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Sarkar D, Monzote L, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Natural endoperoxides as promising anti-leishmanials. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155640. [PMID: 38714091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of artemisinin, an endoperoxide, encouraged the scientific community to explore endoperoxides as potential anti-parasitic molecules. Although artemisinin derivatives are rapidly evolving as potent anti-malarials, their potential as anti-leishmanials is emerging gradually. The treatment of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases is handicapped by lack of effective vaccines, drug toxicities and drug resistance. The weak antioxidant defense mechanism of the Leishmania parasites due to lack of catalase and a selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase system makes them vulnerable to oxidative stress, and this has been successful exploited by endoperoxides. PURPOSE The study aimed to review the available literature on the anti-leishmanial efficacy of natural endoperoxides with a view to achieve insights into their mode of actions. METHODS We reviewed more around 110 research and review articles restricted to the English language, sourced from electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google, Web of Science, Google scholar etc. RESULTS: Natural endoperoxides could potentially augment the anti-leishmanial drug library, with artemisinin and ascaridole emerging as potential anti-leishmanial agents. Due to higher reactivity of the cyclic peroxide moiety, and exploiting the compromised antioxidant defense of Leishmania, endoperoxides like artemisinin and ascaridole potentiate their leishmanicidal efficacy by creating a redox imbalance. Furthermore, these molecules minimally impair oxidative phosphorylation; instead inhibit glycolytic functions, culminating in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and depletion of ATP. Additionally, the carbon-centered free radicals generated from endoperoxides, participate in chain reactions that can generate even more reactive organic radicals that are toxic to macromolecules, including lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of Leishmania parasites. However, the precise target(s) of the toxic free radicals remains open-ended. CONCLUSION In this overview, the spectrum of natural endoperoxide molecules as major anti-leishmanials and their mechanism of action has been delineated. In view of the substantial evidence that natural endoperoxides (e.g., artemisinin, ascaridole) exert a noxious effect on different species of Leishmania, identification and characterization of other natural endoperoxides is a promising therapeutic option worthy of further pharmacological consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata-700 020, W.B, India
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata-700 020, W.B, India.
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Machin L, Piontek M, Todhe S, Staniek K, Monzote L, Fudickar W, Linker T, Gille L. Antileishmanial Anthracene Endoperoxides: Efficacy In Vitro, Mechanisms and Structure-Activity Relationships. Molecules 2022; 27:6846. [PMID: 36296439 PMCID: PMC9612231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoal Leishmania parasites. Previous studies have shown that endoperoxides (EP) can selectively kill Leishmania in host cells. Therefore, we studied in this work a set of new anthracene-derived EP (AcEP) together with their non-endoperoxidic analogs in model systems of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) and J774 macrophages for their antileishmanial activity and selectivity. The mechanism of effective compounds was explored by studying their reaction with iron (II) in chemical systems and in Leishmania. The correlation of structural parameters with activity demonstrated that in this compound set, active compounds had a LogPOW larger than 3.5 and a polar surface area smaller than 100 Å2. The most effective compounds (IC50 in LtP < 2 µM) with the highest selectivity (SI > 30) were pyridyl-/tert-butyl-substituted AcEP. Interestingly, also their analogs demonstrated activity and selectivity. In mechanistic studies, it was shown that EP were activated by iron in chemical systems and in LtP due to their EP group. However, the molecular structure beyond the EP group significantly contributed to their differential mitochondrial inhibition in Leishmania. The identified compound pairs are a good starting point for subsequent experiments in pathogenic Leishmania in vitro and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Pharmacy Department, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Havana, Havana 13600, Cuba
| | - Martin Piontek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Todhe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri”, Havana 11400, Cuba
| | - Werner Fudickar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Sarkar D, De Sarkar S, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Ascaridole exerts the leishmanicidal activity by inhibiting parasite glycolysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154221. [PMID: 35696799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of leishmaniasis is exacerbated by the limited repertoire of drugs, resulting in an urgent need to develop new therapeutic alternatives. Endoperoxides like ascaridole have emerged as promising anti-parasitic candidates, and its effectiveness was established in an animal model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, its impact on Leishmania donovani parasites, causative of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains to be established. PURPOSE This study aimed to delineate the underlying mechanisms contributing towards the leishmanicidal effect of ascaridole in terms of its impact on the cellular redox status and metabolic bioenergetics of L. donovani parasites. METHODOLOGY The anti-promastigote activity of ascaridole was established by a cell viability assay in L. donovani [MHOM/IN/1983/AG83] and anti-amastigote activity by microscopy and ddPCR (droplet digital polymerase chain reaction). The cellular redox status, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), annexin V positivity and cell cycle arrest was evaluated by flow cytometry, while cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics was assessed using Agilent XFp Analyzer, and the levels of ATP was measured by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Ascaridole demonstrated strong anti-promastigote and anti-amastigote activities in l. donovani, IC50 (half maximal Inhibitory concentration) being 2.47 ± 0.18 µM and 2.00±0.34 µM respectively, while in J774.A1 and murine peritoneal macrophages, the CC50 (half maximal cytotoxic concentration) was 41.47 ± 4.89 µM and 37.58 ± 5.75 µM respectively. Ascaridole disrupted the redox homeostasis via an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and concomitant depletion of thiols. However, it failed to increase the generation of mitochondrial superoxide, which minimally impacted on mitochondrial respiration and was corroborated by energy metabolism studies. Instead, ascaridole inhibited glycolysis of promastigotes, caused a loss in MMP, which translated into ATP depletion. In promastigotes, ascaridole enhanced annexin-V positivity and caused a cell cycle arrest at sub- G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSION In summary, ascaridole displays its leishmanicidal activity possibly due to its ability to auto-generate free radicals following cleavage of its endoperoxide bridge that led to disruption of the redox homeostasis, inhibition of glycolysis and culminated in an apoptotic like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, WB 700 020, India
| | - Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, WB 700 020, India
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, WB 700 020, India.
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Yang G, Zhou P, Li Y, Ding J, Hu J. p-Menthene-type monoterpene peroxy dimers from Pilea aquarum subsp. brevicornuta. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Briones Nieva CA, Cid AG, Romero AI, García-Bustos MF, Villegas M, Bermúdez JM. An appraisal of the scientific current situation and new perspectives in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2021; 221:105988. [PMID: 34058160 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a Neglected Tropical Diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is a major health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world and can produce three different clinical manifestations, among which cutaneous leishmaniasis has a higher incidence in the world than the other clinical forms. There are no recognized and reliable means of chemoprophylaxis or vaccination against infections with different forms of leishmaniasis. In addition, chemotherapy, unfortunately, remains, in many respects, unsatisfactory. Therefore, there is a continuing and urgent need for new therapies against leishmaniasis that are safe and effective in inducing a long-term cure. This review summarizes the latest advances in currently available treatments and improvements in the development of drug administration. In addition, an analysis of the in vivo assays was performed and the challenges facing promising strategies to treat CL are discussed. The treatment of leishmaniasis will most likely evolve into an approach that uses multiple therapies simultaneously to reduce the possibility of developing drug resistance. There is a continuous effort to discover new drugs to improve the treatment of leishmaniasis, but this is mainly at the level of individual researchers. Undoubtedly, more funding is needed in this area, as well as greater participation of the pharmaceutical industry to focus efforts on the development of chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines for this and other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Briones Nieva
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - Alicia Graciela Cid
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - Analía Irma Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda García-Bustos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Salta, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Villegas
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - José María Bermúdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina.
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Dighal A, De Sarkar S, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Can the iron content of culture media impact on the leishmanicidal effect of artemisinin? Free Radic Res 2021; 55:282-295. [PMID: 34121571 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1939325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoperoxides (EPs) like artemisinin following cleavage of their EP bridge can kill parasites via generation of carbon-centered radicals. As the presence of low molecular mass iron and/or heme is crucial, this study aimed to establish the influence of iron on the leishmanicidal action of artemisinin when present in differing amounts in culture media. In promastigotes cultured in Schneiders insect medium (SIM), that had a 8.0-fold higher amount of iron as compared to Medium 199 (M199), the impact of artemisinin on cell viability, redox status, labile iron pool (LIP), and Annexin-V positivity was evaluated. In SIM, the IC50 of artemisinin was 25.50-fold lower than M199, and in both media its cytotoxicity was decreased by the addition of hemin or following chelation of Fe2+ by Deferoxamine (DFO). In SIM vis-a-vis M199, artemisinin caused a greater redox imbalance which translated into a higher degree of externalization of phosphatidylserine and depletion of the LIP. The presence of a higher proportion of iron in SIM as compared to M199 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of artemisinin in Leishmania promastigotes, and was attributed to a higher degree of iron-mediated cleavage of its EP bridge that led to a higher generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Dighal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Ortalli M, Varani S, Cimato G, Veronesi R, Quintavalla A, Lombardo M, Monari M, Trombini C. Evaluation of the Pharmacophoric Role of the O-O Bond in Synthetic Antileishmanial Compounds: Comparison between 1,2-Dioxanes and Tetrahydropyrans. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13140-13158. [PMID: 33091297 PMCID: PMC8018184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases that can be treated with a limited drug arsenal; the development of new molecules is therefore a priority. Recent evidence indicates that endoperoxides, including artemisinin and its derivatives, possess antileishmanial activity. Here, 1,2-dioxanes were synthesized with their corresponding tetrahydropyrans lacking the peroxide bridge, to ascertain if this group is a key pharmacophoric requirement for the antileishmanial bioactivity. Newly synthesized compounds were examined in vitro, and their mechanism of action was preliminarily investigated. Three endoperoxides and their corresponding tetrahydropyrans effectively inhibited the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes, and iron did not play a significant role in their activation. Further, reactive oxygen species were produced in both endoperoxide- and tetrahydropyran-treated promastigotes. In conclusion, the peroxide group proved not to be crucial for the antileishmanial bioactivity of endoperoxides, under the tested conditions. Our findings reveal the potential of both 1,2-dioxanes and tetrahydropyrans as lead compounds for novel therapies against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ortalli
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty
Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via
Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cimato
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Ruben Veronesi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
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Machín L, Nápoles R, Gille L, Monzote L. Leishmania amazonensis response to artemisinin and derivatives. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102218. [PMID: 33137506 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide presence of Leishmania parasites increases in the poorest regions. Current leishmaniasis treatments are unsatisfactory due to resistance development, side effects and cost. Herein, we describe the in vitro activity of artemisinin (ART), artemether (ATM), artesunate (ATS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) against Leishmania amazonensis. Selected compounds were assayed in the animal model of cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. On intracellular amastigotes, similar activity (p > 0.05) was observed for ART, ATM and ATS (IC50 = 15.0-19.2 μM), which were inferior (p < 0.05) respect to reference endoperoxide ascaridole (IC50 = 11.5 ± 1.0 μM) and superior (p < 0.05) compared with reference drug Glucantime® (IC50 = 30.1 ± 9.0 μM). In contrast, DHA (IC50 = 38.5 ± 4.7 μM) showed higher IC50 values (p < 0.05) than other artemisinins and ascaridole, but similar (p > 0.05) than Glucantime®; while deoxyartemisinin caused smaller inhibition (IC50 = 88.9 ± 5.2 μM). Selectivity indexes of >13, 6, 11 and 1 were obtained for ART, ATM, ATS and DHA, respectively. In addition, the potential effect of ART and ATS was also demonstrated in the murine model, causing a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the lesion size and parasite load regarding untreated animals and treated with vehicle. Effects of both artemisinins were comparable (p > 0.05) with Glucantime® and ascaridole-treated mice. In particular, artemisinin is recommended to further studies, which could be an advantage over the ascaridole endoperoxide and could be useful in endemic areas of parasite resistance to antimonials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machín
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Foods Sciences, University of Havana, Street 222, e/ 23 y 29, # 2317, La Coronela. La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rachel Nápoles
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Foods Sciences, University of Havana, Street 222, e/ 23 y 29, # 2317, La Coronela. La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2. La Lisa, Havana, Cuba.
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Mesquita JT, Romanelli MM, de Melo Trinconi Trinconi Cm C, Guerra JM, Taniwaki NN, Uliana SRB, Reimão JQ, Tempone AG. Repurposing topical triclosan for cutaneous leishmaniasis: Preclinical efficacy in a murine Leishmania (L.) amazonensis model. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:285-295. [PMID: 32767443 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains an important neglected tropical infection caused by the protozoan Leishmania and affects 12 million people in 98 countries. The treatment is limited with severe adverse effects. In the search for new therapies, the drug repositioning and combination therapy have been successfully applied to neglected diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis potential of triclosan, an approved topical antimicrobial agent used for surgical procedures. in vitro phenotypic studies of drug-treated parasites were performed to evaluate the lethal action of triclosan, accompanied by an isobolographic ex-vivo analysis with the association of triclosan and miltefosine. The results showed that triclosan has activity against L. (L.) amazonensis intracellular amastigotes, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 16 μM. By using fluorescent probes and transmission electron microscopy, a pore-forming activity of triclosan toward the parasite plasma membrane was demonstrated, leading to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduction of the reactive oxygen species levels in the extracellular promastigotes. The in vitro interaction between triclosan and miltefosine in the combination therapy assay was classified as additive against intracellular amastigotes. Leishmania-infected mice were treated with topical triclosan (1% base cream for 14 consecutive days), and showed 89% reduction in the parasite burden. The obtained results contribute to the investigation of new alternatives for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and suggest that the coadministration of triclosan and miltefosine should be investigated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Quero Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
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Vil’ VA, Yaremenko IA, Fomenkov DI, Levitsky DO, Fleury F, Terent’ev AO. Ion exchange resin-catalyzed synthesis of bridged tetraoxanes possessing in vitro cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cells. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Geroldinger G, Tonner M, Quirgst J, Walter M, De Sarkar S, Machín L, Monzote L, Stolze K, Catharina Duvigneau J, Staniek K, Chatterjee M, Gille L. Activation of artemisinin and heme degradation in Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes: A possible link. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113737. [PMID: 31786259 PMCID: PMC7116464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoperoxides (EPs) appear to be promising drug candidates against protozoal diseases, including malaria and leishmaniasis. Previous studies have shown that these drugs need an intracellular activation to exert their pharmacological potential. The efficiency of these drugs is linked to the extensive iron demand of these intracellular protozoal parasites. An essential step of the activation mechanism of these drugs is the formation of radicals in Leishmania. Iron is a known trigger for intracellular radical formation. However, the activation of EPs by low molecular iron or by heme iron may strongly depend on the structure of the EPs themselves. In this study, we focused on the activation of artemisinin (Art) in Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) in comparison to reference compounds. Viability assays in different media in the presence of different iron sources (hemin/fetal calf serum) showed that IC50 values of Art in LtP were modulated by assay conditions, but overall were within the low micromolar range. Low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of LtP showed that Art shifted the redox state of the labile iron pool less than the EP ascaridole questioning its role as a major activator of Art in LtP. Based on the high reactivity of Art with hemin in previous biomimetic experiments, we focused on putative heme-metabolizing enzymes in Leishmania, which were so far not well described. Inhibitors of mammalian heme oxygenase (HO; tin and chromium mesoporphyrin) acted antagonistically to Art in LtP and boosted its IC50 value for several magnitudes. By inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP-OES, ICP-MS) we showed that these inhibitors do not block iron (heme) accumulation, but are taken up and act within LtP. These inhibitors blocked the conversion of hemin to bilirubin in LtP homogenates, suggesting that an HO-like enzyme activity in LtP exists. NADPH-dependent degradation of Art and hemin was highest in the small granule and microsomal fractions of LtP. Photometric measurements in the model Art/hemin demonstrated that hemin requires reduction to heme and that subsequently an Art/heme complex (λmax 474 nm) is formed. EPR spin-trapping in the system Art/hemin revealed that NADPH, ascorbate and cysteine are suitable reductants and finally activate Art to acyl-carbon centered radicals. These findings suggest that heme is a major activator of Art in LtP either via HO-like enzyme activities and/or chemical interaction of heme with Art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Geroldinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Tonner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Quirgst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Laura Machín
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana, Cuba
| | - Klaus Stolze
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Walter M, Schenkeveld WDC, Geroldinger G, Gille L, Reissner M, Kraemer SM. Identifying the reactive sites of hydrogen peroxide decomposition and hydroxyl radical formation on chrysotile asbestos surfaces. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:3. [PMID: 31959185 PMCID: PMC6971994 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrous chrysotile has been the most commonly applied asbestos mineral in a range of technical applications. However, it is toxic and carcinogenic upon inhalation. The chemical reactivity of chrysotile fiber surfaces contributes to its adverse health effects by catalyzing the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO•) from H2O2. In this Haber-Weiss cycle, Fe on the fiber surface acts as a catalyst: Fe3+ decomposes H2O2 to reductants that reduce surface Fe3+ to Fe2+, which is back-oxidized by H2O2 (Fenton-oxidation) to yield HO•. Chrysotile contains three structural Fe species: ferrous and ferric octahedral Fe and ferric tetrahedral Fe (Fe3+tet). Also, external Fe may adsorb or precipitate onto fiber surfaces. The goal of this study was to identify the Fe species on chrysotile surfaces that catalyze H2O2 decomposition and HO• generation. Results We demonstrate that at the physiological pH 7.4 Fe3+tet on chrysotile surfaces substantially contributes to H2O2 decomposition and is the key structural Fe species catalyzing HO• generation. After depleting Fe from fiber surfaces, a remnant fiber-related H2O2 decomposition mode was identified, which may involve magnetite impurities, remnant Fe or substituted redox-active transition metals other than Fe. Fe (hydr)oxide precipitates on chrysotile surfaces also contributed to H2O2 decomposition, but were per mole Fe substantially less efficient than surface Fe3+tet. Fe added to chrysotile fibers increased HO• generation only when it became incorporated and tetrahedrally coordinated into vacancy sites in the Si layer. Conclusions Our results suggest that at the physiological pH 7.4, oxidative stress caused by chrysotile fibers largely results from radicals produced in the Haber-Weiss cycle that is catalyzed by Fe3+tet. The catalytic role of Fe3+tet in radical generation may also apply to other pathogenic silicates in which Fe3+tet is substituted, e.g. quartz, amphiboles and zeolites. However, even if these pathogenic minerals do not contain Fe, our results suggest that the mere presence of vacancy sites may pose a risk, as incorporation of external Fe into a tetrahedral coordination environment can lead to HO• generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Walter
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter D C Schenkeveld
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerald Geroldinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Reissner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan M Kraemer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Vil’ VA, Terent’ev AO, Mulina OM. Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Peroxides for the Treatment of Helminth and Protozoan Pathogens: Synthesis and Properties. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1201-1225. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190620143848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The significant spread of helminth and protozoan infections, the uncontrolled intake of the
known drugs by a large population, the emergence of resistant forms of pathogens have prompted people
to search for alternative drugs. In this review, we have focused attention on structures and synthesis of
peroxides active against parasites causing neglected tropical diseases and toxoplasmosis. To date, promising
active natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic peroxides compounds have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A. Vil’
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Olga M. Mulina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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14
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Cassels BK, Fuentes-Barros G, Castro-Saavedra S. Boldo, Its Secondary Metabolites and their Derivatives. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083804666181113112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Boldo leaves (Boldo folium, from Peumus boldus Mol.) are very frequently used as a medicinal herb in Chile and are exported to many countries to be used in teas or as extracts included in herbal remedies, primarily as an aid to digestion and as a mild sedative. Scientific support for these uses is scanty, and boldine, an alkaloid viewed as characteristic of the tree and present in high concentration in the bark, is extracted by specialized companies and sold as the supposed main active constituent. Consequently, boldine has been the subject of a considerable number of research papers, while some of the other alkaloids present to a greater extent in the leaves have been relatively neglected except when found in large amounts in other species. These studies range from assays of antioxidant activity to anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and other medical applications. The essential oil, usually containing a large percentage of the toxic ascaridole, was once used as a vermifuge and is now regarded with caution, but is still of interest as a possible natural insecticide, fungicide, antiparasitic and herbicide. The last decade has seen an explosive increase in papers pointing to possible uses of boldo and its constituents. This review attempts to bring these publications together in a comprehensive way with the purpose of stimulating and orienting further research into the useful properties of this Chilean endemic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Sahli F, Sousa MSE, Vileno B, Lichter J, Lepoittevin JP, Blömeke B, Giménez-Arnau E. Understanding the skin sensitization capacity of ascaridole: a combined study of chemical reactivity and activation of the innate immune system (dendritic cells) in the epidermal environment. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1337-1347. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Ortalli M, Varani S, Rosso C, Quintavalla A, Lombardo M, Trombini C. Evaluation of synthetic substituted 1,2-dioxanes as novel agents against human leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:126-140. [PMID: 30878827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of human leishmaniasis is currently based on few compounds that are highly toxic, expensive and have a high rate of treatment failure. A number of recent studies on new drugs focuses on natural or semi-synthetic compounds. Among them, the endoperoxide artemisinin, extracted from Artemisia annua, and some of its derivatives have shown leishmanicidal activity. In the present work, a series of structurally simple, fully synthetic 1,2-dioxanes were evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani; the cytotoxicity for mammalian cells was also assessed. The six most promising compounds in terms of activity and selectivity were further investigated for their antileishmanial activity on the promastigote forms of L. tropica, L. major and L. infantum and against L. donovani amastigotes. The good performance in terms of potency and selectivity makes these six hits promising candidates for a preliminary lead optimization as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ortalli
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Varani
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Rosso
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Quintavalla
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - M Lombardo
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Trombini
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Geroldinger G, Rezk M, Idris R, Gruber V, Tonner M, Moldzio R, Staniek K, Monzote L, Gille L. Techniques to study phagocytosis and uptake of Leishmania tarentolae by J774 macrophages. Exp Parasitol 2019; 197:57-64. [PMID: 30677395 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector borne parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide and is spreading into further areas because of global warming. The development of new active substances against these single-cell eukaryotic parasites is of great importance. Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) are non-pathogenic for mammals and serve as model organisms for pathogenic Leishmania in basic research. However, it is important to refine methods to study the process of the infection of mammalian macrophages by LtP and pathogenic Leishmania. Important stages of the infection are phagocytosis by macrophages and multiplication of Leishmania amastigotes in the phagolysosome of macrophages. In this study, advanced methods using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and genetically manipulated LtP were used to monitor the infection of adherent J774 macrophages with LtP. An ESR method was established to detect the formation of superoxide radicals directly in adherent J774 cells and to investigate the effect of LtP on this activity. J774 cells responded with a burst of superoxide radicals in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate as positive control. In contrast, challenging J774 cells with LtP resulted in a much lower burst of superoxide radicals. To facilitate LtP detection in the phagolysosome of J774 macrophages, LtP expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP-LtP) were constructed. After different infection times with EGFP-LtP, the J774 cells were visualized by phase contrast microscopy and the cell number was determined. The intramacrophage Leishmania tarentolae amastigotes (LtA) expressing EGFP were detected by fluorescence microscopy and then counted with ImageJ. These experiments showed that LtP are taken up by J774 cells and form intraphagolysosomal amastigotes. LtA under our conditions multiplied intracellularly and were able to persist about 48 h in J774 cells. These experiments showed that ESR spectroscopy of attached macrophages and the use of the EGFP-LtP are suitable methods to study the initial phase of Leishmania infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Geroldinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Rezk
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rugaia Idris
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Gruber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Tonner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana, Cuba
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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The leishmanicidal activity of artemisinin is mediated by cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge and mitochondrial dysfunction. Parasitology 2018; 146:511-520. [PMID: 30392476 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201800183x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endoperoxides kill malaria parasites via cleavage of their endoperoxide bridge by haem or iron, leading to generation of cytotoxic oxygen-centred radicals. In view of the Leishmania parasites having a relatively compromised anti-oxidant defense and high iron content, this study aims to establish the underlying mechanism(s) accounting for the apoptotic-like death of Leishmania promastigotes by artemisinin, an endoperoxide. The formation of reactive oxygen species was confirmed by flow cytometry and was accompanied by inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I-III and II-III. However, this did not translate into a generation of mitochondrial superoxide or decrease in oxygen consumption, indicating minimal impairment of the electron transport chain. Artemisinin caused depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane along with a substantial depletion of adenosine triphosphatase (ATP), but it was not accompanied by enhancement of ATP hydrolysis. Collectively, the endoperoxide-mediated radical formation by artemisinin in Leishmania promastigotes was the key step for triggering its antileishmanial activity, leading secondarily to mitochondrial dysfunction indicating that endoperoxides represent a promising therapeutic strategy against Leishmania worthy of pharmacological consideration.
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Activation of Anthracene Endoperoxides in Leishmania and Impairment of Mitochondrial Functions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071680. [PMID: 29996524 PMCID: PMC6100073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoal Leishmania. Because of resistance development against current drugs, new antileishmanial compounds are urgently needed. Endoperoxides (EPs) are successfully used in malaria therapy, and experimental evidence of their potential against leishmaniasis exists. Anthracene endoperoxides (AcEPs) have so far been only technically used and not explored for their leishmanicidal potential. This study verified the in vitro efficiency and mechanism of AcEPs against both Leishmania promastigotes and axenic amastigotes (L. tarentolae and L. donovani) as well as their toxicity in J774 macrophages. Additionally, the kinetics and radical products of AcEPs’ reaction with iron, the formation of radicals by AcEPs in Leishmania, as well as the resulting impairment of parasite mitochondrial functions were studied. Using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with spin trapping, photometry, and fluorescence-based oximetry, AcEPs were demonstrated to (i) show antileishmanial activity in vitro at IC50 values in a low micromolar range, (ii) exhibit host cell toxicity in J774 macrophages, (iii) react rapidly with iron (II) resulting in the formation of oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals, (iv) produce carbon-centered radicals which could secondarily trigger superoxide radical formation in Leishmania, and (v) impair mitochondrial functions in Leishmania during parasite killing. Overall, the data of different AcEPs demonstrate that their structures besides the peroxo bridge strongly influence their activity and mechanism of their antileishmanial action.
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Monzote L, Geroldinger G, Tonner M, Scull R, De Sarkar S, Bergmann S, Bacher M, Staniek K, Chatterjee M, Rosenau T, Gille L. Interaction of ascaridole, carvacrol, and caryophyllene oxide from essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. with mitochondria in Leishmania and other eukaryotes. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1729-1740. [PMID: 29672979 PMCID: PMC6208284 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antileishmanial activity of the essential oil (EO) from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. has been demonstrated in vitro and in animal models, attributed to the major components of the EO. This study focused on the effects of the three major EO compounds carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide (Caryo), and the antileishmanial endoperoxide ascaridole (Asc) on mitochondrial functions in Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP). EO and Caryo were able to partially inhibit the leishmanial electron transport chain, whereas other components failed to demonstrate a direct immediate effect. Caryo demonstrated inhibition of complex III activity in LtP and in isolated complex III from other species. The formation of superoxide radicals was studied in Leishmania by electron spin resonance spectroscopy in the presence of iron chelators wherein selected compounds failed to trigger a significant immediate additional superoxide production in LtP. However, upon prolonged incubation of Leishmania with Asc and especially in the absence of iron chelators (allowing the activation of Asc), an increased superoxide radical production and significant impairment of mitochondrial coupling in Leishmania was observed. Prolonged incubation with all EO components resulted in thiol depletion. Taken together, the major components of EO mediate their leishmanicidal activity via different mitochondrial targets and time profiles. Further studies are required to elucidate possible synergistic effects of carvacrol and Asc and the influence of minor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianet Monzote
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerald Geroldinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Tonner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramón Scull
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sophie Bergmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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