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Platts K, Michel R, Green E, Gillam T, Ghetia M, O'Brien-Simpson N, Li W, Blencowe C, Blencowe A. Pentafulvene-Maleimide Cycloaddition for Bioorthogonal Ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1845-1851. [PMID: 34254789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The applications of bioconjugation chemistry are rapidly expanding, and the addition of new strategies to the bioconjugation and ligation toolbox will further advance progress in this field. Herein, we present a detailed study of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) reaction between pentafulvenes and maleimides in aqueous solutions and investigate the reaction as an emerging bioconjugation strategy. The DAC reactions were found to proceed efficiently, quantitatively yielding cycloadducts with reaction rates ranging up to ∼0.7 M-1 s-1 for a series of maleimides, including maleimide-derivatized peptides and proteins. The absence of cross-reactivity of the pentafulvene with a large panel of functional (bio)molecules and biological media further demonstrated the bioorthogonality of this approach. The utility of the DAC reaction for bioorthogonal bioconjugation applications was further demonstrated in the presence of biological media and proteins, as well as through protein derivatization and labeling, which was comparable to the widely employed sulfhydryl-maleimide coupling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Platts
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Robert Michel
- Fleet Bioprocessing, Ltd., Pale Lane, Hartley Whitney, Hampshire RG27 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Green
- Fleet Bioprocessing, Ltd., Pale Lane, Hartley Whitney, Hampshire RG27 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Todd Gillam
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Neil O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Blencowe
- Fleet Bioprocessing, Ltd., Pale Lane, Hartley Whitney, Hampshire RG27 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Ehrenmann J, Schöppe J, Klenk C, Plückthun A. New views into class B GPCRs from the crystal structure of PTH1R. FEBS J 2019; 286:4852-4860. [PMID: 31670461 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a major regulator of mineral ion homeostasis and bone metabolism and is thus considered an attractive drug target for the treatment of disorders in calcium metabolism and bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis. PTH1R is a member of the class B of GPCRs, which all share a dynamic multidomain binding mechanism to the peptide hormone. For a long time, these complexes have been recalcitrant to structural studies despite their great therapeutic relevance. Through extensive engineering of both the receptor and the peptide agonist ligand, we were able to determine the first high-resolution structure of a PTH1R-agonist complex. Comparisons of the PTH1R crystal structure with subsequently reported cryo-electron microscopy structures of the same receptor in complex with a G protein, as well as with other class B GPCR structures bound to antagonists, reveal new insights into the two-step activation mechanism of class B GPCRs and extend our understanding of the precise molecular rearrangements during receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Ehrenmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jendrik Schöppe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Klenk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Systematic Meta-Analysis Identifies Co-Expressed Kinases and GPCRs in Ovarian Cancer Tissues Revealing a Potential for Targeted Kinase Inhibitor Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090454. [PMID: 31480803 PMCID: PMC6781325 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of many anticancer drugs is problematic due to severe adverse effects. While the recent clinical launch of several kinase inhibitors led to tremendous progress, these targeted agents tend to be of non-specific nature within the kinase target class. Moreover, target mediated adverse effects limit the exploitation of some very promising kinase targets, including mitotic kinases. A future strategy will be the development of nanocarrier-based systems for the active delivery of kinase inhibitors using cancer specific surface receptors. The G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest cell surface receptor family and some members are known to be frequently overexpressed in various cancer types. In the presented study, we used ovarian cancer tissues as an example to systematically identify concurrently overexpressed GPCRs and kinases. The rationale of this approach will guide the future design of nanoparticles, which will dock to GPCRs on cancer cells via specific ligands and deliver anticancer compounds after receptor mediated internalization. In addition to this, the approach is expected to be most effective by matching the inhibitor profiles of the delivered kinase inhibitors to the observed kinase gene expression profiles. We validated the suggested strategy in a meta-analysis, revealing overexpression of selected GPCRs and kinases in individual samples of a large ovarian cancer data set. The presented data demonstrate a large untapped potential for personalized cancer therapy using high-end targeted nanopharmaceuticals with kinase inhibitors.
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Peeking at G-protein-coupled receptors through the molecular dynamics keyhole. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:599-615. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics is a state of the art computational tool for the investigation of biophysics phenomenon at a molecular scale, as it enables the modeling of dynamic processes, such as conformational motions, molecular solvation and ligand binding. The recent advances in structural biology have led to a bloom in published G-protein-coupled receptor structures, representing a solid and valuable resource for molecular dynamics studies. During the last decade, indeed, a plethora of physiological and pharmacological facets of this membrane protein superfamily have been addressed by means of molecular dynamics simulations, including the activation mechanism, allosterism and, very recently, biased signaling. Here, we try to recapitulate some of the main contributions that molecular dynamics has recently produced in the field.
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Öling D, Lawenius L, Shaw W, Clark S, Kettleborough R, Ellis T, Larsson N, Wigglesworth M. Large Scale Synthetic Site Saturation GPCR Libraries Reveal Novel Mutations That Alter Glucose Signaling. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2317-2321. [PMID: 30114904 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Site saturation mutagenesis (SSM) is a powerful mutagenesis strategy for protein engineering and directed evolution experiments. However, limiting factors using this method are either biased representation of variants, or limiting library size. To overcome these hurdles, we generated large scale targeted synthetic SSM libraries using massively parallel oligonucleotide synthesis and benchmarked this against an error-prone (epPCR) library. The yeast glucose activated GPCR-Gpr1 was chosen as a prototype to evolve novel glucose sensors. We demonstrate superior variant representation and several unique hits in the synthetic library compared to the PCR generated library. Application of this mutational approach further builds the possibilities of synthetic biology in tuning of a response to known ligands and in generating biosensors for novel ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Öling
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lina Lawenius
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - William Shaw
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sonya Clark
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | | | - Tom Ellis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Niklas Larsson
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mark Wigglesworth
- Hit Identification, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
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Extracellular loops 2 and 3 of the calcitonin receptor selectively modify agonist binding and efficacy. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:214-244. [PMID: 29454620 PMCID: PMC5908784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Class B peptide hormone GPCRs are targets for the treatment of major chronic disease. Peptide ligands of these receptors display biased agonism and this may provide future therapeutic advantage. Recent active structures of the calcitonin (CT) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors reveal distinct engagement of peptides with extracellular loops (ECLs) 2 and 3, and mutagenesis of the GLP-1R has implicated these loops in dynamics of receptor activation. In the current study, we have mutated ECLs 2 and 3 of the human CT receptor (CTR), to interrogate receptor expression, peptide affinity and efficacy. Integration of these data with insights from the CTR and GLP-1R active structures, revealed marked diversity in mechanisms of peptide engagement and receptor activation between the CTR and GLP-1R. While the CTR ECL2 played a key role in conformational propagation linked to Gs/cAMP signalling this was mechanistically distinct from that of GLP-1R ECL2. Moreover, ECL3 was a hotspot for distinct ligand- and pathway-specific effects, and this has implications for the future design of biased agonists of class B GPCRs.
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