliced into different isoforms. Survivin (Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing Protein 5 (BIRC5)), a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family and a cell cycle-associated oncoprotein, is overexpressed in most cancers and undergoes alternative splicing (AS) to generate six different splicing isoforms. Methods To determine if survivin splice variants (SSV) could be involved in PDAC chemoresistance, a Gemcitabine (Gem) resistant (GR) cell line, MIA PaCa-2 GR, was created and assessed for its SSV levels and their potential association with GR. Cross-resistance was assessed in MIA-PaCa-2 GR cells to FIRINOX (5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, and oxaliplatin). Once chemoresistance was confirmed, RT-qPCR was used to assess the expression of survivin splice variants (SSVs) in PDAC cell lines. To confirm the effect of SSVs on chemoresistance, we used siRNA to knockdown all SSVs or SSV 2β. Results The MIA PaCa-2 GR cell line was 40 times more resistant to Gem and revealed increased resistance to FIRINOX (5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, and oxaliplatin); when compared to the parental MIA-PaCa-2 cells. RT-qPCR studies revealed an 8-fold relative expression increase in SSV 2β and a 2- to 8-fold increase in the other five SSVs in the GR cells. Knockdown of all SSV or SSV 2β only, using small inhibitory RNA (siRNA), sensitized the GR cells to Gem, indicating that these SSVs play a role in PDAC chemoresistance. Conclusion These findings provide evidence for the potential role of SSV 2β and other SSVs in innate and acquired PDAC chemoresistance. We also show that the expression of SSVs is not affected by the type of chemoresistance, therefore targeting survivin splice variants in combination with chemotherapy could benefit a wide range of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Fuller
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Paul A Vallejos
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Andrew D Folkerts
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Nathan R Wall
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA,Correspondence: Nathan R Wall, Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA, Tel +909-558-4000 x81397, Email
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2
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Madhavan BK, Han Z, Singh B, Bordt N, Kaymak S, Bandapalli OR, Kihm L, Shahzad K, Isermann B, Herzig S, Nawroth P, Kumar V. Elevated Expression of the RAGE Variant- V in SCLC Mitigates the Effect of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112843. [PMID: 34200336 PMCID: PMC8201239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radiomimetic drugs induce extensive genotoxic insults to their target cells. Irreparable DNA damage leaves cells with the choice between a program leading to cell death or senescence, but not DNA repair. Among the challenges of an advanced stage of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), the resistance to radiomimetic drugs is the most prominent one. In SCLC, the initial chemotherapeutic treatment primes cell to modify their DNA repair and cell cycle regulatory systems, using alternative but highly efficient forms of DNA repair and auxiliary factors. This modulated system now bypasses several regulatory controls. Thus, at this stage, cells become resistant to any beneficial effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. In the present study, we observed that variant-V of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is abundantly expressed in advancing and metastasizing SCLC. Therefore, it may serve as a potential target for specific therapeutic interventions directed to SCLC. Abstract Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a very high mortality rate. A prominent part of this is because these carcinomas are refractory to chemotherapies, such as etoposide or cisplatin, making effective treatment almost impossible. Here, we report that elevated expression of the RAGE variant-V in SCLC promotes homology-directed DNA DSBs repair when challenged with anti-cancer drugs. This variant exclusively localizes to the nucleus, interacts with members of the double-strand break (DSB) repair machinery and thus promotes the recruitment of DSBs repair factors at the site of damage. Increased expression of this variant thus, promotes timely DNA repair. Congruently, the tumor cells expressing high levels of variant-V can tolerate chemotherapeutic drug treatment better than the RAGE depleted cells. Our findings reveal a yet undisclosed role of the RAGE variant-V in the homology-directed DNA repair. This variant thus can be a potential target to be considered for future therapeutic approaches in advanced SSLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindhu K. Madhavan
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Zhe Han
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Bishal Singh
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Nico Bordt
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Serap Kaymak
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Obul Reddy Bandapalli
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kihm
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.S.); (B.I.)
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.S.); (B.I.)
| | - Stephan Herzig
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Programm, Helmholtz-Zentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Programm, Helmholtz-Zentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.M.); (Z.H.); (B.S.); (N.B.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (P.N.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-6960
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Wang C, Zhou Z, Subhramanyam CS, Cao Q, Heng ZSL, Liu W, Fu X, Hu Q. SRPK1 acetylation modulates alternative splicing to regulate cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells. Commun Biol 2020; 3:268. [PMID: 32461560 PMCID: PMC7253463 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and other platinum-based compounds are frequently used to treat breast cancer, but their utility is severely compromised by drug resistance. Many genes dictating drug responsiveness are subject to pre-mRNA alternative splicing which is regulated by key kinases such as the serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1). However, its contribution to drug resistance remains controversial. In this study, we have identified that Tip60-mediated acetylation of SRPK1 is closely associated with chemotherapy sensitivity. In breast cancer cells, cisplatin induced SRPK1 acetylation but in the corresponding resistant cells, it reduced acetylation yet increased phosphorylation and kinase activity of SRPK1, favouring the splicing of some anti-apoptotic variants. Significantly, the cisplatin-resistant cells could be re-sensitized by enhancing SRPK1 acetylation or inhibiting its kinase activity. Hence, our study reveals a key role of SRPK1 in the development of cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells and suggests a potential therapeutic avenue for overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Wang et al. find that the therapeutic agent cisplatin has opposite effect on acetylation of serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) in cisplatin-resistant versus – sensitive breast cancer cells. Inhibiting SRPK1 activity or enhancing its acetylation re-sensitises cells to cisplatin, suggesting a potential strategy to treat cancers resistant to platinum-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117594
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117593
| | | | - Qiong Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117594
| | - Zealyn Shi Lin Heng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117594
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Qidong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117594.
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New transcriptomics biomarkers involved in Cisplatin-flurouracil resistance in gastric cancer. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Taketo K, Konno M, Asai A, Koseki J, Toratani M, Satoh T, Doki Y, Mori M, Ishii H, Ogawa K. The epitranscriptome m6A writer METTL3 promotes chemo- and radioresistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:621-629. [PMID: 29345285 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant epitranscriptome modification in mammalian mRNA. Recent years have seen substantial progress in m6A epitranscriptomics, indicating its crucial roles in the initiation and progression of cancer through regulation of RNA stabilities, mRNA splicing, microRNA processing and mRNA translation. However, by what means m6A is dynamically regulated or written by enzymatic components represented by methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) and how m6A is significant for each of the numerous genes remain unclear. We focused on METTL3 in pancreatic cancer, the prognosis of which is not satisfactory despite the development of multidisciplinary therapies. We established METTL3-knockdown pancreatic cancer cell line using short hairpin RNA. Although morphologic and proliferative changes were unaffected, METTL3-depleted cells showed higher sensitivity to anticancer reagents such as gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and irradiation. Our data suggest that METTL3 is a potent target for enhancing therapeutic efficacy in patients with pancreatic cancer. In addition, we performed cDNA expression analysis followed by gene ontology and protein-protein interaction analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins databases, respectively. The results demonstrate that METTL3 was associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, ubiquitin-dependent process and RNA splicing and regulation of cellular process, suggesting functional roles and targets of METTL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Taketo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Medical Data Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayumu Asai
- Department of Medical Data Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Medical Data Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayasu Toratani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Data Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Alternative splicing and cell survival: from tissue homeostasis to disease. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1919-1929. [PMID: 27689872 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human genes encode multiple mRNA variants and protein products through alternative splicing of exons and introns during pre-mRNA processing. In this way, alternative splicing amplifies enormously the coding potential of the human genome and represents a powerful evolutionary resource. Nonetheless, the plasticity of its regulation is prone to errors and defective splicing underlies a large number of inherited and sporadic diseases, including cancer. One key cellular process affected by alternative splicing is the programmed cell death or apoptosis. Many apoptotic genes encode for splice variants having opposite roles in cell survival. This regulation modulates cell and tissue homeostasis and is implicated in both developmental and pathological processes. Furthermore, recent evidence has also unveiled splicing-mediated regulation of genes involved in autophagy, another essential process for tissue homeostasis. In this review, we highlight some of the best-known examples of alternative splicing events involved in cell survival. Emphasis is given to the role of this regulation in human cancer and in the response to chemotherapy, providing examples of how alternative splicing of apoptotic genes can be exploited therapeutically.
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de Necochea-Campion R, Shouse GP, Zhou Q, Mirshahidi S, Chen CS. Aberrant splicing and drug resistance in AML. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:85. [PMID: 27613060 PMCID: PMC5018179 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has unveiled a new window into the heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In particular, recurrent mutations in spliceosome machinery and genome-wide aberrant splicing events have been recognized as a prominent component of this disease. This review will focus on how these factors influence drug resistance through altered splicing of tumor suppressor and oncogenes and dysregulation of the apoptotic signaling network. A better understanding of these factors in disease progression is necessary to design appropriate therapeutic strategies recognizing specific alternatively spliced or mutated oncogenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia de Necochea-Campion
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Shouse
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Chan Shun Pavilion 11015, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Saied Mirshahidi
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Chan Shun Pavilion 11015, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Ho TT, He X, Mo YY, Beck WT. Transient resistance to DNA damaging agents is associated with expression of microRNAs-135b and -196b in human leukemia cell lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 7:27-47. [PMID: 27570640 PMCID: PMC4981649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance to anticancer drugs is widely viewed as a key obstacle to successful cancer therapy. However, detailed knowledge of the initial molecular events in the response of cancer cells to these chemotherapeutic and stress responses, and how these lead to the development of chemoresistance, remains incompletely understood. Using microRNA array and washout and rechallenge experiments, we found that short term treatment of leukemia cells with etoposide led a few days later to transient resistance that was associated with a corresponding transient increase in expression of ABCB1 mRNA, as well as microRNA (miR)-135b and miR-196b. This phenomenon was associated with short-term exposure to genotoxic agents, such as etoposide, topotecan, doxorubicin and ionizing radiation, but not agents that do not directly damage DNA. Further, this appeared to be histiotype-specific, and was seen in leukemic cells, but not in cell lines derived from solid tumors. Treatment of leukemic cells with either 5-aza-deoxycytidine or tricostatin A produced similar increased expression of ABCB1, miR-135b, and miR-196b, suggesting a role for epigenetic regulation of this phenomenon. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that CACNA1E, ARHGEF2, PTK2, SIAH1, ARHGAP6, and NME4 may be involved in the initial events in the development of drug resistance following the upregulation of ABCB1, miR-135b and miR-196b. In summary, we report herein that short-term exposure of cells to DNA damaging agents leads to transient drug resistance, which is associated with elevations in ABCB1, miR-135b and miR-196b, and suggests novel components that may be involved in the development of anticancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ting Ho
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, IL, USA
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, 39216, MS, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, IL, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, IL, USA
| | - Yin-Yuan Mo
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, 39216, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - William T Beck
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, IL, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, IL, USA
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Giono LE, Nieto Moreno N, Cambindo Botto AE, Dujardin G, Muñoz MJ, Kornblihtt AR. The RNA Response to DNA Damage. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2636-2651. [PMID: 26979557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms must ensure genome integrity to prevent accumulation of mutations, cell death, and cancer. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex network that senses, signals, and executes multiple programs including DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. This entails regulation of a variety of cellular processes: DNA replication and transcription, RNA processing, mRNA translation and turnover, and post-translational modification, degradation, and relocalization of proteins. Accumulated evidence over the past decades has shown that RNAs and RNA metabolism are both regulators and regulated actors of the DDR. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the many interactions between the DNA damage and RNA fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana E Giono
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Nieto Moreno
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián E Cambindo Botto
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gwendal Dujardin
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel J Muñoz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto R Kornblihtt
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tiloke C, Phulukdaree A, Anand K, Gengan RM, Chuturgoon AA. Moringa oleiferaGold Nanoparticles Modulate Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Caspase-9 Splice Variants in A549 Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2302-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlette Tiloke
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Congella Durban 4013 South Africa
| | - Alisa Phulukdaree
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Congella Durban 4013 South Africa
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Applied Sciences; Durban University of Technology; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Robert M. Gengan
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Applied Sciences; Durban University of Technology; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Congella Durban 4013 South Africa
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Oltean S. Modulators of alternative splicing as novel therapeutics in cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2015; 6:92-95. [PMID: 26468443 PMCID: PMC4600196 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v6.i5.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA and re-arrangement of exons to give several types of mature transcripts, has been described more than 40 years ago. However, until recently, it has not been clear how extensive it is. Genome-wide studies have now conclusively shown that more than 90% of genes are alternatively spliced in humans. This makes AS one of the main drivers of proteomic diversity and, consequently, determinant of cellular function repertoire. Unsurprisingly, given its extent, numerous splice isoforms have been described to be associated with several diseases including cancer. Many of them have antagonistic functions, e.g., pro- and anti-angiogenic or pro- and anti-apoptotic. Additionally several splice factors have been recently described to have oncogene or tumour suppressors activities, like SF3B1 which is frequently mutated in myelodysplastic syndromes. Beside the implications for cancer pathogenesis, de-regulated AS is recognized as one of the novel areas of cell biology where therapeutic manipulations may be designed. This editorial discusses the possibilities of manipulation of AS for therapeutic benefit in cancer. Approaches involving the use of oligonucleotides as well as small molecule splicing modulators are presented as well as thoughts on how specificity might be accomplished in splicing therapeutics.
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Zhang J, Jiang H, Xia W, Jiang Y, Tan X, Liu P, Jia H, Yang X, Shen G. Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma progression and poor patient survival. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 26201897 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-mRNA splicing regulator serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) promotes cancer development and various pathophysiological processes. However, the clinical relevance of SRPK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not clear. This study investigates the expression and prognostic value of SRPK1 in HCC. We found that SRPK1 expression was significantly upregulated at the mRNA and protein level in all HCC cell lines or HCC tissue samples compared with the hepatic cell line or matched noncancerous tissue samples, respectively. Higher SRPK1 expression significantly correlated with clinical staging (p = 0.031), survival time (p = 0.004), and gender (p = 0.011) of HCC patients. Together, our study showed that SRPK1 is overexpressed in HCC and may be a promising indicator of prognosis for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9th Jinsui Road, Postal Code 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9th Jinsui Road, Postal Code 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9th Jinsui Road, Postal Code 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Tan
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9th Jinsui Road, Postal Code 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiying Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9th Jinsui Road, Postal Code 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Jia
- Department of Clinical Examination, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Shen
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9th Jinsui Road, Postal Code 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China.
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MAYER SEBASTIAN, HIRSCHFELD MARC, JAEGER MARKUS, PIES SUSANNE, IBORRA SEVERINE, ERBES THALIA, STICKELER ELMAR. RON alternative splicing regulation in primary ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:423-30. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gabriel M, Delforge Y, Deward A, Habraken Y, Hennuy B, Piette J, Klinck R, Chabot B, Colige A, Lambert C. Role of the splicing factor SRSF4 in cisplatin-induced modifications of pre-mRNA splicing and apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:227. [PMID: 25884497 PMCID: PMC4399393 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modification of splicing by chemotherapeutic drugs has usually been evaluated on a limited number of pre-mRNAs selected for their recognized or potential importance in cell proliferation or apoptosis. However, the pathways linking splicing alterations to the efficiency of cancer therapy remain unclear. Methods Next-generation sequencing was used to analyse the transcriptome of breast carcinoma cells treated by cisplatin. Pharmacological inhibitors, RNA interference, cells deficient in specific signalling pathways, RT-PCR and FACS analysis were used to investigate how the anti-cancer drug cisplatin affected alternative splicing and the cell death pathway. Results We identified 717 splicing events affected by cisplatin, including 245 events involving cassette exons. Gene ontology analysis indicates that cell cycle, mRNA processing and pre-mRNA splicing were the main pathways affected. Importantly, the cisplatin–induced splicing alterations required class I PI3Ks P110β but not components such as ATM, ATR and p53 that are involved in the DNA damage response. The siRNA-mediated depletion of the splicing regulator SRSF4, but not SRSF6, expression abrogated many of the splicing alterations as well as cell death induced by cisplatin. Conclusion Many of the splicing alterations induced by cisplatin are caused by SRSF4 and they contribute to apoptosis in a process requires class I PI3K. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1259-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Gabriel
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yves Delforge
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Adeline Deward
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-Signal Transduction, GIGA B34, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yvette Habraken
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-Signal Transduction, GIGA B34, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Benoit Hennuy
- GIGA Genomics Platform, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jacques Piette
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-Signal Transduction, GIGA B34, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Roscoe Klinck
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Alain Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Charles Lambert
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Wojtuszkiewicz A, Assaraf YG, Maas MJP, Kaspers GJL, Jansen G, Cloos J. Pre-mRNA splicing in cancer: the relevance in oncogenesis, treatment and drug resistance. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:673-89. [PMID: 25495223 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.993316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in cancer is emerging as an important determinant of oncogenesis, response to treatment and anticancer drug resistance. At the same time, the spliceosome has become a target for a novel class of pre-clinical chemotherapeutics with a potential future application in cancer treatment. Taken together, these findings offer novel opportunities for the enhancement of the efficacy of cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This review presents a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in splicing and current developments regarding splicing aberrations in relation to several aspects of cancer formation and therapy. Identified mutations in the various components of the spliceosome and their implications for cancer prognosis are delineated. Moreover, the contribution of abnormal splicing patterns as well as deregulated splicing factors to chemoresistance is discussed, along with novel splicing-based therapeutic approaches. EXPERT OPINION Significant progress has been made in deciphering the role of splicing factors in cancer including carcinogenesis and drug resistance. Splicing-based prognostic tools as well as therapeutic options hold great potential towards improvements in cancer therapy. However, gaining more in-depth molecular insight into the consequences of mutations in various components of the splicing machinery as well as of cellular effects of spliceosome inhibition is a prerequisite to establish the role of splicing in tumor progression and treatment options, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojtuszkiewicz
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Combined phosphoproteomics and bioinformatics strategy in deciphering drug resistant related pathways in triple negative breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2014; 2014:390781. [PMID: 25478227 PMCID: PMC4247952 DOI: 10.1155/2014/390781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of the absence of a clear therapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), conventional chemotherapy is the only available systemic treatment option for these patients. Despite chemotherapy treatment, TNBC patients still have worse prognosis when compared with other breast cancer patients. The study is to investigate unique phosphorylated proteins expressed in chemoresistant TNBC cell lines. In the current study, twelve TNBC cell lines were subjected to drug sensitivity assays against chemotherapy drugs docetaxel, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, and cisplatin. Based on their half maximal inhibitory concentrations, four resistant and two sensitive cell lines were selected for further analysis. The phosphopeptides from these cells were enriched with TiO2 beads and fractionated using strong cation exchange. 1,645 phosphoprotein groups and 9,585 unique phosphopeptides were identified by a high throughput LC-MS/MS system LTQ-Orbitrap. The phosphopeptides were further filtered with Ascore system and 1,340 phosphoprotein groups, 2,760 unique phosphopeptides, and 4,549 unique phosphosites were identified. Our study suggested that differentially phosphorylated Cdk5, PML, AP-1, and HSF-1 might work together to promote vimentin induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the drug resistant cells. EGFR and HGF were also shown to be involved in this process.
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Roy B, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Review: Alternative Splicing (AS) of Genes As An Approach for Generating Protein Complexity. Curr Genomics 2013; 14:182-94. [PMID: 24179441 PMCID: PMC3664468 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the completion of the human genome project, the human genome was thought to have a greater number of genes as it seemed structurally and functionally more complex than other simpler organisms. This along with the belief of “one gene, one protein”, were demonstrated to be incorrect. The inequality in the ratio of gene to protein formation gave rise to the theory of alternative splicing (AS). AS is a mechanism by which one gene gives rise to multiple protein products. Numerous databases and online bioinformatic tools are available for the detection and analysis of AS. Bioinformatics provides an important approach to study mRNA and protein diversity by various tools such as expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences obtained from completely processed mRNA. Microarrays and deep sequencing approaches also aid in the detection of splicing events. Initially it was postulated that AS occurred only in about 5% of all genes but was later found to be more abundant. Using bioinformatic approaches, the level of AS in human genes was found to be fairly high with 35-59% of genes having at least one AS form. Our ability to determine and predict AS is important as disorders in splicing patterns may lead to abnormal splice variants resulting in genetic diseases. In addition, the diversity of proteins produced by AS poses a challenge for successful drug discovery and therefore a greater understanding of AS would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishakha Roy
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Abstract
Systemic cancer therapy has traditionally exploited vulnerabilities in cancer cells, a strategy which has become more precise with the identification and targeting of driver oncogenes. However, persistent tumor growth due to primary (de novo) or secondary (acquired) resistance limits therapeutic efficacy for many patients. Alternative splicing is important for increasing the diversity of the cellular proteome, and is a process frequently deregulated during cancer development and progression. In cancer cells, diverse splicing alterations have been identified that eliminate protein domains or enzymatic activities required for efficacy of cancer therapies, promote gain of novel signaling functions that circumvent cancer therapies, and uncouple signaling pathways from upstream regulatory points that are blocked by cancer therapies. The mechanisms underlying these splicing changes range from stable alterations in gene sequence/structure to deregulation of splicing regulatory factors. In this review, the role of splice variants in cancer therapy resistance will be discussed, with examples of how mechanistic understanding of these processes has led to the development of novel strategies for therapy resensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dehm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Analysis of mice lacking the heparin-binding splice isoform of platelet-derived growth factor A. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4030-40. [PMID: 23938297 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00749-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor A-chain (PDGF-A) exists in two evolutionarily conserved isoforms, PDGF-Along and PDGF-Ashort, generated by alternative RNA splicing. They differ by the presence (in PDGF-Along) or absence (in PDGF-Ashort) of a carboxy-terminal heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding motif. In mice, similar motifs present in other members of the PDGF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) families have been functionally analyzed in vivo, but the specific physiological importance of PDGF-Along has not been explored previously. Here, we analyzed the absolute and relative expression of the two PDGF-A splice isoforms during early postnatal organ development in the mouse and report on the generation of a Pdgfa allele (Pdgfa(Δex6)) incapable of producing PDGF-Along due to a deletion of the exon 6 splice acceptor site. In situations of limiting PDGF-A signaling through PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα), or in mice lacking PDGF-C, homozygous carriers of Pdgfa(Δex6) showed abnormal development of the lung, intestine, and vertebral column, pinpointing developmental processes where PDGF-Along may play a physiological role.
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