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Uno Y, Uehara S, Yamazaki H. Polymorphic cytochromes P450 in non-human primates. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:329-364. [PMID: 35953160 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis, an Old World monkey) are widely used in drug development because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans, and this trend has continued with the use of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, a New World monkey). Information on the major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP, P450) enzymes of these primate species indicates that multiple forms of their P450 enzymes have generally similar substrate selectivities to those of human P450 enzymes; however, some differences in isoform, activity, and substrate specificity account for limited species differences in drug oxidative metabolism. This review provides information on the P450 enzymes of cynomolgus macaques and marmosets, including cDNA, tissue expression, substrate specificity, and genetic variants, along with age differences and induction. Typical examples of important P450s to be considered in drug metabolism studies include cynomolgus CYP2C19, which is expressed abundantly in liver and metabolizes numerous drugs. Moreover, genetic variants of cynomolgus CYP2C19 affect the individual pharmacokinetic data of drugs such as R-warfarin. These findings provide a foundation for understanding each P450 enzyme and the individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in cynomolgus macaques and marmosets as preclinical models. In addition, the effects of induction on some drug clearances mediated by P450 enzymes are also described. In summary, this review describes genetic and acquired individual differences in cynomolgus and marmoset P450 enzymes involved in drug oxidation that may be associated with pharmacological and/or toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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2
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Genetic variation in the Mauritian cynomolgus macaque population reflects variation in the human population. Gene 2021; 787:145648. [PMID: 33848572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque is an important species for preclinical research, however the extent of genetic variation in this population and its similarity to the human population is not well understood. Exome sequencing was conducted for 101 cynomolgus macaques to characterize genetic variation. The variant distribution frequency was 7.81 variants per kilobase across the sequenced regions, with a total of 2,770,009 single nucleotide variants identified from 2,996,041 loci. A large portion (85.6%) had minor allele frequencies greater than 5%. Enriched pathways for genes with high genetic diversity (≥10 variants per kilobase) were those involving signaling peptides and immune response. Compared to human, the variant distribution frequency and nucleotide diversity in the macaque exome was approximately 4 times greater; however the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous variants was similar (0.735 and 0.831, respectively). Understanding genetic variability in cynomolgus macaques will enable better interpretation and human translation of phenotypic variability in this species.
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3
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Matsumoto S, Uehara S, Kamimura H, Ikeda H, Maeda S, Hattori M, Nishiwaki M, Kato K, Yamazaki H. Human total clearance values and volumes of distribution of typical human cytochrome P450 2C9/19 substrates predicted by single-species allometric scaling using pharmacokinetic data sets from common marmosets genotyped for P450 2C19. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:479-493. [PMID: 33455494 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1871113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that genetically lack cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). Polymorphic marmoset CYP2C19 compensates by mediating oxidations of typical human CYP2C9/19 substrates.Twenty-four probe substrates were intravenously administered in combinations to marmosets assigned to extensive or poor metaboliser (PM) groups by CYP2C19 genotyping. Eliminations from plasma of cilomilast, phenytoin, repaglinide, tolbutamide, and S-warfarin in the CYP2C19 PM group were significantly slow; these drugs are known substrates of human CYP2C8/9/19.Human total clearance values and volumes of distribution of the 24 test compounds were extrapolated using single-species allometric scaling with experimental data from marmosets and found to be mostly comparable with the reported values.Human total clearance values and volumes of distribution of 15 of the 24 test compounds similarly extrapolated using reported data sets from cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys were comparable to the present predicted results, especially to those based on data from PM marmosets.These results suggest that single-species allometric scaling using marmosets, being small, has advantages over multiple-species-based allometry and could be applicable for pharmacokinetic predictions at the discovery stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matsumoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Labs., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kamimura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Business Promotion Dept., CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Tokyo Animal & Diet Dept., CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Yaotsu Breeding Center, CLEA Japan, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Megumi Nishiwaki
- Fuji Technical Service Center, CLEA Japan, Inc.., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Labs., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
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4
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Cytochrome P450 1A1, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 Polymorphisms Account for Interindividual Variability of Toxicological Drug Metabolism in Cynomolgus Macaques. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1373-1381. [PMID: 30412386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) and their genetic variants in humans are important drug-metabolizing enzymes partly accounting for interindividual variations in drug metabolism and toxicity. However, these genetic variants in P450s have not been fully investigated in cynomolgus macaques, a nonhuman primate species widely used in toxicological studies. In this study, genetic variants found in cynomolgus CYP1A1, CYP2C9 (formerly CYP2C43), CYP2C19 (CYP2C75), and CYP3A4 (CYP3A8) were assessed on functional importance. Resequencing of CYP1A1 in cynomolgus macaques found 18 nonsynonymous variants, of which M121I and V382I were located in SRSs, domains potentially important for P450 function. By further analyzing these two variants, V382I was significantly associated with lower drug-metabolizing activities in the liver for the heterozygotes than the wild types. Similarly, the heterozygotes or homozygotes of CYP2C9 variants (A82V and H344R) and CYP2C19 variant (A490V) showed significantly lower drug-metabolizing activities in the liver than the wild types. Moreover, the homozygotes of CYP3A4 variant (S437N) showed significantly higher activities than the wild type in the liver. Kinetic analyses using recombinant proteins revealed that CYP2C9 variants (A82V and H344R) showed substantially lower Ks values than the wild type, although CYP1A1 variant (V382I) showed kinetic parameters similar to the wild type. Likewise, CYP2C19 variant (A490V) showed substantially a lower Vmax/ Km value than the wild type, whereas CYP3A4 variant (S437N) showed a higher Vmax/ Km value than the wild type. These results suggest the toxicologically functional importance of CYP2C9 variants (A82V and H344R), CYP2C19 variant (A490V), and CYP3A4 variant (S437N) for hepatic drug metabolism in cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan , Wakayama 642-0017 , Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
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5
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Yamazaki H. Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys and common marmosets in preclinical studies for humans. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:184-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Uno Y, Igawa Y, Tanaka M, Ohura K, Hosokawa M, Imai T. Analysis of carboxylesterase 2 transcript variants in cynomolgus macaque liver. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:247-255. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1435927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Igawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa, Japan
| | - Maori Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Japan
| | - Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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7
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Murayama N, Yajima K, Hikawa M, Shimura K, Ishii Y, Takada M, Uno Y, Utoh M, Iwasaki K, Yamazaki H. Assessment of multiple cytochrome P450 activities in metabolically inactivated human liver microsomes and roles of P450 2C isoforms in reaction phenotyping studies. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 39:116-121. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Kanako Yajima
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd; Kainan Wakayama Japan
| | - Mikiko Hikawa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Kanami Shimura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Yu Ishii
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Masaki Takada
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd; Kainan Wakayama Japan
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd; Kainan Wakayama Japan
| | - Kazuhide Iwasaki
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd; Kainan Wakayama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
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8
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Kusama T, Toda A, Shimizu M, Uehara S, Inoue T, Uno Y, Utoh M, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Association with polymorphic marmoset cytochrome P450 2C19 of in vivo hepatic clearances of chirally separated R-omeprazole and S-warfarin using individual marmoset physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1072-1077. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1393121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiko Toda
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan,
| | | | | | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan, and
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan,
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan,
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan,
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan, and
- Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Uno Y, Osada N, Sakurai S, Shimozawa N, Iwata T, Ikeo K, Yamazaki H. Development of genotyping method for functionally relevant variants of cytochromes P450 in cynomolgus macaques. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:e30-e34. [PMID: 28752932 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), widely used in drug metabolism studies, CYP2C9, CYP2C76, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, important drug-metabolizing enzymes, are abundantly expressed in liver and metabolize cytochrome P450 substrates. CYP2C9 (c.334A>C), CYP2C76 (c.449TG>A), CYP2D6 (c.891A>G), CYP3A4 (IVS3 + 1G>del), and CYP3A5 (c.625A>T) substantially influence metabolic activity of enzymes, and thus are important variants in drug metabolism studies. In this study, a real-time PCR method was developed for genotyping these variants. The validity of the methods was verified by genotyping two wild type, two heterozygous, and two homozygous DNAs and was used to genotype 41 cynomolgus macaques (from Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, or Vietnam) for the five variants, along with another important variant CYP2C19 (c.308C>T). The CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 variants were found only in Cambodian and Vietnamese animals, while the CYP2C76 and CYP2D6 variants were found only in Indonesian and Philippine animals. The CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants were not found in any of the animals analyzed. Mauritian animals, genotyped using next-generation sequencing data for comparison, possessed the CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 variants, but not the other variants. These results indicated differences in prevalence of these important variants among animal groups. Therefore, the genotyping tool developed is useful for drug metabolism studies using cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan
| | - N Osada
- Graduate School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Sakurai
- Graduate School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ikeo
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - H Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Toda A, Uehara S, Inoue T, Utoh M, Kusama T, Shimizu M, Uno Y, Mogi M, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Effects of aging and rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of human cytochrome P450 probes caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol and midazolam in common marmosets genotyped for cytochrome P450 2C19. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:720-726. [PMID: 28686070 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1353716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The pharmacokinetics were investigated for human cytochrome P450 probes after single intravenous and oral administrations of 0.20 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively, of caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol and midazolam to aged (10-14 years old, n = 4) or rifampicin-treated/young (3 years old, n = 3) male common marmosets all genotyped as heterozygous for a cytochrome P450 2C19 variant. 2. Slopes of the plasma concentration-time curves after intravenous administration of warfarin and midazolam were slightly, but significantly (two-way analysis of variance), decreased in aged marmosets compared with young marmosets. The mean hepatic clearances determined by in silico fitting for individual pharmacokinetic models of warfarin and midazolam in the aged group were, respectively, 23% and 56% smaller than those for the young group. 3. Significantly enhanced plasma clearances of caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole and midazolam were evident in young marmosets pretreated with rifampicin (25 mg/kg daily for 4 days). Two- to three-fold increases in hepatic intrinsic clearance values were observed in the individual pharmacokinetic models. 4. The in vivo dispositions of multiple simultaneously administered drugs in old, young and P450-enzyme-induced marmosets were elucidated. The results suggest that common marmosets could be experimental models for aged, induced or polymorphic P450 enzymes in P450-dependent drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Toda
- a Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. , Kainan , Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- c Marmoset Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- a Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. , Kainan , Japan.,b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Kusama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- a Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. , Kainan , Japan
| | - Masayuki Mogi
- a Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. , Kainan , Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- d Center of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals , Kawasaki , Japan , and.,e Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Tokyo , Japan
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11
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Utoh M, Miura T, Kusama T, Uehara S, Shimizu M, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Efavirenz clearances in vitro
and in vivo
in six cynomolgus monkeys associated with polymorphic cytochrome P450 2C9 and simulated by individual physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:439-442. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Utoh
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan; Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
| | - Tomonori Miura
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Takashi Kusama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan; Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
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12
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Utoh M, Kusama T, Miura T, Mitsui M, Kawano M, Hirano T, Shimizu M, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. R-warfarin clearances from plasma associated with polymorphic cytochrome P450 2C19 and simulated by individual physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for 11 cynomolgus monkeys. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:206-210. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1288945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Utoh
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Tomonori Miura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Marina Mitsui
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Mirai Kawano
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Takahiro Hirano
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, and
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13
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Iwasaki K, Kitsugi Y, Ikeda K, Yoshikawa T, Hosaka S, Uehara S, Uno Y, Utoh M, Yamazaki H. In vivo individual variations in pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in cynomolgus monkeys genotyped for cytochrome P450 2C9. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 37:379-83. [PMID: 27417918 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys are used frequently in preclinical studies for new drug development due to their evolutionary closeness to humans. An antiretroviral drug, efavirenz, is a typical probe substrate for human cytochrome P450 (P450) 2B6, but is mainly metabolized by cynomolgus monkey P450 2C9. In this study, plasma concentrations of efavirenz were assessed in six cynomolgus monkeys genotyped for P450 2C9 c.334 A > C (I112L) (three wild-type, one heterozygote and two homozygotes) by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. After intravenous administration at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, biphasic plasma elimination curves of efavirenz were seen in these cynomolgus monkeys. The mean plasma concentration of the primary metabolite 8-hydroxyefavirenz (1 h after treatment, with hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase) in the wild-type group was significantly higher (4.0-fold) than the combined heterozygous and homozygous group mean. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve value of efavirenz in the homozygous group after oral administration at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg was significantly higher (2.0-fold) than the combined wild-type and heterozygous group. These results collectively indicated that P450 2C9 c.334 A > C (I112L) variation was associated with efavirenz metabolic clearance in vivo. Cynomolgus P450 2C9 polymorphism might account for interindividual variations of efavirenz metabolism in cynomolgus monkeys. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Iwasaki
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kitsugi
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Kanami Ikeda
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshikawa
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Shinya Hosaka
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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14
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Yamazaki H. Utility of non-human primates in drug development: Comparison of non-human primate and human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 121:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Uehara S, Kawano M, Murayama N, Uno Y, Utoh M, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Oxidation of R- and S-omeprazole stereoselectively mediated by liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2C19 enzymes from cynomolgus monkeys and common marmosets. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 120:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Yamazaki H. Differences in Toxicological and Pharmacological Responses Mediated by Polymorphic Cytochromes P450 and Related Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:53-60. [PMID: 27750412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past 30 years has elucidated the roles of polymorphic human liver cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes associated with toxicological and/or pharmacological actions. Thalidomide exerts its various pharmacological and toxic actions in primates through multiple mechanisms, including nonspecific modification of many protein networks after bioactivation by autoinduced human P450 enzymes. To overcome species differences between rodents, currently, nonhuman primates and/or mouse models with transplanted human hepatocytes are used. Interindividual variability of P450-dependent drug clearances in cynomolgus monkeys and common marmosets is partly accounted for by polymorphic P450 variants and/or aging, just as it is in humans with increased prevalence of polypharmacy. Genotyping of P450 genes in nonhuman primates would be beneficial before and/or after drug metabolism and toxicity testing and evaluation as well in humans. Genome-wide association studies in humans have been rapidly advanced; however, unique whole-gene deletion of P450 2A6 was subsequently developed to cover nicotine-related lung cancer risk study. Regarding polypharmacy, toxicological research should generally be aimed at identifying the risk of adverse drug events following specific potential drug exposures by examining single or multiple metabolic pathways involving single or multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Current and next-generation research of drug metabolism and disposition resulting in drug toxicity would be addressed under advanced knowledge of polymorphic and age-related intra- and/or interspecies differences of drug-metabolizing enzymes. In the near future, humanized animal models combining transplanted hepatocytes and a humanized immune system may be available to study human immune reactions caused by human-type drug metabolites. Such sophisticated models should provide preclinical predictions of human drug metabolism and potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Shi X, Zhang G, Mackie B, Yang S, Wang J, Shan L. Comparison of the in vitro metabolism of psoralidin among different species and characterization of its inhibitory effect against UDP- glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) or cytochrome p450 (CYP450) enzymes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen L, Zhang YH, Zou Q, Chu C, Ji Z. Analysis of the chemical toxicity effects using the enrichment of Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2619-26. [PMID: 27208425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical toxicity is one of the major barriers for designing and detecting new chemical entities during drug discovery. Unexpected toxicity of an approved drug may lead to withdrawal from the market and significant loss of the associated costs. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying various toxicity effects can help eliminate unqualified candidate drugs in early stages, allowing researchers to focus their attention on other more viable candidates. METHODS In this study, we aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying several toxicity effects using Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways. GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment theories were adopted to encode each chemical, and the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) was used to analyze the GO terms and the KEGG pathways. Based on the feature list obtained by the mRMR method, the most related GO terms and KEGG pathways were extracted. RESULTS Some important GO terms and KEGG pathways were uncovered, which were concluded to be significant for determining chemical toxicity effects. CONCLUSIONS Several GO terms and KEGG pathways are highly related to all investigated toxicity effects, while some are specific to a certain toxicity effect. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings in this study have the potential to further our understanding of different chemical toxicity mechanisms and to assist scientists in developing new chemical toxicity prediction algorithms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan Zou
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Inoue T, Kawano M, Shimizu M, Toda A, Utoh M, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Individual Differences in Metabolic Clearance of S-Warfarin Efficiently Mediated by Polymorphic Marmoset Cytochrome P450 2C19 in Livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:911-5. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Development of a genotyping tool for a functionally relevant CYP2C19 allele (Phe100Asn, Ala103Val and Ile112Leu) in cynomolgus macaques. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:147-8. [PMID: 26300440 PMCID: PMC4751135 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In cynomolgus macaques, which are widely used in drug metabolism studies, CYP2C19
(formerly known as CYP2C75) is abundantly expressed in liver, metabolizes human CYP2C
substrates and is thus an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. One of the cynomolgus
CYP2C19 alleles (p.Phe100Asn, p.Ala103Val and p.Ile112Leu) results in
substantially reduced metabolic activity and thus is an important allele in drug
metabolism studies. For this allele, a genotyping tool was developed using allele-specific
TaqMan probe. Genotyping 40 Cambodian cynomolgus macaques using this tool found 1
homozygote, 17 heterozygotes and 22 wild type animals, and the result was confirmed by
direct-sequencing. Interestingly, this allele frequency was similar to that of Chinese
cynomolgus macaques. The genotyping tool established is useful for drug metabolism studies
using cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Inoue T, Kawano M, Shimizu M, Toda A, Utoh M, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Novel Marmoset Cytochrome P450 2C19 in Livers Efficiently Metabolizes Human P450 2C9 and 2C19 Substrates, S-Warfarin, Tolbutamide, Flurbiprofen, and Omeprazole. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1408-16. [PMID: 26228688 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World monkey, has the potential for use in human drug development due to its evolutionary closeness to humans. Four novel cDNAs, encoding cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C18, 2C19, 2C58, and 2C76, were cloned from marmoset livers to characterize P450 2C molecular properties, including previously reported P450 2C8. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high sequence identities (>86%) with those of human P450 2Cs, except for marmoset P450 2C76, which has a low sequence identity (∼70%) with any human P450 2Cs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marmoset P450 2Cs were more closely clustered with those of humans and macaques than other species investigated. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that all of the marmoset P450 2C mRNAs were predominantly expressed in liver as opposed to the other tissues tested. Marmoset P450 2C proteins were detected in liver by immunoblotting using antibodies against human P450 2Cs. Among marmoset P450 2Cs heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, marmoset P450 2C19 efficiently catalyzed human P450 2C substrates, S-warfarin, diclofenac, tolbutamide, flurbiprofen, and omeprazole. Marmoset P450 2C19 had high Vmax and low Km values for S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation that were comparable to those in human liver microsomes, indicating warfarin stereoselectivity similar to findings in humans. Faster in vivo S-warfarin clearance than R-warfarin after intravenous administration of racemic warfarin (0.2 mg/kg) to marmosets was consistent with the in vitro kinetic parameters. These results indicated that marmoset P450 2C enzymes had functional characteristics similar to those of humans, and that P450 2C-dependent metabolic properties are likewise similar between marmosets and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Mirai Kawano
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Akiko Toda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
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